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Yıl 2024, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 4, 414 - 425, 04.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.18621/eurj.1478034

Öz

Kaynakça

  • 1. Dubil EA, Tian C, Wang G, et al. Racial disparities in molecular subtypes of endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2018;149(1):106-116. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2017.12.009.
  • 2. Colombo N, Creutzberg C, Amant F, et al; ESMO-ESGO-ESTRO Endometrial Consensus Conference Working Group. ESMO-ESGO-ESTRO Consensus Conference on Endometrial Cancer: diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2016;27(1):16-41. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdv484.
  • 3. Renehan AG, Zwahlen M, Egger M. Adiposity and cancer risk: new mechanistic insights from epidemiology. Nat Rev Cancer. 2015;15(8):484-498. doi:10.1038/nrc3967.
  • 4. Dashti SG, Chau R, Ouakrim DA, et al. Female Hormonal Factors and the Risk of Endometrial Cancer in Lynch Syndrome. JAMA. 2015;314(1):61-71. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.6789.
  • 5. Naqvi A, MacKintosh ML, Derbyshire AE, Tsakiroglou AM, Walker TDJ, McVey RJ, et al. The impact of obesity and bariatric surgery on the immune microenvironment of the endometrium. Int J Obes (Lond). 2022;46(3):605-612. doi: 10.1038/s41366-021-01027-6.
  • 6. Munro MG, Critchley HOD, Fraser IS; FIGO Menstrual Disorders Committee. The two FIGO systems for normal and abnormal uterine bleeding symptoms and classification of causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in the reproductive years: 2018 revisions. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2018;143(3):393-408. doi: 10.1002/ijgo.12666. Epub 2018 Oct 10. Erratum in: Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2019;144(2):237. doi: 10.1002/ijgo.12709.
  • 7. Bignardi T, Van den Bosch T, Condous G. Abnormal uterine and post-menopausal bleeding in the acute gynaecology unit. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2009;23(5):595-607. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2009.05.001.
  • 8. Duska LR, Garrett A, Rueda BR, Haas J, Chang Y, Fuller AF. Endometrial Cancer in Women 40 Years Old or Younger. Gynecol Oncol. 2001;83(2):388-393. doi:10.1006/gyno.2001.6434.
  • 9. Singh S, Best C, Dunn S, Leyland N, Wolfman WL. No. 292-Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Pre-Menopausal Women. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2018;40(5):e391-e415. doi:10.1016/j.jogc.2018.03.007.
  • 10. Longacre T, Atkins K, Kempson R, Hendrickson M. The uterine corpus. In: Sternberg’s Diagnostic Surgical Pathology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005: pp. 2184-2277.
  • 11. Anastasiadis PG, Skaphida PG, Koutlaki NG, Galazios GC, Tsikouras PN, Liberis VA. Descriptive epidemiology of endometrial hyperplasia in patients with abnormal uterine bleeding. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 2000;21(2):131-134.
  • 12. Liu Z, Doan QV, Blumenthal P, Dubois RW. A Systematic Review Evaluating Health-Related Quality of Life, Work Impairment, and Health-Care Costs and Utilization in Abnormal Uterine Bleeding. Value Health. 2007;10(3):183-194. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4733.2007.00168.x.
  • 13. Munro MG, Critchley HOD, Broder MS, Fraser IS. FIGO classification system (PALM-COEIN) for causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in nongravid women of reproductive age. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2011;113(1):3-13. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2010.11.011.
