Research Article
The Relationship Between Forward Head Posture with Hand Grip Strength and Thoracic Kyphosis Among Young Adults
Abstract
Objectives: Forward head posture (FHP) is a common postural abnormality where the external auditory canal is positioned ahead of the shoulder joint’s plumb line. This study aimed to evaluate FHP’s impact on thoracic kyphosis, hand grip strength, and pinch grip strength in healthy adults.
Methods: Ninety-three healthy adults (18–25 years) participated, divided into two groups based on craniovertebral angle (CVA): the FHP group (CVA <45°, n=38) and the control group (CVA >45°, n=55). CVA was measured via photogrammetry. The thoracic kyphosis angle was assessed using the Goniometer Pro app. Hand grip strength was measured with a Jamar dynamometer, and pinch grip strength with a Baseline hydraulic pinch gauge.
Results: No significant differences were found between groups in thoracic kyphosis angle, hand grip, or pinch grip strength (P>0.05). CVA showed no significant correlation with these parameters in either group (P>0.05). However, in the FHP group, the thoracic kyphosis angle was significantly correlated with non-dominant hand grip strength (r= -0.324, P=0.047), dominant pinch grip strength (r= -0.350, P=0.031), and non-dominant pinch grip strength (r= -0.394, P=0.014).
Conclusions: Hand grip and pinch grip strength were not affected by FHP in asymptomatic young adults. No relationship was found between CVA and thoracic kyphosis. However, individuals with FHP and thoracic kyphosis angles above 40° may experience altered non-dominant hand function, potentially due to kyphotic changes.
Ethical Statement
Ethical approval was granted by the Ankara University Faculty of Medicine Human Research Ethics Committee (Decision No: İ03-193-24; Date: 21.03.2024). This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments. All participants provided written informed consent prior to their inclusion in the study.
Thanks
The authors would like to thank all participants who took part in this study.
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There are 48 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Work and Occupational Diseases , Orthopaedics, Environmental Health |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Submission Date | December 17, 2025 |
| Acceptance Date | February 2, 2026 |
| Early Pub Date | February 15, 2026 |
| Publication Date | February 15, 2026 |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18621/eurj.1843712 |
| IZ | https://izlik.org/JA53YZ49CZ |
| Published in Issue | Year 2026 Issue: Advanced Online Publication |
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a) Plagiarism: Presenting the ideas, methods, data, applications, writings, figures, or works of others as one's own, in whole or in part, without proper scientific attribution to the original authors.
b) Fabrication: Producing data that is not based on research, editing or altering a submitted or published work based on false data, reporting or publishing such data, presenting research that has not been conducted as if it had been conducted,
c) Distortion: Tampering with research records and obtained data, presenting methods, devices, and materials not used in the research as if they had been used, excluding data that does not fit the research hypothesis from evaluation, manipulating data and/or results to fit relevant theories or assumptions, distorting or shaping research results in line with the interests of the individuals and organizations providing support,
ç) Duplicate publication: Presenting multiple works containing the same results of a research as separate works in associate professorship examination evaluations and academic promotions,
d) Salami slicing: Presenting the results of a study as separate works in associate professorship examination evaluations and academic promotions by dividing them into parts in an inappropriate manner that disrupts the integrity of the study and publishing them in numerous publications without cross-referencing each other,
e) Unfair authorship: Including individuals who have not made an active contribution among the authors, not including individuals who have made an active contribution among the authors, changing the order of authors without justification and in an inappropriate manner, removing the names of those who have made an active contribution from the work during publication or in subsequent editions, including one's name among the authors by using one's influence despite not having made an active contribution,
Other types of ethical violations include:
a) Failing to acknowledge the individuals, institutions, or organizations that provided support for research conducted with such support, or failing to acknowledge their contributions in publications resulting from such research,
b) Using theses or studies that have not yet been submitted or defended and accepted as a source without the permission of the owner,
c) Failing to comply with ethical rules in research conducted on humans and animals, failing to respect patient rights in publications,
c) Acting contrary to the provisions of relevant legislation in biomedical research involving humans and other clinical research,
d) Sharing information contained in a work assigned for review with others prior to publication without the express permission of the author,
e) Using resources, facilities, opportunities, and equipment provided or allocated for scientific research for purposes other than those intended,
f) Making unfounded, inappropriate, and deliberate allegations of ethical violations,
g) Publishing data obtained without the explicit consent of participants in surveys and attitude studies conducted as part of scientific work, or without the permission of the institution if the research is to be conducted at an institution,
h) Harming animal health and ecological balance in research and experiments,
ı) Failing to obtain the necessary written permissions from the competent authorities before starting research and experiments.
