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            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>esosder</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">1304-0278</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">1304-0278</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Cahit AYDEMİR</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17755/esosder.1846781</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Contemporary World History (Other)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Çağdaş Dünya Tarihi (Diğer)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>I. Andronikos Ghidos Dönemi Trabzon Rum İmparatorluğu-Türkiye Selçuklu Devleti İlişkileri (1222-35)</article-title>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>Relations between the Empire of Trebizond and the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum during the Reign of Andronikos I Gidos (1222–1235)</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5439-1567</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Yener</surname>
                                    <given-names>Alican</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>GAZİANTEP ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8682-4179</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Çapan</surname>
                                    <given-names>Fatma</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>GAZİANTEP ÜNİVERSİTESİ, FEN-EDEBİYAT FAKÜLTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20260430">
                    <day>04</day>
                    <month>30</month>
                    <year>2026</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>25</volume>
                                        <issue>2</issue>
                                        <fpage>351</fpage>
                                        <lpage>365</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20251222">
                        <day>12</day>
                        <month>22</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20260425">
                        <day>04</day>
                        <month>25</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2002, Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2002</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>Bu çalışma, Trabzon Rum İmparatorluğu’nun erken döneminde, I. Andronikos Ghidos’un Türkiye Selçuklu Devleti ile kurduğu siyasi, askerî ve diplomatik ilişkileri incelemektedir. Kuruluşundan kısa süre sonra tahta çıkan Andronikos döneminde Trabzon, sınırlı askerî kapasitesine rağmen değişken Anadolu jeopolitiği içinde varlığını sürdürmeye çalışmış ve Selçuklu üstünlüğü karşısında bağımsızlığını koruma arayışına girmiştir. Çalışmanın giriş bölümünde Trabzon’un Karadeniz ticareti açısından stratejik konumu, Bizans döneminde şekillenen Rum-Ortodoks kimliği ve Malazgirt Savaşı sonrasında Anadolu’da ortaya çıkan siyasal dönüşüm ele alınmaktadır. İlk bölümde, IV. Haçlı Seferi sonrasında Bizans dünyasında ortaya çıkan çok merkezli yapı çerçevesinde Trabzon Rum İmparatorluğu’nun kuruluş süreci ve Komnenosların meşruiyet iddiaları değerlendirilmektedir. İkinci bölümde ise Andronikos Ghidos’un Selçuklu bağlılığından kurtulma girişimleri ayrıntılı biçimde analiz edilmektedir. Suğdak meselesinde coğrafi avantajları ustaca kullanan Andronikos, Selçuklu Sultanı Gıyaseddin’i esir almış ve 1229 tarihli anlaşma ile Trabzon’un fiilî bağımsızlığını sağlamıştır. Ancak Harzemşahların yükselişi karşısında yapılan hatalı siyasi tercih, bu bağımsızlık sürecini kısa sürede sona erdirmiştir. Sonuç olarak çalışma, Andronikos Ghidos’un askerî fetihlerden ziyade diplomasi, zaman kazanma stratejileri ve coğrafyanın sunduğu savunma imkânları sayesinde Trabzon’u geçici de olsa bağımsızlığa ulaştırdığını ortaya koymaktadır.</p></abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>This study examines the political, military, and diplomatic relations between the Empire of Trebizond and the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum during the reign of Andronikos I Gidos, who ascended the throne shortly after the empire’s foundation. Despite its limited military capacity and its scale as a quasi–city-state, Trebizond sought to maintain its existence within the shifting geopolitical landscape of Anatolia and to preserve its independence in the face of Seljuk supremacy. The introduction addresses Trebizond’s strategic position in Black Sea trade, its Greek Orthodox identity shaped during the Byzantine period, and the role of the region in Turkish–Byzantine relations following the Battle of Manzikert. The first section focuses on the foundation of the Empire of Trebizond and the Komnenian claims to the Byzantine imperial throne within the context of the multi-centered political order that emerged after the Fourth Crusade, in which Nicaea, Epirus, and Trebizond competed as rival successors to Byzantium. The second section analyzes in detail Andronikos I Gidos’ efforts to free Trebizond from Seljuk overlordship. By skillfully exploiting the advantages offered by geography during the affair of Sugdaia, Andronikos succeeded in capturing Sultan Kayqubad (Ghiyath al-Din), and the agreement concluded in 1229 secured Trebizond’s de facto independence. However, the rise of the Khwarazmians forced Trebizond to choose anew among greater powers, and Andronikos’ miscalculated alignment brought this brief period of independence to an end. Overall, the study demonstrates that Andronikos’ success rested not on military conquest but on diplomatic maneuvering, strategies of delay, and the effective use of natural defensive advantages.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Bizans</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Selçuklu</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Rum</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Trabzon</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Haçlı Seferleri</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                        
                                                                            <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Byzantine</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Seljuks</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Trebizond</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Crusades</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Roman</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                            </article-meta>
    </front>
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