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LEADERSHIP STYLES OF XI JINPING AND NARENDRA MODI: IMPACT ON THE BORDER ISSUE

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 3, 23 - 38, 31.07.2022

Öz

Xi Jinping and Narendra Modi are transformative leaders who aspire to leave their names in history. With a strong political portfolio and extensive growth in the economy, they are developing a confident and robust stance towards the role of their country in the global order. The paper aims to analyze the domestic and international strategies of Xi Jinping and Narendra Modi in order to explore the implications of their leadership on the border issue. The paper first explores the theoretical frameworks of leadership studies and their implications for security aspects. Then the contextual and individual characteristics of leaders are assessed. Further, the paper focuses on the foreign policy approaches of both leaders that impact the border issue and prospects for a border settlement. In the conclusion, the author summarizes the possible outcomes of the leaders’ policy on the development of the border issue.

Kaynakça

  • Arpi, Claude (2018). After Doklam, how China is opening a new front on the Himalayan border. Retrieved from https://www.dailyo.in/politics/doklam-china-himalaya-xi-jinping/story/1/26669.html. Accessed: 30.04.2022.
  • Bajpai, Kanti (2018). “Modi’s China policy and the road to confrontation”. Pacific Affairs, 91(2): 245-260. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.5509/2018912245.
  • Barber, James D. (1972). The Presidential Character: Predicting Performance in the White House. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
  • Basrur, Rajesh (2017). “Modi’s Foreign policy fundamentals: A trajectory unchanged”. International Affairs, 9(1): 7-26. doi: 10.1093/ia/iiw006.
  • Burns, James MacGregor (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper and Row. China Daily (2018). ‘Shared future’ vision provides answers. Retrieved from http://en.people.cn/n3/2018/0413/c90000-9448845.html. Accessed: 30.04.2022.
  • Dubey Amitabh (2020). How true is the claim that Modi govt is the architect of the border roads project? Retrieved from https://thewire.in/security/fact-checkindia-china-border-roads. Accessed: 30.04.2022.
  • Dyson, Stephen Benedict and Thomas Preston (2006). “Individual сharacteristics of political leaders and the use of analogy in foreign policy decision making”. Political Psychology, 27(2): 265-288.
  • Economic Times (2022). India-China trade grows to record $125 billion in 2021 despite tensions in eastern Ladakh. Retrieved from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/india-china-trade-growsto-record-125-billion-in-2021-despite-tensions-in-eastern-ladakh/articleshow/88900383.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_ campaign=cppst. Accessed: 30.04.2022.
  • Erling, Johnny (2021). Xi Jinping: The rise of an authoritarian leader (China). In Dictators and Autocrats. Securing Power across Global Politics. Ed. by Klaus Larres. Routledge.
  • Fairhurst, Grant D. (2010). “A social construction of leadership: A sailing guide”. Management Communication Quarterly, 24(2): 171–210.
  • FT (2016). Xi’s China: Command and control. Retrieved from https://www.ft.com/content/dde0af68-4db2-11e6-88c5-db83e98a590a. Accessed: 30.04.2022.
  • Ganguly, Sumit (2017). “Has Modi truly changed India’s foreign policy?” The Washington Quarterly, 40(2): 131–143.
  • Gov.cn (2019). Amendment to the constitution of the People’s Republic of China. Retrieved from http://www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/constitution2019/201911/36a2566d029c4b39966bd942f82a4305.shtml. Accessed: 30.04.2022.
  • Guardian (2020). Indians call for boycott of Chinese goods after fatal border clashes. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/18/indians-call-for-boycott-of-chinese-goods-after-fatal-border-clashes. Accessed: 30.04.2022.
  • Hall, Ian and Ganguly Sumit (2022). “Introduction: Narendra Modi and India’s foreign policy”. International Politics, No. 59: 1–8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-021-00363-8.
  • Hall, Ian (2021). Narendra Modi: Elected Authoritarian (India). In Dictators and Autocrats. Securing Power across Global Politics. Ed. by Klaus Larres. Routledge.