i) Conducting research and experiments that violate the relevant provisions of legislation or international agreements to which Turkey is a party.
j) Failure by researchers and officials to comply with the obligation to inform and warn relevant parties about potentially harmful practices related to scientific research,
k) In scientific studies, failing to use data and information obtained from other persons and institutions to the extent and in the manner permitted, failing to respect the confidentiality of this information, and failing to ensure its protection.
l) Making false or misleading statements regarding scientific research and publications in academic appointments and promotions.
PUBLICATION ETHICS PRINCIPLES
Ethics Committee Approval
For all research conducted in all scientific disciplines requiring ethics committee approval, an ethics committee decision must have been obtained, and information regarding the decision must be stated in the article text. Our journal does not consider studies that do not have an ethics committee decision. In studies requiring ethics committee approval, information about the approval (committee name, date, and number) must be included in the article text. For detailed information, please review our Writing Rules page.
Detecting Plagiarism
Articles submitted for publication in The European Research Journal are scanned using the Turnitin program to confirm that they have not been previously published and do not contain plagiarism. If plagiarism is detected in an article submitted to or published in our journal, our journal acts in accordance with COPE principles (Plagiarism in a submitted manuscript - Plagiarism in a published article).
Use of Artificial Intelligence
The use of artificial intelligence in studies submitted to our journal is acceptable in processes that do not affect the originality of the article, such as literature review or language control. However, the use of artificial intelligence must be carried out within the framework of ethical rules and must not be used for unethical purposes such as fabricating data or manipulation. For studies involving the use of artificial intelligence, it is mandatory to inform our journal of this situation during the article submission stage. All responsibility regarding the use of artificial intelligence lies with the authors themselves.
Relations with the Journal Owner and Publisher
The relationship between the editor and the publisher is based on the principle of editorial independence. In accordance with the written contract between the editor and the publisher, all editorial decisions are independent of the publisher and the journal owner.
Correction, Retraction, Expression of Concern
Editors may consider publishing a correction if minor errors are identified in the published article that do not affect the findings, interpretations and conclusions. In the case of major errors/violations that invalidate findings and conclusions, editors should consider retracting the article. COPE principles are taken into account in relation to correction, withdrawal or expression of concern.
Protection of Intellectual Property Rights
Our journal is obliged to protect the intellectual property rights of all published articles and to defend the rights of the journal and the author(s) in possible violations.
Protection of Personal Data of Participants
All personal data sent to our journal are protected in accordance with legal regulations and ethical rules.
Complaints
Any unethical behavior of the editors, referees, authors, or any unethical situation related to an article in the review process, in early view, or published in The European Research Journal should be reported to info@prusamp.com. Our journal follows the procedure outlined in the COPE flowcharts for complaints.
Conflicts of interest
Our journal guarantees the independent and impartial completion of the publication process, taking into account the conflicts of interest between the author(s), reviewers and other editors.
Change of Author
Only the article is processed before acceptance. Authors are required to carefully review the list and order of authors before submitting their manuscript and provide the exact list of authors at the time of original submission.
STAKEHOLDERS' RESPONSIBILITIES
Authors’ responsibilities
1. Authors must certify that their manuscript is their original work.
2. Authors must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere, or even submitted and been in reviewed in another journal.
3. The authors must participate in the peer-review process and follow the comments.
4. Authors are obliged to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.
5. All Authors mentioned in the paper must have significantly contributed to the research. The level of their contribution also must be defined in the “Authors’ Contributions” section of the article.
6. The authors must state that all data in the paper are real and authentic.
7. The authors must notify the Editors of any conflicts of interest.
8. The authors must identify all sources used in the creation of their manuscript.
9. Authors must report any errors they discover in their published paper to the Editors.
10. Authors must not use irrelevant sources that may help other researches/journals.
11. Authors cannot withdraw their articles within the review process or after submission, or they must pay the penalty defined by the publisher.