  • 14. Jain V, Munro MG, Critchley HOD. Contemporary evaluation of women and girls with abnormal uterine bleeding: FIGO Systems 1 and 2. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2023;162(S2):29-42. doi:10.1002/ijgo.14946.
  • 15. Harlow SD, Lin X, Ho MJ. Analysis of menstrual diary data across the reproductive life span applicability of the bipartite model approach and the importance of within-woman variance. J Clin Epidemiol. 2000;53(7):722-733. doi:10.1016/S0895-4356(99)00202-4.
  • 16. Whitaker L, Critchley HOD. Abnormal uterine bleeding. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2016;34:54-65. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2015.11.012.
  • 17. Clark TJ, Stevenson H. Endometrial Polyps and Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB-P): What is the relationship, how are they diagnosed and how are they treated? Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2017;40:89-104. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2016.09.005.
  • 18. Nijkang NP, Anderson L, Markham R, Manconi F. Endometrial polyps: Pathogenesis, sequelae and treatment. SAGE Open Med. 2019;7:205031211984824. doi:10.1177/2050312119848247.
  • 19. Salim S, Won H, Nesbitt-Hawes E, Campbell N, Abbott J. Diagnosis and Management of Endometrial Polyps: A Critical Review of the Literature. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2011;18(5):569-581. doi:10.1016/j.jmig.2011.05.018.
  • 20. Lee SC, Kaunitz AM, Sanchez-Ramos L, Rhatigan RM. The Oncogenic Potential of Endometrial Polyps. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;116(5):1197-1205. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181f74864.
  • 21. Ferrazzi E, Zupi E, Leone FP, et al. How often are endometrial polyps malignant in asymptomatic postmenopausal women? A multicenter study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;200(3):235.e1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2008.09.876.
  • 22. Nappi L, Indraccolo U, Di Spiezio Sardo A, et al. Are diabetes, hypertension, and obesity independent risk factors for endometrial polyps? J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2009;16(2):157-162. doi: 10.1016/j.jmig.2008.11.004.
  • 23. Golan A, Sagiv R, Berar M, Ginath S, Glezerman M. Bipolar Electrical Energy in Physiologic Solution—A Revolution in Operative Hysteroscopy. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc. 2001;8(2):252-258. doi:10.1016/S1074-3804(05)60586-5.
  • 24. Kim KR, Peng R, Ro JY, Robboy SJ. A Diagnostically Useful Histopathologic Feature of Endometrial Polyp. Am J Surg Pathol. 2004;28(8):1057-1062. doi:10.1097/01.pas.0000128659.73944.f3.
  • 25. Liu X, Shen M, Qi Q, Zhang H, Guo SW. Corroborating evidence for platelet-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transdifferentiation in the development of adenomyosis. Hum Reprod. 2016;31(4):734-749. doi:10.1093/humrep/dew018.
  • 26. Shikata K, Ninomiya T, Kiyohara Y. Diabetes mellitus and cancer risk: Review of the epidemiological evidence. Cancer Sci. 2013;104(1):9-14. doi:10.1111/cas.12043.
  • 27. Esposito K, Chiodini P, Capuano A, Bellastella G, Maiorino MI, Giugliano D. Metabolic syndrome and endometrial cancer: a meta-analysis. Endocrine. 2014;45(1):28-36. doi:10.1007/s12020-013-9973-3.
  • 28. Dueholm M, Lundorf E, Hansen ES, Ledertoug S, Olesen F. Evaluation of the uterine cavity with magnetic resonance imaging, transvaginal sonography, hysterosonographic examination, and diagnostic hysteroscopy. Fertil Steril. 2001;76(2):350-357. doi:10.1016/S0015-0282(01)01900-8.
  • 29. Breitkopf DM, Frederickson RA, Snyder RR. Detection of Benign Endometrial Masses by Endometrial Stripe Measurement in Premenopausal Women. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;104(1):120-125. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000130065.49187.c8.
