Post-COVID-19 vaccine SARS-CoV-2 antibody investigation in healthcare professionals

Year 2022, Volume: 8 Issue: 6, 851 - 858, 04.11.2022

Burcu Gürer Giray , Gökçe Güven Açık , Sevda Meryem Baş , Yunus Emre Bulut , Mustafa Sırrı Kotanoğlu

https://doi.org/10.18621/eurj.1132682

Abstract

Objectives: Main purpose of this study was evaluating inactive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine subsequent anti-S1 IgG feedback and the aspects involved in such reactions for professionals in healthcare (HCP) as the dominant risk group.

Methods: Thirty-six HCPs with previous COVID-19 infection and 164 with no priors, 200 in total, who was working in the Ankara Public Health Molecular Diagnosis Laboratory were included. Main tool of identifying humoral immune response quantifably in serum samples which were obtained 28 days after administering each of two doses of vaccine was Roche Elecsys SARS-CoV-2 kit. 

Results: Average antibody levels of 164 negative HCPs were 15.82 ± 8.59 IU/mL and 26.042 ± 10.73 IU/mL while 36 positive HCPs demonstrated antibody responses as 66.083 ± 33.927 IU/mL and 90 ±  27.012 IU/mL 28 days after each of two doses of vaccine for both individual groups respectively. A statistically meaningful difference was found in antibody levels after two vaccine doses in both groups (p < 0.0001). The authors observed statistically higher average antibody levels after initial vaccine dosage in HCPs with infection than the antibody levels of naive individuals after second dose (p < 0.0001). Age, gender and vaccination feedback did not have a statistically meaningful disparity (p > 0.05). 

Conclusions: It was concluded that the average antibody level achieved after inital dose n HCPs with COVID-19 infection was surpassing the average antibody level obtained after the second dose in naive HCPs. The authors recommend further clinical researches on antibody levels and the extent of protection to prohibit COVID-19

Keywords

SARS-COV-2, anti-S1 IgG response, health care professionals, COVID-19

Supporting Institution

-

Project Number

-

Thanks

We would like to thank to our colleagues who have not spared their days and nights, who have been away from their children, homes and loved ones since the pandemic started, who did not leave the laboratory for months and all the healthcare workers in our country who struggled under the same conditions.