Peer review/responsibility for the reviewers
1. Reviewers should keep all information regarding papers confidential and treat them as privileged information.
2. Reviews should be conducted objectively, with no personal criticism of the author. No self-knowledge of the author(s) must affect their comments and decision.
3. Reviewers should express their views clearly with supporting arguments in 500 to 1000 words.
4. Reviewers may identify relevant published work that has not been cited by the authors.
5. Reviewers should also call to the Editor in Chief’s attention any substantial similarity or overlap between the manuscript under consideration and any other published paper of which they have personal knowledge.
6. Reviewers should not review manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest resulting from competitive, collaborative, or other relationships or connections with any of the authors, companies, or institutions connected to the papers.
Editorial responsibilities
1. Editors (Associate Editors or Editor in Chief) have complete responsibility and authority to reject/accept an article.
2. Editors are responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication.
3. Editors should always consider the needs of the authors and the readers when attempting to improve the publication.
4. Editors should guarantee the quality of the papers and the integrity of the academic record.
5. Editors should publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.
6. Editors should have a clear picture of research funding sources.
7. Editors should base their decisions solely one the papers’ importance, originality, clarity, and relevance to publication’s scope.
8. Editors should not reverse their decisions nor overturn the ones of previous editors without serious reason.
9. Editors should preserve the anonymity of reviewers (in half blind peer review journals).
10. Editors should ensure that all research material they publish conforms to international accepted ethical guidelines.
11. Editors should only accept a paper when reasonably certain.
12. Editors should act if they suspect misconduct, whether a paper is published or unpublished, and make all reasonable attempts to persist in obtaining a resolution to the problem.
13. Editors should not reject papers based on suspicions; they should have proof of misconduct.
14. Editors should not allow any conflicts of interest between staff, authors, reviewers, and board members.
15. Editors must not change their decision after submitting a decision (especially after reject or accept) unless they have a serious reason.
PUBLICATION PRINCIPLES
1-General Principles
• The European Research Journal (EuRJ) is an international, independent, double-bind peer-reviewed, open access and online publishing journal, which aims to publish papers on all the related areas of basic and clinical medicine.
• Manuscripts must describe original data that has not been published previously nor submitted for publication elsewhere.
• The journal publishes a variety of manuscripts including original research, case reports, invited review articles, technical reports, how-to-do-it, and letters to the editor.
• Our journal is published six times a year (January, March, May, July, September, and November).
• The language of publication for our journal is English.
• Our journal's target audience consists of professionals, experts, academics, researchers, graduate and doctoral students, and undergraduate and graduate students studying in the fields covered by the journal.
• Our journal accepts articles on an ongoing basis, and there is no time limit for article submission.
• The scientific and legal responsibilities of the article are those of the author. Authors must conform exactly to the research and publication ethics.
2-Article Evaluation Process
Preliminary Review
Submissions to the journal are first reviewed by the editor. This review assesses the manuscript's compliance with journal policies, academic writing standards, and the Citation System. Additionally, the Turnitin program is used for similarity checks.
Peer Review Process
Articles that pass the preliminary review undergo double-blind peer review. The work is sent to two independent reviewers who are experts in the field. Throughout this process, the identities of both the authors and the reviewers are kept confidential; all stages are conducted in accordance with ethical guidelines.
• If both reviewers give a positive opinion, the article is accepted for publication.
• If one of the reviewers gives a negative opinion, the paper is referred to a third reviewer, and the decision is made accordingly.
Reviewer Selection
Reviewers are selected based on their expertise and experience in the relevant field. Priority is given to reviewers who submit timely and qualified reports.
What is Expected of Reviewers
• To evaluate impartially, carefully, and objectively.
• To examine the originality, scientific quality, timeliness, methodological accuracy, and contribution of the article.
• To provide suggestions for improvement to the authors.
• To avoid excessive criticism of minor details.
• To respect confidentiality and intellectual property rights.
• To inform the editor if there is a conflict of interest.
Note: Referees are sent an invitation with the article title, abstract, and review period. They must respond within seven days. Referees who accept the assignment are generally given four weeks to complete it.
Revision Stage
If reviewers request changes, authors make the suggested corrections. The revised text is reviewed again, first by the editor and then by the relevant reviewers.
Papers that have completed the peer review process are also checked by language editors. Where necessary, authors are asked to make additional linguistic revisions. The revisions made are reviewed again and approved.