  • 30. Batzer FR. Abnormal uterine bleeding: Imaging techniques for evaluation of the uterine cavity and endometrium before minimally invasive surgery—the case for transvaginal ultrasonography. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2007;14(1):9-11. doi:10.1016/j.jmig.2006.08.012.
  • 31. Maheux-Lacroix S, Li F, Laberge PY, Abbott J. Imaging for Polyps and Leiomyomas in Women With Abnormal Uterine Bleeding. Obstet Gynecol. 2016;128(6):1425-1436. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000001776.
  • 32. Dueholm M, Lundorf E, Hansen ES, Ledertoug S, Olesen F. Accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging and transvaginal ultrasonography in the diagnosis, mapping, and measurement of uterine myomas. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;186(3):409-415. doi:10.1067/mob.2002.121725.
  • 33. Khalaf K, Terrin M, Jovani M, et al. A comprehensive guide to artificial intelligence in endoscopic ultrasound. J Clin Med. 2023;12(11):3757. doi:10.3390/jcm12113757.
  • 34. Horgan R, Nehme L, Abuhamad A. Artificial intelligence in obstetric ultrasound: A scoping review. Prenat Diagn. 2023;43(9):1176-1219. doi:10.1002/pd.6268.
  • 35. Dijkhuizen FP, Mol BW, Brölmann HA, Heintz AP. The accuracy of endometrial sampling in the diagnosis of patients with endometrial carcinoma and hyperplasia: a meta-analysis. Cancer. 2000;89(8):1765-1772.
  • 36. Salazar CA, Isaacson KB. Office Operative Hysteroscopy: An Update. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2018;25(2):199-208. doi:10.1016/j.jmig.2017.08.009.
  • 37. Zaino RJ, Carinelli SG, Ellenson LH. Tumours of the uterine corpus: epithelial tumours and precursors. In: Kurman RJ, Carcangiu ML, Herrington S, eds. WHO Classification of Tumours of Female Reproductive Organs. 4th ed. IARC; 2014: pp. 125-134.
  • 38. Huang EC, Crum CP, Hornstein MD. Evaluation of the Cyclic Endometrium and Benign Endometrial Disorders. In: Diagnostic Gynecologic and Obstetric Pathology. 3rd ed. Elsevier; 2018: pp. 471-523.
  • 39. Lacey JV Jr, Chia VM, Rush BB, et al. Incidence rates of endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial cancer and hysterectomy from 1980 to 2003 within a large prepaid health plan. Int J Cancer. 2012;131(8):1921-1929. doi: 10.1002/ijc.27457.
  • 40. WHO. Female Genital Tumours WHO Classification of Tumours. 5th ed.; 2020.
  • 41. Kurman RJ, Kaminski PF, Norris HJ. The behavior of endometrial hyperplasia. A long-term study of “untreated” hyperplasia in 170 patients. Cancer. 1985;56(2):403-412. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19850715)56:2<403::AID-CNCR2820560233>3.0.CO;2-X.
  • 42. Makker V, MacKay H, Ray-Coquard I, et al. Endometrial cancer. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2021;7(1):88. doi: 10.1038/s41572-021-00324-8.
  • 43. Lacey JV Jr, Sherman ME, Rush BB, et al. Absolute risk of endometrial carcinoma during 20-year follow-up among women with endometrial hyperplasia. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(5):788-792. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2009.24.1315.
  • 44. Baak JP, Mutter GL, Robboy S, et al. The molecular genetics and morphometry-based endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia classification system predicts disease progression in endometrial hyperplasia more accurately than the 1994 World Health Organization classification system. Cancer. 2005;103(11):2304-2312. doi: 10.1002/cncr.21058.
  • 45. Joshi A, Ellenson LH. PI3K/PTEN/AKT Genetic Mouse Models of Endometrial Carcinoma. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017;943:261-273. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-43139-0_9.