  • Hu, Weixing (2019). “Xi Jinping’s ‘Major Country Diplomacy’: The Role of leadership in foreign policy transformation”. Journal of Contemporary China, 28(115): 1-14. doi: 10.1080/10670564.2018.1497904. Jaffrelot, Christophe (2021). Modi’s India. Hindu Nationalism and the Rise of Ethnic Democracy. Princeton University Press.
  • Jervis, Robert (2013). “Do leaders matter and how would We know?” Security Studies, 22(2): 155–156.
  • Johnston, Linda M. (2018). Constructivist theories of leadership. In: Farazmand A. (eds) Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance. Springer, Cham. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20928-9_1916.
  • Kania, Elsa (2018). The right to speak: Discourse and Chinese power. https://www.ccpwatch.org/single-post/2018/11/27/The-Right-to-Speak-Discourseand-Chinese-Power. Accessed: 30.04.2022. Kesavan, Krishnan V. (2020). India’s ‘Act East’ policy and regional cooperation. https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/indias-act-east-policy-and-regional-cooperation-61375/. Accessed: 30.04.2022.
  • Kugelman, Michael (2019). Modi’s nationalism is spoiling his global brand. India’s leader has to mix a muscular foreign policy with a softer touch. Retrieved from https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/06/13/modis-nationalism-is-spoiling-his-global-brand/?gclid=CjwKCAjwjtOTBhAvEiwASG4bCM6ztHrSi7IMAlEMY3mWqLrEYWdZZ27CVRERp- lJh4-ZPPWQ2-2F7RoC8noQAvD_BwE. Accessed: 30.04.2022.
  • Lobell, Steven E., Norin M. Ripsman and Jeffrey W. Taliaferro (eds.) (2009). Neoclassical Realism, the State, and Foreign Policy. Cambridge: University Press, 2009.
  • Madan, Tanvi (2020). Managing China: competitive engagement, with Indian characteristics, the ‘Global China: Assessing China’s Growing Role in the World’ project of the Brookings Institute. February. Retrieved from https://www.brookings.edu/research/managing-china-competitive-engagement-with-indian-characteristics/. Accessed: 30.04.2022.
  • Ministry of External Affairs of India (2018). Prime Minister’s keynote address at Shangri La dialogue. Retrieved from https://www.mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/29943/Prime+Ministers+Keynote+Address+at+Shangri+La+Dialogue+June+01+2018. Accessed: 04.07.2022.
  • Menon, Shivshankar (2016). Choices inside the Making of India’s Foreign Policy. Brookings Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China (2014). New Asian Security Concept for new progress in security cooperation. Retrieved from https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/cenz//eng/ztbd/yxhfh/t1159951.htm. Accessed: 04.07.2022.
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China (2021). Speech by Xi Jinping at a ceremony marking the centenary of the CPC. Retrieved from https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/cebb/eng/sgxw/t1892501.html. Accessed: 30.04.2022.
  • Miglani, Sanjeev (2021). India’s Modi phones Dalai Lama on birthday, sign of friction with Beijing. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/world/china/ indian-pm-modi-greets-dalai-lama-birthday-rare-phone-call-2021-07-06/. Accessed: 30.04.2022.
  • Muratbekova, Albina (2019). China’s Contemporary Social and Economic Interaction with India in Border Areas: Models and Challenges. PhD Thesis. Al Farabi Kazakh National University.
  • Muratbekova, Albina (2020). China-India border tensions: New normal? Asya Avrupa, No. 54: 43-56.
  • Nye, Joseph, Jr. (2013). Presidential Leadership and the Creation of the American Era. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Pardesi, Manjeet Singh (2019). “Modi: From ‘Look East’ to ‘Act East’: Semantic or substantive change?” International Studies Perspectives, 20(1): 29–33.
  • Pardesi, Manjeet Singh (2022). “India’s China strategy under Modi continuity in the management of an asymmetric rivalry”. International Politics, No. 59: 44–66. doi: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-021-00287-3.
  • Preston, Thomas (2010). Leadership and Foreign Policy Analysis. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies. Retrieved from https://oxfordre.com/internationalstudies/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.001.0001/acrefore-9780190846626-e-255. Accessed: 24.04.2022.
  • Reuters (2020). Explainer: Why are Chinese and Indian troops fighting in a remote Himalayan valley? Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-china-explainer/explainer-why-are-chinese-and-indian-troops-fighting-ina-remote-himalayan-valley-idUSKBN23O1AN. Accessed: 27.04.2023.
