Light and Scanning-Electron Microscopic Study of Eisenia fetida Coelomocytes after Copper Oxychloride Exposure

Volkan Kılıç; Gozde Aydogan Kılıc

Light and Scanning-Electron Microscopic Study of Eisenia fetida Coelomocytes after Copper Oxychloride Exposure

Abstract

Morphological alterations in Eisenia fetida coelomocytes are recommended biomarkers for soil contamination surveys. Copper oxychloride is a widely used agrochemical agent that causes excessive amounts of Cu accumulation in soils. The present study is a light and electron microscopic investigation of the morphological alterations in coelomocytes of E. fetida exposed to copper oxychloride. Exposure concentration was 350 mg/kg of artificial soil and exposure duration was 7 or 14 days. Colelomocytes were extrused into an ethanol and guaicol glyceryl (GGE) containing modified Hanks’ balanced solution (M-HBSS-GGE) by a simple low vacuum holding device and processed for light and scanning electron microscopy. Lipid peroxidation (LP) in the earthworms was also measured to evaluate oxidative stress (OS). Swelling and vesicular deformation were the early signs of toxicity in eleocytes after 7 days. After 14 days, complete loss of vesicles and spongy surface were observed in eleocytes. Granulocytes showed more dramatical changes. Nucleus fragmentation and membrane rupture were observed after 14 days. Increased LP in the earthworms was accompanying these changes.

Keywords

Copper oxychloride,E. fetida,coelomocytes

References

[1] Maity S, Roy S, Chaudhury S, Bhattacharya S. Antioxidant responses of the earthworm Lampito mauritii exposed to Pb and Zn contaminated soil. Environ.Pollut. 2008; 151 (1): 1–7.
[2] Zhang WJ, Liu W, Zhang J, Zhao HM, Zhang, YB, Quan, X., Jin Y. Characterisation of acute toxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress posed by textile effluent on zebrafish.J. Environ. Sci. 2012, 24,2019– 2027.
[3] Hirano T, Tamae K. Earthworms and soil pollutants. Sensors (Basel). 2011; 11: 11157–11167.
[4] Sanchez-Hernandez J.C. Earthworms Biomarkers in Ecological Risk Assessment. In; Ware GW. et al., Eds., Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., Springer, New York; 85-126.
[5] Pérès G, Vandenbulcke F, Guernion M, Hedde M, Beguiristain T, Douay F, Houot S, Piron D, Richard A, Bispo A, Grand C, Galsomies L, Cluzeau D. Earthworm indicators as tools for soil monitoring, characterization and risk assessment. An example from the national Bioindicator programme (France). Pedobiologia. 2011; 54:77-87.
[6] Ali AS, Naaz I. Earthworm Biomarkers: The new tools of environmental impact assessment Biosc.Biotech.Res.Comm. 2013; Vol.6 (2):163-169.
[7] Shi Z, Tang Z, Wang C. A brief review and evaluation of earthworm biomarkers in soil pollution assessment. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2017; 24(15):13284-13294.
[8] Calisi A, Lionetto MG, Schettino, T. Pollutant-induced alterations of granulocyte morphology in the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2009; 72(5):1369–1377.
[9] Gupta S, Kushwah T, Yadav S. Earthworm Coelomocytes as nano-scavanger for ZnO NPs. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2014; 9:259.
[10] Khalil A.M. Physiological and genotoxic responses of the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa exposed to sublethal concentrations of AgNPs. The Journal of Basic & Applied Zoology 2016; 74: 8–15.

[11] Irizar A, Rodríguez M, Izquierdo A, Cancio I, Marigómez I, Soto M. Effects of soil organic matter content on cadmium toxicity in Eisenia fetida: Implications for the use of biomarkers and standard toxicity tests. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2015; 68,181-192.
[12] Snyman RG, Reinecke AJ, Reinecke SA. Quantitative changes in the digestive gland cells of the snail Helix aspersa after exposure to the fungicide copper oxychloride. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2005; 60:47–52.
[13] Helling B, Reinecke SA, Reinecke AJ. Effects of the Fungicide Copper Oxychloride on the Growth and Reproduction of Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta) Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2000;46:108–116.
[14] Reinecke SA, Reinecke AJ. The impact of organophosphate pesticides in orchards on earthworms in the Western Cape, South Africa. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2007; 66(2):244-51.
[15]. Svendsen C, Spurgeon DJ, Hankard PK, Weeks JM. A review of lysosomal membrane stability measured by neutral red retention: Is it a workable earthworm biomarker? Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2004; 57:20–29.
[16] OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) (1984) Earthworm Acute Toxicity Tests. OECD Guideline for testing of Chemicals, Test no. 207. OECD, Paris, France.
[17] Rocco A, Scott-Fordsmand JJ, Maisto G, Manzo S, Salluzzo A, Jensen J. Suitability of lysosomal membrane stability in Eisenia fetida as biomarker of soil copper contamination. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2011; 74(4):984-8.
[18] Dioge`ne J, Dufour M, Poirier GG, Nadeau D. Extrusion of earthworm coelemocytes: comparison of the cell populations recovered from the species Lumbricus terrestris, Eisenia fetida and Octalasion tyrtaeum. Lab Animals. 1997; 31: 326–336.
[19] Gibson-Corley, KN, Olivier AK, Meyerholz D K . Principles for valid histopathologic scoring in research. Veterinary Pathology; 2013; 50(6): 1007-1015.
[20] Ohkawa H, Ohishi N., Yagi K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal. Biochem. 1979; 95: 351–358.
[21] Wu S, Zhang H, Zhao S, Wang J, Li H, Chen J. Biomarker responses of earthworms (Eisenia fetida) exposured to phenanthrene and pyrene both singly and combined in microcosms. Chemosphere. 2012; 87(4):285-93.
[22] Feng Q, Zhong L, Xu S, Qiu L,Wu S. Biomarker Response of the Earthworm (Eisenia fetida) Exposed to Three Phthalic Acid Esters Environ. Engin. Sci. 2016; 33 (2):105-111.
[23] Ma T,Chen L, Wu L, Zhang H, Luo YOxidative Stress, Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity in Earthworm Eisenia fetida at Different Di-n-Butyl Phthalate Exposure Levels. PLoS One. 2016; 16;11(3):e0151128.
[24] Rico A, Sabater C, Castillo MA. Lethal and sub-lethal effects of five pesticides used in rice farming on the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2016;127:222-9.
[25] Kumar S, Singh SM. Hıstopathologıcal changes ın two earthworm specıes after o, o-dıethyl s-(ethylthıo) methyl phasphorodıtl toxıcıty Int. J. of Science, Environment and Technology. 2017;6 (5); 2898 – 2906.
[26] Dijkstra K, Hofmeijer J, van Gils SA, van Putten MJ. A Biophysical Model for Cytotoxic Cell Swelling. J Neurosci. 2016; 36(47):11881-11890.
[27] Jevtić P, Edens LJ, Vuković LD, Levy DL. Sizing and shaping the nucleus: mechanisms and significance. Curr. Op. Cell Biol. 2014;0:16-27.
[28] Elmore S. Apoptosis: A review of programmed cell death. Toxicol. Pathol. 2007; 35:495–516.
[29] Fink SL, Cookson BT. Apoptosis, Pyroptosis, and Necrosis: Mechanistic Description of Dead and Dying Eukaryotic Cells. Infect. Immun. 2005; 73 (4) 1907-1916.
[30] Golstein P, Kroemer G. Cell death by necrosis: towards a molecular definition. Trends Biochem. Sci. 2007; 232 (1) 37-43.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