Evolving paradigms in the diagnosis and management of premenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 4, 414 - 425, 04.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.18621/eurj.1478034

Öz

Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is a common gynecological complaint among premenopausal women, encompassing a wide range of underlying disorders that complicate diagnosis and management. The evolving paradigms in medical science now incorporate advanced imaging techniques, personalized medicine, and molecular diagnostics to improve the accuracy of diagnoses and the effectiveness of treatment plans. This review examines recent advancements in the diagnostic approach, including the use of transvaginal ultrasonography, hysteroscopy, and biomarker analysis, which have significantly refined the identification of endometrial pathologies. Furthermore, we discuss the shift towards individualized treatment strategies that consider patient-specific factors such as age, reproductive plans, and comorbidities, facilitating tailored therapies. Special attention is given to the role of medical therapies ranging from hormonal treatments to novel non-hormonal drugs, as well as the consideration of minimally invasive surgical options as part of a comprehensive management strategy. By integrating current research findings with clinical practice guidelines, this article aims to provide a synthesized view of the dynamic field of AUB management, proposing a multidisciplinary approach to enhance patient outcomes in premenopausal women.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Dubil EA, Tian C, Wang G, et al. Racial disparities in molecular subtypes of endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2018;149(1):106-116. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2017.12.009.
  • 2. Colombo N, Creutzberg C, Amant F, et al; ESMO-ESGO-ESTRO Endometrial Consensus Conference Working Group. ESMO-ESGO-ESTRO Consensus Conference on Endometrial Cancer: diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2016;27(1):16-41. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdv484.
  • 3. Renehan AG, Zwahlen M, Egger M. Adiposity and cancer risk: new mechanistic insights from epidemiology. Nat Rev Cancer. 2015;15(8):484-498. doi:10.1038/nrc3967.
  • 4. Dashti SG, Chau R, Ouakrim DA, et al. Female Hormonal Factors and the Risk of Endometrial Cancer in Lynch Syndrome. JAMA. 2015;314(1):61-71. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.6789.
  • 5. Naqvi A, MacKintosh ML, Derbyshire AE, Tsakiroglou AM, Walker TDJ, McVey RJ, et al. The impact of obesity and bariatric surgery on the immune microenvironment of the endometrium. Int J Obes (Lond). 2022;46(3):605-612. doi: 10.1038/s41366-021-01027-6.
  • 6. Munro MG, Critchley HOD, Fraser IS; FIGO Menstrual Disorders Committee. The two FIGO systems for normal and abnormal uterine bleeding symptoms and classification of causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in the reproductive years: 2018 revisions. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2018;143(3):393-408. doi: 10.1002/ijgo.12666. Epub 2018 Oct 10. Erratum in: Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2019;144(2):237. doi: 10.1002/ijgo.12709.
  • 7. Bignardi T, Van den Bosch T, Condous G. Abnormal uterine and post-menopausal bleeding in the acute gynaecology unit. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2009;23(5):595-607. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2009.05.001.
  • 8. Duska LR, Garrett A, Rueda BR, Haas J, Chang Y, Fuller AF. Endometrial Cancer in Women 40 Years Old or Younger. Gynecol Oncol. 2001;83(2):388-393. doi:10.1006/gyno.2001.6434.
  • 9. Singh S, Best C, Dunn S, Leyland N, Wolfman WL. No. 292-Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Pre-Menopausal Women. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2018;40(5):e391-e415. doi:10.1016/j.jogc.2018.03.007.
  • 10. Longacre T, Atkins K, Kempson R, Hendrickson M. The uterine corpus. In: Sternberg’s Diagnostic Surgical Pathology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005: pp. 2184-2277.
  • 11. Anastasiadis PG, Skaphida PG, Koutlaki NG, Galazios GC, Tsikouras PN, Liberis VA. Descriptive epidemiology of endometrial hyperplasia in patients with abnormal uterine bleeding. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 2000;21(2):131-134.