Publication Stage
Articles that have completed scientific, technical, and linguistic reviews undergo typesetting and layout processes. Approved articles are published in the first available issue of the journal.
NOTE: The final decision for all submitted manuscripts rests with the Editor-in-Chief.
Manuscript Procedure Time
The average time of the preliminary assessment of manuscripts by editorial team: 10 days.
The average assessment time of manuscripts by the reviews: 60 days
The average publication time: 180 days
3-Open Access and Copyright Policy
All articles published as open access in our journal are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Non-Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). Authors agree to transfer their copyrights to our Journal under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license when the article is accepted for publication. Our journal has signed the Budapest Open Access Declaration. The studies published in our journal are available for free and open access on our Archive page.
License Scope
You are free to:
Share: copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
Attribution: You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
NonCommercial: You may not use the material for commercial purposes .
NoDerivatives: If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.
No additional restrictions: You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
4-Archiving Policy
Works published in our journal are digitally archived in LOCKSS. Our journal also allows authors to archive versions of their work on their own websites, institutional websites, and other repositories. As our journal is open access, there is no embargo period.
Data Availability
All data generated or analyzed in the studies are presented in the published articles. If additional data supporting the research findings are required, they can be obtained from the relevant authors upon reasonable request.
5-Special and Supplementary Issue Policy
The Editorial Board may decide to publish one special and supplementary issue per year. The publication and review principles for articles to be published in the special issue are the same as those applied to regular issues.
Price Policy
Please make your payment after reading the text below.
•After the article submission process is completed, it will be checked by the journal secretariat whether it is at the minimum level in terms of required forms and writing rules.
•If the article is unsuitable, it will be returned to you for corrections and uploading of missing documents.
•If the article is suitable, you will be notified that the article is suitable by message via Dergipark, and you will be asked to pay the article submission fee and upload the receipt document to the system. After the bank receipt is uploaded to the system, the evaluation process of your article will be started.
The submission fee is not subject to the acceptance-rejection condition, is requested to cover the costs incurred during the process, and is not taken for profit. Paying a fee does not mean the article will be accepted and does not increase the chances of acceptance. The article submission fee received before the evaluation within the framework of the UAK statement indicates that our journal is not in the category of predatory journals, and there are no limiting barriers to the use of published articles for UAK applications. Doi numbers are determined immediately for accepted articles after acceptance, and all accepted articles are published early online and open access on our website.
Article submission and evaluation fee: 400 USD or equivalent (Turkish Lira) for original articles, review, Systematic review and meta-analysis, 200 USD or equivalent TL (Turkish Lira) for case reports.
No fee will be charged for invited reviews and letter to published articles.
Note: For USD payments, please add the commission fee separately.
Contact: grblkbs@gmail.com
Information that should be included in the bank receipt for billing
-Name Surname
-Address
-TR no (For Citizens of the Republic of Turkey)
Indexes
Citation Indexes
Other Indexes
Journal Boards
Owner on behalf of the Prusa Medical Publishing
Psychiatry
Editor in Chief
General Surgery, Cardiovascular Surgery, Cardiology, Health Sciences
Editors
Cardiovascular Surgery, Health Sciences
Endocrinology, Internal Diseases, Health Sciences
Assistant Editor
Health Sciences
Section Editors
Pediatric Hematology and Oncology
Gynecologic Oncology Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynaecology
Orthopaedics
Psychiatry
General Surgery, Health Sciences
Cancer Biology
Cardiology
Radiology and Organ Imaging
Cardiovascular Surgery
Medical Physiology, Cell Physiology, Systems Physiology, Health Sciences, Exercise Physiology
Rheumatology and Arthritis, Clinical Sciences (Other), Health Sciences
Thoracic Surgery
Statistics, Biostatistics
Anaesthesiology
Neurology and Neuromuscular Diseases
Language Editor
Anatomy, Health Sciences
Ethical Editor
Endocrinology
Scientific Advisory Board
Brain and Nerve Surgery (Neurosurgery)
Orthopaedics, Sports Medicine
Psychiatry, Mental Health Services
Pediatric Intensive Care , Health Sciences Education and Development of Programs: Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Pediatric Health and Illnesses Nursing
General Surgery
Obstetrics and Gynaecology
Infectious Diseases
Emergency Medicine
e-ISSN: 2149-3189
The European Research Journal, hosted by Turkish JournalPark ACADEMIC, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
2026