<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>euro politika</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>EURO Politika</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">2149-9217</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2980-1427</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Yusuf ERTUĞRAL</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id/>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>European Union</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Avrupa Birliği</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>BREXIT AND THE FUTURE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <article-title>Brexit ve Avrupa Birliği’nin Geleceği</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7945-7892</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Özbek</surname>
                                    <given-names>Yunus Emre</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>İstanbul Beykent Üniversitesi</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20240614">
                    <day>06</day>
                    <month>14</month>
                    <year>2024</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>1</volume>
                                        <issue>20</issue>
                                        <fpage>31</fpage>
                                        <lpage>49</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20240405">
                        <day>04</day>
                        <month>05</month>
                        <year>2024</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20240426">
                        <day>04</day>
                        <month>26</month>
                        <year>2024</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2016, EURO Politika</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2016</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>EURO Politika</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>In this article, the historical trajectory from the United Kingdom&#039;s accession to the European Union to Brexit, the political, economic, social, and cultural reasons and effects behind the decision to Brexit, the positions of the parties during the Brexit campaign process, the Brexit negotiation process between the United Kingdom and the EU, and the future of the EU after Brexit are evaluated. The article also addresses how the political, economic, social, and cultural changes that have occurred during and after the Brexit process may affect the EU&#039;s future policies and governance. It discusses the challenges faced by the EU in the post-Brexit period and its adaptation strategies, focusing on the potential of the EU to overcome these challenges by analyzing solidarity and policy pursuits within the union.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <abstract><p>Bu makalede, Birleşik Krallık’ın Avrupa Birliği’ne katılışından Brexit’e uzanan tarihsel süreci, Brexit kararının alınmasındaki siyasi, ekonomik, sosyal kültürel neden ve etkileri, Brexit kampanya süreci boyunca tarafların pozisyonlarını, Birleşik Krallık ve AB arasındaki Brexit müzakere sürecini ve Brexit sonrası AB’nin geleceği değerlendirilmektedir. Makalede aynı zamanda, Brexit sürecinde ve sonrasında oluşan siyasi, ekonomik, sosyal ve kültürel değişimlerin AB&#039;nin gelecekteki politikalarına ve yönetişimine nasıl etki edebileceği, AB&#039;nin Brexit sonrası dönemde karşılaştığı zorlukları ve adapte olma stratejileri ele alınmakta ve AB&#039;nin bu zorlukları aşma potansiyeline odaklanarak, birlik içindeki dayanışmayı ve politika arayışları analiz edilmektedir.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Birleşik Krallık</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Avrupa Birliği</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Brexit</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Avrupa Birliği’nin Geleceği</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>United Kingdom</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  European Union</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Brexit</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  European Union’s Future</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                                    <funding-group specific-use="FundRef">
                    <award-group>
                                                    <funding-source>
                                <named-content content-type="funder_name">İSTANBUL BEYKENT ÜNİVERSİTESİ</named-content>
                            </funding-source>
                                                                    </award-group>
                </funding-group>
                                </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Antonucci, L., Horvath, L. G., &amp; Krouwel, A. P. M. (2017). Brexit was not the voice of the working class nor of the uneducated-it was of the squeezed middle. LSE Blog: LSE.  Erişim adresi: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/brexit-and-the-squeezed-middle/</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">BBC News. (2016, 24 June ). EU Referendum.
Erişim adresi: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/eu_referendum/results</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Brexit. (2019, 31 January). Brexit. All you need to know about The UK leaving The EU. Part 1. Erişim adresi: https://www.brexit.com/brexit-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-uk-leaving-the-eupar t-1/</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bryant, C. G. A. (2010). English identities and interests and the governance of Britain. Parliamentary  Affairs, 63(2), 250–265.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cengiz, Ç. &amp; Kutlu, E. (2021). İrlanda Sorunu’nun tarihsel kökleri ve Brexit sonrası İrlanda Sorunu: Birleşik bir krallık mı, birleşik bir İrlanda mı?, International Journal of Eurasia Social Sciences (IJOESS), 12(44), 365-383.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cunha, A. (2020). Post-Brexit EU defence policy: Is Germany leading towards a European army? E-International Relations.
	Erişim adresi: https://www.e-ir.info/pdf/85911</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Çağlar, Hekimoğlu, K., &amp; Erkan, S. (2022). Avrupa bütünleşmesinde Birleşik Krallık: Brexit referandumu ve ayrılma süreci. Manas Journal of Social Studies, 11(2), 870-883.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dinan, D. (2008). Avrupa Birliği tarihi. (H. Akay, Çev.). İstanbul: Kitap Yayınevi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Du, J., Satoglu, E. B. &amp; Shepotylo, O. (2023). How did Brexit affect UK trade?. Contemporary Social Science, 1-18.
	Erişim adresi: https://doi.org/10.1080/21582041.2023.2192043.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Euronews. (2021, 01 Ocak). AB ve Birleşik Krallık arasında yürürlüğe giren ticaret anlaşması ilişkileri nasıl şekillendirecek?