  • 12. Liu Z, Doan QV, Blumenthal P, Dubois RW. A Systematic Review Evaluating Health-Related Quality of Life, Work Impairment, and Health-Care Costs and Utilization in Abnormal Uterine Bleeding. Value Health. 2007;10(3):183-194. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4733.2007.00168.x.
  • 13. Munro MG, Critchley HOD, Broder MS, Fraser IS. FIGO classification system (PALM-COEIN) for causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in nongravid women of reproductive age. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2011;113(1):3-13. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2010.11.011.
  • 14. Jain V, Munro MG, Critchley HOD. Contemporary evaluation of women and girls with abnormal uterine bleeding: FIGO Systems 1 and 2. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2023;162(S2):29-42. doi:10.1002/ijgo.14946.
  • 15. Harlow SD, Lin X, Ho MJ. Analysis of menstrual diary data across the reproductive life span applicability of the bipartite model approach and the importance of within-woman variance. J Clin Epidemiol. 2000;53(7):722-733. doi:10.1016/S0895-4356(99)00202-4.
  • 16. Whitaker L, Critchley HOD. Abnormal uterine bleeding. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2016;34:54-65. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2015.11.012.
  • 17. Clark TJ, Stevenson H. Endometrial Polyps and Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB-P): What is the relationship, how are they diagnosed and how are they treated? Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2017;40:89-104. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2016.09.005.
  • 18. Nijkang NP, Anderson L, Markham R, Manconi F. Endometrial polyps: Pathogenesis, sequelae and treatment. SAGE Open Med. 2019;7:205031211984824. doi:10.1177/2050312119848247.
  • 19. Salim S, Won H, Nesbitt-Hawes E, Campbell N, Abbott J. Diagnosis and Management of Endometrial Polyps: A Critical Review of the Literature. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2011;18(5):569-581. doi:10.1016/j.jmig.2011.05.018.
  • 20. Lee SC, Kaunitz AM, Sanchez-Ramos L, Rhatigan RM. The Oncogenic Potential of Endometrial Polyps. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;116(5):1197-1205. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181f74864.
  • 21. Ferrazzi E, Zupi E, Leone FP, et al. How often are endometrial polyps malignant in asymptomatic postmenopausal women? A multicenter study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;200(3):235.e1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2008.09.876.
  • 22. Nappi L, Indraccolo U, Di Spiezio Sardo A, et al. Are diabetes, hypertension, and obesity independent risk factors for endometrial polyps? J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2009;16(2):157-162. doi: 10.1016/j.jmig.2008.11.004.
  • 23. Golan A, Sagiv R, Berar M, Ginath S, Glezerman M. Bipolar Electrical Energy in Physiologic Solution—A Revolution in Operative Hysteroscopy. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc. 2001;8(2):252-258. doi:10.1016/S1074-3804(05)60586-5.
  • 24. Kim KR, Peng R, Ro JY, Robboy SJ. A Diagnostically Useful Histopathologic Feature of Endometrial Polyp. Am J Surg Pathol. 2004;28(8):1057-1062. doi:10.1097/01.pas.0000128659.73944.f3.
  • 25. Liu X, Shen M, Qi Q, Zhang H, Guo SW. Corroborating evidence for platelet-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transdifferentiation in the development of adenomyosis. Hum Reprod. 2016;31(4):734-749. doi:10.1093/humrep/dew018.
  • 26. Shikata K, Ninomiya T, Kiyohara Y. Diabetes mellitus and cancer risk: Review of the epidemiological evidence. Cancer Sci. 2013;104(1):9-14. doi:10.1111/cas.12043.
  • 27. Esposito K, Chiodini P, Capuano A, Bellastella G, Maiorino MI, Giugliano D. Metabolic syndrome and endometrial cancer: a meta-analysis. Endocrine. 2014;45(1):28-36. doi:10.1007/s12020-013-9973-3.
  • 28. Dueholm M, Lundorf E, Hansen ES, Ledertoug S, Olesen F. Evaluation of the uterine cavity with magnetic resonance imaging, transvaginal sonography, hysterosonographic examination, and diagnostic hysteroscopy. Fertil Steril. 2001;76(2):350-357. doi:10.1016/S0015-0282(01)01900-8.
  • 29. Breitkopf DM, Frederickson RA, Snyder RR. Detection of Benign Endometrial Masses by Endometrial Stripe Measurement in Premenopausal Women. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;104(1):120-125. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000130065.49187.c8.