  • Singh, Ameya Pratap (2020). What to make of India and China’s latest border clash. Retrieved from https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/what-to-make-of-indiaand-chinas-latest-border-clash/. Accessed: 10.04.2022.
  • Singh, Rahul and Sunetra Choudhury (2020). Amid Ladakh standoff, 12,000 workers to be moved to complete projects near China border. Retrieved from https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/labourers-from-j-khand-to-layroads-on-china-border/story-1Hyh3KBaBwgEZ9eK5KhuFM.html. Accessed: 10.04.2022.
  • Sridharan, Eswaran (2014). “Behind Modi’s victory”. Journal of Democracy, 25(4): 20-33.
  • Stogdill, Ralph M. (1975) “The evolution of Leadership Theory”. Proceedings of the Academy of Management, No. 35: 4–6.
  • Tucker, Robert C. (1995). Politics as Leadership. Columbia, University of Missouri Press.
  • Vasquez, John A. (2011). “Mapping the probability of war and analyzing the possibility of peace: The role of territorial disputes”. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 18(2): 145–173. doi: http://doi.org/10.1177/073889420101800201.
  • Waltz, Kenneth (1959). Man, the State and War. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
  • Wiegand, Krista E. (2011). Enduring Territorial Disputes. Strategies of Bargaining, Coercive Diplomacy, and Settlement. The University of Georgia Press.
  • Winter, David G. and Stewart Abigail J. (1977). Content analysis as a technique for assessing political leaders. In M.G. Hermann (ed.) A Psychological Examination of Political Leaders. New York: Free Press, pp. 21–61.
  • Ye, Hailin (2018). “Modi’s “Issue-by-Issue” diplomacy with China”. Strategic Studies, 38(1): 48-65.
  • Zhu, Ying, Sardana Deepak and Cavusgil S. Tamer (2021). Weathering the Storm in China and India. Comparative Analysis of Societal Transformation under the Leadership of Xi and Modi. Routledge.
  • Zhu, Zhiqun (2011). “China-India relations in the 21st century: A critical inquiry”. Indian Journal of Asian Affairs, 24(1/2): 1-16.
  • Zreik, Mohamad (2022). “Contemporary geopolitics of Eurasia and the Belt and Road Initiative”. Eurasian Research Journal, 4(1): 7-26.
Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 3, 23 - 38, 31.07.2022

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Arpi, Claude (2018). After Doklam, how China is opening a new front on the Himalayan border. Retrieved from https://www.dailyo.in/politics/doklam-china-himalaya-xi-jinping/story/1/26669.html. Accessed: 30.04.2022.
  • Bajpai, Kanti (2018). “Modi’s China policy and the road to confrontation”. Pacific Affairs, 91(2): 245-260. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.5509/2018912245.
  • Barber, James D. (1972). The Presidential Character: Predicting Performance in the White House. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
  • Basrur, Rajesh (2017). “Modi’s Foreign policy fundamentals: A trajectory unchanged”. International Affairs, 9(1): 7-26. doi: 10.1093/ia/iiw006.
  • Burns, James MacGregor (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper and Row. China Daily (2018). ‘Shared future’ vision provides answers. Retrieved from http://en.people.cn/n3/2018/0413/c90000-9448845.html. Accessed: 30.04.2022.
  • Dubey Amitabh (2020). How true is the claim that Modi govt is the architect of the border roads project? Retrieved from https://thewire.in/security/fact-checkindia-china-border-roads. Accessed: 30.04.2022.
  • Dyson, Stephen Benedict and Thomas Preston (2006). “Individual сharacteristics of political leaders and the use of analogy in foreign policy decision making”. Political Psychology, 27(2): 265-288.
  • Economic Times (2022). India-China trade grows to record $125 billion in 2021 despite tensions in eastern Ladakh. Retrieved from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/india-china-trade-growsto-record-125-billion-in-2021-despite-tensions-in-eastern-ladakh/articleshow/88900383.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_ campaign=cppst. Accessed: 30.04.2022.
  • Erling, Johnny (2021). Xi Jinping: The rise of an authoritarian leader (China). In Dictators and Autocrats. Securing Power across Global Politics. Ed. by Klaus Larres. Routledge.