-

Journal Section

-

Authors

Volkan Kılıç This is me

Gozde Aydogan Kılıc This is me

Publication Date

January 1, 2019

Submission Date

-

Acceptance Date

-

Published in Issue

Year 2019 Volume: 8 Number: 1

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA68YJ95RB

APA

Kılıç, V., & Kılıc, G. A. (2019). Light and Scanning-Electron Microscopic Study of Eisenia fetida Coelomocytes after Copper Oxychloride Exposure. Eskişehir Teknik Üniversitesi Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi - C Yaşam Bilimleri Ve Biyoteknoloji, 8(1), 40-49. https://izlik.org/JA68YJ95RB

AMA

1.Kılıç V, Kılıc G A. Light and Scanning-Electron Microscopic Study of Eisenia fetida Coelomocytes after Copper Oxychloride Exposure. Eskişehir Teknik Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi - C Yaşam Bilimleri Ve Biyoteknoloji. 2019;8(1):40-49. https://izlik.org/JA68YJ95RB

Chicago

Kılıç, Volkan, and Gozde Aydogan Kılıc. 2019. “Light and Scanning-Electron Microscopic Study of Eisenia Fetida Coelomocytes After Copper Oxychloride Exposure”. Eskişehir Teknik Üniversitesi Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi - C Yaşam Bilimleri Ve Biyoteknoloji 8 (1): 40-49. https://izlik.org/JA68YJ95RB.

EndNote

Kılıç V, Kılıc G A (January 1, 2019) Light and Scanning-Electron Microscopic Study of Eisenia fetida Coelomocytes after Copper Oxychloride Exposure. Eskişehir Teknik Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi - C Yaşam Bilimleri Ve Biyoteknoloji 8 1 40–49.

IEEE

[1]V. Kılıç and G. A. Kılıc, “Light and Scanning-Electron Microscopic Study of Eisenia fetida Coelomocytes after Copper Oxychloride Exposure”, Eskişehir Teknik Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi - C Yaşam Bilimleri Ve Biyoteknoloji, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 40–49, Jan. 2019, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA68YJ95RB

ISNAD

Kılıç, Volkan - Kılıc, Gozde Aydogan. “Light and Scanning-Electron Microscopic Study of Eisenia Fetida Coelomocytes After Copper Oxychloride Exposure”. Eskişehir Teknik Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi - C Yaşam Bilimleri Ve Biyoteknoloji 8/1 (January 1, 2019): 40-49. https://izlik.org/JA68YJ95RB.

JAMA

1.Kılıç V, Kılıc G A. Light and Scanning-Electron Microscopic Study of Eisenia fetida Coelomocytes after Copper Oxychloride Exposure. Eskişehir Teknik Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi - C Yaşam Bilimleri Ve Biyoteknoloji. 2019;8:40–49.

MLA

Kılıç, Volkan, and Gozde Aydogan Kılıc. “Light and Scanning-Electron Microscopic Study of Eisenia Fetida Coelomocytes After Copper Oxychloride Exposure”. Eskişehir Teknik Üniversitesi Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi - C Yaşam Bilimleri Ve Biyoteknoloji, vol. 8, no. 1, Jan. 2019, pp. 40-49, https://izlik.org/JA68YJ95RB.

Vancouver

1.Volkan Kılıç, Gozde Aydogan Kılıc. Light and Scanning-Electron Microscopic Study of Eisenia fetida Coelomocytes after Copper Oxychloride Exposure. Eskişehir Teknik Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi - C Yaşam Bilimleri Ve Biyoteknoloji [Internet]. 2019 Jan. 1;8(1):40-9. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA68YJ95RB