References

• 1. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China 2019. N Eng J Med 2020;382:727-33.
• 2. World Health Organization. Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Situation Report, 2022. [online]. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/ [cited 27 Feb 2022].
• 3. Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. N Eng J Med 2020;382:1199-207.
• 4. World Health Organization. Health workforce policy and management in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic response: interim guidance, 3 December 2020. [online]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/337333 [cited 20 Feb 2022].
• 5. Treibel TA, Manisty C, Burton M, McKnight Á, Lambourne J, Augusto JB, et al. COVID-19: PCR screening of asymptomatic health-care workers at London Hospital. Lancet 2020;395:1608-10.
• 6. Hunter E, Price DA, Murphy E, Loeff IS, Bakeret KF, Lendrem D, et al. First experience of COVID-19 screening of HCPs in England. Lancet 2020;395:e77-8.
• 7. Hashim JH, Adman MA, Hashim Z, Mohd Radi MF, Kwan SC. COVID-19 epidemic in Malaysia: epidemic progression, challenges, and response. Front Public Health 2021;9:560592.
• 8. Weiskopf D, Schmitz KS, Raadsen MP, Grifoni A, Okba N, Endeman H, et al. Phenotype and kinetics of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Sci Immunol 2020;26;5:eabd2071.
• 9. Naqvi AAT, Fatima K, Mohammad T, Fatima U, Singh IK, Singh A, et al. Insights into SARS-CoV-2 genome, structure, evolution, pathogenesis and therapies: structural genomics approach. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020;1866:165878.
• 10. Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Krüger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell 2020;181:271-80.e8.
• 11. Kubo H, Yamada YK, Taguchi F. Localization of neutralizing epitopes and the receptor-binding site within the amino-terminal 330 amino acids of the murine coronavirus spike protein. J Virol 1994;68:5403-10.
• 12. Ou X, Liu Y, Lei X, Li P, Mi D, Ren L, et al. Characterization of spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 on virus entry and its immune cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV. Nat Commun 2020;11:1620.
• 13. Tai W, He L, Zhang X, Pu J, Voronin D, Jiang S, et al. Characterization of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of 2019 novel coronavirus: implication for development of RBD protein as a viral attachment inhibitor and vaccine. Cell Mol Immunol 2020;17:613-20.
• 14. Cancro M, Kearney J, Randall T, Ravetch J. The humoral immune response. In: Murphy K, Weaver C (editors) . Janeway's Immunobiology. 9th ed. New York, NY, USA: 2019.
• 15. Poland GA, Ovsyannikova IG, Kennedy RB. SARS-CoV-2 immunity: review and applications to phase 3 vaccine candidates. Lancet 2020; 396(10262): 1595-606. Lancet 2020;396:1595-606.
• 16. Guo W, Duan K, Zhang Y, Yuan Z, Zhang YB, Wang Z, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18 years or older: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 trial. EClinicalMedicine 2021;38:101010.
• 17. Chen GL, Li XF, Dai XH, Li N, Cheng ML, Huang Z, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 ARCoV mRNA vaccine in Chinese adults: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 trial. Lancet Microbe 2022;3:e193-202.
• 18. Grigoryan L, Pulendran B. The immunology of SARS-CoV-2 infections and vaccines. Semin Immunol 2020;50:101422.
• 19. Hassan AO, Case JB, Winkler ES, Thackray LB, Kafai NM, Bailey AL, et al. A SARS-CoV- infection model in mice demonstrates protection by neutralizing antibodies. Cell 2020;182:744-53.e4.
• 20. Wu Z, Hu Y, Xu M, Chen Z, Yang W, Jiang Z, et al. Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac) in healthy adults aged 60 years and older: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 clinical trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2021;21:803-12.
• 21. Bueno SM, Abarca K, González PA, Gálvez NMS, Soto JA, Duarte FL, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in a subgroup of healthy adults in Chile. Clin Infect Dis 2022;75:e792-804.
• 22. The Turkish Ministry of Health. COVID-19 information page [online]. Website https://covid19asi.saglik.gov.tr/ (cited 28 Feb 2022).
• 23. Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 02289267190 V1.0 Cobas system prospectus. In: Roche, editor. 2021. Website https://pimeservices.roche.com/eLD/api/downloads/
• 24. Perkmann T, Perkmann-Nagele N, Koller T, Mucher P, Radakovics A, Marculescu R, et al. Anti-spike protein assays to determine post-vaccination antibody levels: a head-to-head comparison of five quantitative assays. Microbiol Spectr 2021;9:e0024721.
• 25. Zhang Y, Zeng G, Pan H, Li C, Hu Y, Chu K, et al. Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of an inactivatedSARS-CoV-2 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18–59 years: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 clinical trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2021;21:181-92.
• 26. Jabal KA, Ben-Amram H, Beiruti K, Batheesh Y, Sussan C, Zarka S, et al. Impact of age, ethnicity, sex and prior infection status on immunogenicity following a single dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine: real-world evidence from HCPs, Israel, December 2020 to January 2021. Euro Surveill 2021;26:2100096.
• 27. Jackson LA, Anderson EJ, Rouphael NG, Roberts PC, Makhene M, Coler NR, et al. An mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2-preliminary report. N Eng J Med 2020;383:1920-31.
• 28. Jeewandara C, Kamaladasa A, Pushpakumara PD, Jayathilaka D, Sepali I, Danasekar S, et al. Immune responses to a single dose of the AZD1222/Covishield vaccine in health care workers. Nat Commun 2021;12:4617.
• 29. Xia S, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wang H, Yang Y, Gao FG, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARSCoV-2 vaccine, BBIBP-CorV: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2021;21:39-51.
• 30. Cucunawangsih C, Wijaya RS, Lugito NPH, Suriapranata I. Antibody response to the inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine among HCPs, Indonesia. Int J Infect Dis 2021;113:15-7.
• 31. Yalcın TY, Topcu DI, Dogan O, Aydın S, Sarı N, Erol Ç, et al. Immunogenicity after two doses of inactivated virus vaccine in HCPs with and without previous COVID-19 infection: prospective observational study. J Med Virol 2021;94:279-86.
• 32. Tang MS, Case JB, Franks CE, Chen RE, Anderson NW, Henderson JP, et al. Association between SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies and commercial serological assays. Clin Chem 2020;66:1538-47.
• 33. Weidner L, Gänsdorfer S, Unterweger S, Weseslindtner L, Drexler C, Farcet M, et al. Quantification of SARSCoV-2 antibodies with eight commercially available immunoassays. J Clin Virol 2020;129:104540.
• 34. Chen M, Qin R, Mei J, Yang Z, Wen W, Li J. Clinical applications of detecting IgG, IgM, or IgA antibody for the diagnosis of COVID-19: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Int J Infect Dis 2021;104:415-22.
• 35. Post N, Eddy D, Huntley C, van Schalkwyk MC, Shrotri M, Leeman D, et al. Antibody response to SARSCoV-2 infection in humans: A systematic review. PloS One 2020;15:e0244126.
• 36. Pellini R, Venuti A, Pimpinelli F, Abril E, Blandino G, Campo F, et al. Initial observations on age, gender, BMI and Hypertension in antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 vaccine. EclinicalMedicine 2021;36:100928.
• 37. Ozgur D, Tütüncü EE. [Antibody response after two doses of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in HCPs with and without previous COVID-19 infection: a prospective observational study]. Mikrobiyol Bul 2022;56:36-48. [Article in Turkish]
• 38. Watanabe M, Balena A, Tuccinardi D, Tozzi R, Risi R, Masi D, et al. Central obesity, smoking habit, and hypertension are associated with lower antibody titres in response to COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2022;38:e3465.