  • Fairhurst, Grant D. (2010). “A social construction of leadership: A sailing guide”. Management Communication Quarterly, 24(2): 171–210.
  • FT (2016). Xi’s China: Command and control. Retrieved from https://www.ft.com/content/dde0af68-4db2-11e6-88c5-db83e98a590a. Accessed: 30.04.2022.
  • Ganguly, Sumit (2017). “Has Modi truly changed India’s foreign policy?” The Washington Quarterly, 40(2): 131–143.
  • Gov.cn (2019). Amendment to the constitution of the People’s Republic of China. Retrieved from http://www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/constitution2019/201911/36a2566d029c4b39966bd942f82a4305.shtml. Accessed: 30.04.2022.
  • Guardian (2020). Indians call for boycott of Chinese goods after fatal border clashes. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/18/indians-call-for-boycott-of-chinese-goods-after-fatal-border-clashes. Accessed: 30.04.2022.
  • Hall, Ian and Ganguly Sumit (2022). “Introduction: Narendra Modi and India’s foreign policy”. International Politics, No. 59: 1–8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-021-00363-8.
  • Hall, Ian (2021). Narendra Modi: Elected Authoritarian (India). In Dictators and Autocrats. Securing Power across Global Politics. Ed. by Klaus Larres. Routledge.
  • Hu, Weixing (2019). “Xi Jinping’s ‘Major Country Diplomacy’: The Role of leadership in foreign policy transformation”. Journal of Contemporary China, 28(115): 1-14. doi: 10.1080/10670564.2018.1497904. Jaffrelot, Christophe (2021). Modi’s India. Hindu Nationalism and the Rise of Ethnic Democracy. Princeton University Press.
  • Jervis, Robert (2013). “Do leaders matter and how would We know?” Security Studies, 22(2): 155–156.
  • Johnston, Linda M. (2018). Constructivist theories of leadership. In: Farazmand A. (eds) Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance. Springer, Cham. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20928-9_1916.
  • Kania, Elsa (2018). The right to speak: Discourse and Chinese power. https://www.ccpwatch.org/single-post/2018/11/27/The-Right-to-Speak-Discourseand-Chinese-Power. Accessed: 30.04.2022. Kesavan, Krishnan V. (2020). India’s ‘Act East’ policy and regional cooperation. https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/indias-act-east-policy-and-regional-cooperation-61375/. Accessed: 30.04.2022.
  • Kugelman, Michael (2019). Modi’s nationalism is spoiling his global brand. India’s leader has to mix a muscular foreign policy with a softer touch. Retrieved from https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/06/13/modis-nationalism-is-spoiling-his-global-brand/?gclid=CjwKCAjwjtOTBhAvEiwASG4bCM6ztHrSi7IMAlEMY3mWqLrEYWdZZ27CVRERp- lJh4-ZPPWQ2-2F7RoC8noQAvD_BwE. Accessed: 30.04.2022.
  • Lobell, Steven E., Norin M. Ripsman and Jeffrey W. Taliaferro (eds.) (2009). Neoclassical Realism, the State, and Foreign Policy. Cambridge: University Press, 2009.
  • Madan, Tanvi (2020). Managing China: competitive engagement, with Indian characteristics, the ‘Global China: Assessing China’s Growing Role in the World’ project of the Brookings Institute. February. Retrieved from https://www.brookings.edu/research/managing-china-competitive-engagement-with-indian-characteristics/. Accessed: 30.04.2022.
  • Ministry of External Affairs of India (2018). Prime Minister’s keynote address at Shangri La dialogue. Retrieved from https://www.mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/29943/Prime+Ministers+Keynote+Address+at+Shangri+La+Dialogue+June+01+2018. Accessed: 04.07.2022.
  • Menon, Shivshankar (2016). Choices inside the Making of India’s Foreign Policy. Brookings Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China (2014). New Asian Security Concept for new progress in security cooperation. Retrieved from https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/cenz//eng/ztbd/yxhfh/t1159951.htm. Accessed: 04.07.2022.
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China (2021). Speech by Xi Jinping at a ceremony marking the centenary of the CPC. Retrieved from https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/cebb/eng/sgxw/t1892501.html. Accessed: 30.04.2022.