  • 30. Batzer FR. Abnormal uterine bleeding: Imaging techniques for evaluation of the uterine cavity and endometrium before minimally invasive surgery—the case for transvaginal ultrasonography. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2007;14(1):9-11. doi:10.1016/j.jmig.2006.08.012.
  • 31. Maheux-Lacroix S, Li F, Laberge PY, Abbott J. Imaging for Polyps and Leiomyomas in Women With Abnormal Uterine Bleeding. Obstet Gynecol. 2016;128(6):1425-1436. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000001776.
  • 32. Dueholm M, Lundorf E, Hansen ES, Ledertoug S, Olesen F. Accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging and transvaginal ultrasonography in the diagnosis, mapping, and measurement of uterine myomas. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;186(3):409-415. doi:10.1067/mob.2002.121725.
  • 33. Khalaf K, Terrin M, Jovani M, et al. A comprehensive guide to artificial intelligence in endoscopic ultrasound. J Clin Med. 2023;12(11):3757. doi:10.3390/jcm12113757.
  • 34. Horgan R, Nehme L, Abuhamad A. Artificial intelligence in obstetric ultrasound: A scoping review. Prenat Diagn. 2023;43(9):1176-1219. doi:10.1002/pd.6268.
  • 35. Dijkhuizen FP, Mol BW, Brölmann HA, Heintz AP. The accuracy of endometrial sampling in the diagnosis of patients with endometrial carcinoma and hyperplasia: a meta-analysis. Cancer. 2000;89(8):1765-1772.
  • 36. Salazar CA, Isaacson KB. Office Operative Hysteroscopy: An Update. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2018;25(2):199-208. doi:10.1016/j.jmig.2017.08.009.
  • 37. Zaino RJ, Carinelli SG, Ellenson LH. Tumours of the uterine corpus: epithelial tumours and precursors. In: Kurman RJ, Carcangiu ML, Herrington S, eds. WHO Classification of Tumours of Female Reproductive Organs. 4th ed. IARC; 2014: pp. 125-134.
  • 38. Huang EC, Crum CP, Hornstein MD. Evaluation of the Cyclic Endometrium and Benign Endometrial Disorders. In: Diagnostic Gynecologic and Obstetric Pathology. 3rd ed. Elsevier; 2018: pp. 471-523.
  • 39. Lacey JV Jr, Chia VM, Rush BB, et al. Incidence rates of endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial cancer and hysterectomy from 1980 to 2003 within a large prepaid health plan. Int J Cancer. 2012;131(8):1921-1929. doi: 10.1002/ijc.27457.
  • 40. WHO. Female Genital Tumours WHO Classification of Tumours. 5th ed.; 2020.
  • 41. Kurman RJ, Kaminski PF, Norris HJ. The behavior of endometrial hyperplasia. A long-term study of “untreated” hyperplasia in 170 patients. Cancer. 1985;56(2):403-412. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19850715)56:2<403::AID-CNCR2820560233>3.0.CO;2-X.
  • 42. Makker V, MacKay H, Ray-Coquard I, et al. Endometrial cancer. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2021;7(1):88. doi: 10.1038/s41572-021-00324-8.
  • 43. Lacey JV Jr, Sherman ME, Rush BB, et al. Absolute risk of endometrial carcinoma during 20-year follow-up among women with endometrial hyperplasia. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(5):788-792. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2009.24.1315.
  • 44. Baak JP, Mutter GL, Robboy S, et al. The molecular genetics and morphometry-based endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia classification system predicts disease progression in endometrial hyperplasia more accurately than the 1994 World Health Organization classification system. Cancer. 2005;103(11):2304-2312. doi: 10.1002/cncr.21058.
  • 45. Joshi A, Ellenson LH. PI3K/PTEN/AKT Genetic Mouse Models of Endometrial Carcinoma. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017;943:261-273. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-43139-0_9.
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Kadın Hastalıkları ve Doğum
Bölüm Reviews
Yazarlar

Mine Senem Yılmaz Aksoy 0000-0001-7146-5946

Teymur Bornaun 0009-0007-8081-8003

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 27 Haziran 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 4 Temmuz 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 3 Mayıs 2024
Kabul Tarihi 7 Haziran 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

AMA Yılmaz Aksoy MS, Bornaun T. Evolving paradigms in the diagnosis and management of premenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding. Eur Res J. Temmuz 2024;10(4):414-425. doi:10.18621/eurj.1478034

e-ISSN: 2149-3189 


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