Erişim adresi: https://tr.euronews.com/2021/01/01/ticaret-anlasmas-ab-ile-birlesik-krall-k-iliskileri ni-nas-l-sekillendirecek</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">European Union. (1992). Treaty on European Union. 
Erişim adresi: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:1 1992M/TXT</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">European Union. (2007). Treaty of Lisbon amending the treaty on European Union and the treaty establishing The European Community. Official Journal of The European Union. Erişim adresi: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CE LEX:12007L/TXT</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">European Commission. (2021). The EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement.
Erişim adresi: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX: 22021A0430(01) &amp;qid=1704467599001</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gidron, N., &amp; Hall, P. A. (2017). The Politics of social status: Economic and cultural roots of the populist right. British Journal of Sociology, 1–28.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gov.UK. (2013, 23 January). EU Speech at Bloomberg.
Erişim adresi: https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/eu-speech-at-bloomberg</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gözkaman, A. (2017). İngiltere&#039;nin Avrupa Birliği&#039;nden ayrılma kararı, Ortak Güvenlik ve Savunma Politikası ve Türkiye. E. Esen &amp; D. Şekeroğlu (Ed.), Brexit-Elveda Avrupa İngiltere’nin AB’den ayrılmasından sonra Avrupa bütünleşmesi ve Türkiye‐AB ilişkilerinde fırsatlar ve tehditler (ss. 355-372). Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Heppell, T. (2007). A crisis of legitimacy: the Conservative Party leadership of John Major. Contemporary British History, 21(4), 471–490.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hunt, A. (2013). David Cameron speech: UK and the EU. BBC News.
Erişim adresi: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-21013771</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">McMahon, P. (2016). Countdown to the referendum. Brexit Information.
	Erişim adresi: http://brexitlegalguide.co.uk/countdown-to-the-referendum/</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Menon, A., Barnard, C., Crowley, M., Hall, S., Ruter, J., and Portes, J. (2020, June). The Brexit negotiations: a stocktake. UK in a Changing Europe, 1-17.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mor, H. (2010). Avrupa Birliği bütünleşme süreci ve sorunları. Gazi Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(1), 499-541.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Morillas, P. (2017). Setting the Brexit agenda: Populism and UKIP in the United Kingdom. CIDOB Report(1), 57-59.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Oliver, T. (2017). Fifty shades of Brexit: Britain’s EU referendum and its implications for Europe and Britain. International Spectator, 52(1), 1-11.
Erişim adresi: https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2017.1259802</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Portes, J. (2023). The impact of Brexit on The UK economy: Reviewing the evidence.
Erişim adresi: https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/impact-brexit-uk-economy-reviewing-evidence</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Rittberger, B. (2001). ‘Which institutions for post-war Europe? Explaining the institutional design of Europe’s first community.’ Journal of European Public Policy 8 (5), 673-708.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Romei, V. (2016, 30 June). The economic factors behind the vote for Brexit. Financial Times.
	Erişim adresi: https://www.ft.com/content/4b3c05f7-382d-33d9-b74b-5cb4cae945fc</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Samur, H. (2016). Birleşik Krallık-Avrupa Birliği ilişkileri. Ercüment Tezcan &amp; İlhan Aras (Der.), Avrupa Birliği ve Üye Devletler: AB15 Üzerine Bir İnceleme (ss. 213-260). Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Schnapper, P. (2020). Theresa May, the Brexit negotiations and the two-level game, 2017-2019. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 1-12.                            Erişim adresi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2020.1753665</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sholom, O. (2020). The history of European Free Trade Association EFTA. RISE, 7018043. Erişim adresi:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360015300_The_history_of_European_Free_Trade_Association_EFTA/link/625d475e709c5c2adb84718e/download?_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIiwicGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIn19</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Smith, J. (2018). Gambling on Europe: David Cameron and the 2016 referendum. British Politics, 13(1), 1-16. Erişim adresi:
https://is.muni.cz/el/fss/podzim2019/EVSb2096/93483003/SmithJulie2018.GamblingonEuropeDavidCameronandthe2016referendum.BritishPoliticsVol.13No.1pp.1O16.pdf</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Soytürk, M. (2017). Büyük Britanya’nın Avrupa Birliği ile ilişkisi ve Brexit. The Journal of International Scientific Researches, 2(4), 72-82.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Svendsen, Ø. (2021). The security and defense aspect of Brexit: Altering the third country balance? M. Riddervold, J. Trondal &amp; A. Newsome (Ed.), The Palgrave Handbook of EU Crises. Palgrave Macmillan ve Springer Nature Switzerland, Cham, 525-543.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Topaloğlu, G. (2018). Avrupa Birliği’nden ayrılma hakkı ve Brexit süreci. Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(34), 341-365.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Walker, N. (2021, 06 January). Brexit timeline: events leading to the UK’s exit from the European Union. House of Commons Library Research Briefing.
	Erişim adresi: https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7960/CBP-7960.pdf</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Wilding, P. (2012). Brexit begins: Who is Peter Wilding? The man who coined Brexit. 
Erişim adresi: https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/10869501/who-peter-wilding-brexit/</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