  • Miglani, Sanjeev (2021). India’s Modi phones Dalai Lama on birthday, sign of friction with Beijing. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/world/china/ indian-pm-modi-greets-dalai-lama-birthday-rare-phone-call-2021-07-06/. Accessed: 30.04.2022.
  • Muratbekova, Albina (2019). China’s Contemporary Social and Economic Interaction with India in Border Areas: Models and Challenges. PhD Thesis. Al Farabi Kazakh National University.
  • Muratbekova, Albina (2020). China-India border tensions: New normal? Asya Avrupa, No. 54: 43-56.
  • Nye, Joseph, Jr. (2013). Presidential Leadership and the Creation of the American Era. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Pardesi, Manjeet Singh (2019). “Modi: From ‘Look East’ to ‘Act East’: Semantic or substantive change?” International Studies Perspectives, 20(1): 29–33.
  • Pardesi, Manjeet Singh (2022). “India’s China strategy under Modi continuity in the management of an asymmetric rivalry”. International Politics, No. 59: 44–66. doi: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-021-00287-3.
  • Preston, Thomas (2010). Leadership and Foreign Policy Analysis. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies. Retrieved from https://oxfordre.com/internationalstudies/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.001.0001/acrefore-9780190846626-e-255. Accessed: 24.04.2022.
  • Reuters (2020). Explainer: Why are Chinese and Indian troops fighting in a remote Himalayan valley? Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-china-explainer/explainer-why-are-chinese-and-indian-troops-fighting-ina-remote-himalayan-valley-idUSKBN23O1AN. Accessed: 27.04.2023.
  • Singh, Ameya Pratap (2020). What to make of India and China’s latest border clash. Retrieved from https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/what-to-make-of-indiaand-chinas-latest-border-clash/. Accessed: 10.04.2022.
  • Singh, Rahul and Sunetra Choudhury (2020). Amid Ladakh standoff, 12,000 workers to be moved to complete projects near China border. Retrieved from https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/labourers-from-j-khand-to-layroads-on-china-border/story-1Hyh3KBaBwgEZ9eK5KhuFM.html. Accessed: 10.04.2022.
  • Sridharan, Eswaran (2014). “Behind Modi’s victory”. Journal of Democracy, 25(4): 20-33.
  • Stogdill, Ralph M. (1975) “The evolution of Leadership Theory”. Proceedings of the Academy of Management, No. 35: 4–6.
  • Tucker, Robert C. (1995). Politics as Leadership. Columbia, University of Missouri Press.
  • Vasquez, John A. (2011). “Mapping the probability of war and analyzing the possibility of peace: The role of territorial disputes”. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 18(2): 145–173. doi: http://doi.org/10.1177/073889420101800201.
  • Waltz, Kenneth (1959). Man, the State and War. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
  • Wiegand, Krista E. (2011). Enduring Territorial Disputes. Strategies of Bargaining, Coercive Diplomacy, and Settlement. The University of Georgia Press.
  • Winter, David G. and Stewart Abigail J. (1977). Content analysis as a technique for assessing political leaders. In M.G. Hermann (ed.) A Psychological Examination of Political Leaders. New York: Free Press, pp. 21–61.
  • Ye, Hailin (2018). “Modi’s “Issue-by-Issue” diplomacy with China”. Strategic Studies, 38(1): 48-65.
  • Zhu, Ying, Sardana Deepak and Cavusgil S. Tamer (2021). Weathering the Storm in China and India. Comparative Analysis of Societal Transformation under the Leadership of Xi and Modi. Routledge.
  • Zhu, Zhiqun (2011). “China-India relations in the 21st century: A critical inquiry”. Indian Journal of Asian Affairs, 24(1/2): 1-16.
  • Zreik, Mohamad (2022). “Contemporary geopolitics of Eurasia and the Belt and Road Initiative”. Eurasian Research Journal, 4(1): 7-26.
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm Research Articles
Yazarlar

Albina Muratbekova Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-5908-6564

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Temmuz 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Muratbekova, A. (2022). LEADERSHIP STYLES OF XI JINPING AND NARENDRA MODI: IMPACT ON THE BORDER ISSUE. Eurasian Research Journal, 4(3), 23-38.