Comparing the VDR Gene BsmI and CDX2Polymorphisms in Healthy Turks and Healthy Somalians Living in Turkiye

Abstract

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate genotypic and allelic differences by comparing the Vitamin D (Vit-D) receptor (VDR) gene BsmI(rs1544410) and CDX2 (rs11568820) polymorphisms in healthy Turks and healthy Somalians living in Turkiye.

Materials and Methods: The study involved 100 healthy Turkish individuals and 60 healthy Somali individuals residing in Turkiye for at least 5 years. The genotyping study was performed using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and allele-specific PCR methods. Statistical analysis was performed to identify the possible differences between groups using the Chi-square and Student’s t tests for pair-wise comparisons.

Results: According to the data obtained in the study with regard to the BsmI (rs1544410 A/G) and CDX2 (rs11568820 A/G) genotypes, no statistically significant difference was determined to be present regarding the frequency of carrying the mutant GG genotype in the two groups (p = 0.95 and p = 0.221, respectively).

Conclusion: The study has found no significant genotypic or allelic difference to be present in terms of the BsmI (rs1544410) and CDX2(rs11568820) gene variants between healthy Turkish individuals and Somali individuals who have spent most of their lives exposed to less sunlight while living in Turkiye for the past five years.

Keywords

• VDR
• BsmI (rs1544410)
• CDX2 (11568820)
• polymorphism

References

1. 1. Bizzaro G, Antico A, Fortunato A, Bizzaro N. Vitamin D and autoimmune diseases: Is vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphism the culprit? Isr Med Assoc J 2017; 19(7): 438-43. google scholar
2. 2. Ismailova A, White JH. Vitamin D, infections and immunity. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2022; 23(2): 265-277. [CrossRef] google scholar
3. 3. Jones G. The discovery and synthesis of the nutritional factor vitamin D. Int J Paleopathol 2018; 23: 96-99. [CrossRef] google scholar
4. 4. Jin J. Screening for Vitamin D Deficiency in Adults. JAMA 2021; 325(14): 1480. [CrossRef] google scholar
5. 5. Tangpricha V. Vitamin D in food and supplements. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 95(6): 1299-300. [CrossRef] google scholar
6. 6. Hym0ller L, Jensen SK. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D circulates in different fractions of calf plasma if the parent compound is vitamin D2 or vitamin D3, respectively. J Dairy Res 2016; 83(1): 67-71. [CrossRef] google scholar
7. 7. DeLuca HF. Vitamin D: Historical overview. Vitam Horm 2016; 100: 1-20. [CrossRef] google scholar
8. 8. Al-Ghafari AB, Balamash KS, Al Doghaither HA. Relationship between serum vitamin D and calcium levels and vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms in colorectal cancer. Biomed Res Int 2019; 26;2019: 8571541. [CrossRef] google scholar

9. 9. Greenhagen RM, Frykberg RG, Wukich DK. Serum vitamin D and diabetic foot complications. Diabet Foot Ankle 2019; 19;10(1): 1579631. [CrossRef] google scholar
10. 10. Wacker M, Holick MF. Vitamin D - effects on skeletal and extraskeletal health and the need for supplementation. Nutrients 2013; 10;5(1): 111-48. [CrossRef] google scholar
11. 11. Sana S, Kayani MA. Role of vitamin D deficiency and mRNA expression of VDR and RXR in haematological cancers. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48(5): 4431-4439. [CrossRef] google scholar
12. 12. Eyles DW, Burne TH, McGrath JJ. Vitamin D, effects on brain development, adult brain function and the links between low levels of vitamin d and neuropsychiatric disease. Front Neuroendocrinol 2013; 34(1): 47-64. [CrossRef] google scholar
13. 13. Balabanova S, Richter HP, Antoniadis G, Homoki J, Kremmer N, Hanle J, Teller WM. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, 24, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D in human cerebrospinal fluid. Klin Wochenschr 1984; 15; 62(22): 1086-90. [CrossRef] google scholar
14. 14. Lee YH, Kim JH, Song GG. Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and susceptibility to Parkinson's Disease and Alzheimer's Disease: A meta-analysis. Neurol Sci 2014; 35(12): 1947-53. [CrossRef] google scholar
15. 15. Schmidt RJ, Hansen RL, Hartiala J, Allayee H, Sconberg JL, Schmidt LC, et al. Selected vitamin D metabolic gene variants and risk for autism spectrum disorder in the CHARGE study. Early Hum Dev 2015; 91(8): 483-9. [CrossRef] google scholar
16. 16. Cui X, Gooch H, Petty A, McGrath JJ, Eyles D. Vitamin D and the brain: Genomic and non-genomic actions. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 453:131-143. [CrossRef] google scholar
17. 17. Coşkun S, Şimşek Ş, Camkurt MA, Çim A, Çelik SB. Association of polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor gene and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in children with autism spectrum disorder. Gene 2016; 588(2): 109-14. [CrossRef] google scholar
18. 18. Balta B, Gumus H, Bayramov R, Korkmaz Bayramov K, Erdogan M, Oztop DB, et al. Increased vitamin D receptor gene expression and rs11568820 and rs4516035 promoter polymorphisms in autistic disorder. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45(4): 541-6. [CrossRef] google scholar
19. 19. Zhang Z, Li S, Yu L, Liu J. Polymorphisms in vitamin D receptor genes in association with childhood autism spectrum disorder. Dis Markers 2018; 2018: 7862892. [CrossRef] google scholar
20. 20. Yamamoto H, Miyamoto K, Li B, Taketani Y, Kitano M, Inoue Y, et al. The caudal-related homeodomain protein CDX2 regulates vitamin D receptor gene expression in the small intestine. J Bone Miner Res 1999; 14(2): 240-7. [CrossRef] google scholar
21. 21. Marozik P, Rudenka A, Kobets K, Rudenka E. Vitamin D status, bone mineral density, and VDR gene polymorphism in a cohort of belarusian postmenopausal women. Nutrients 2021; 13(3): 837. [CrossRef] google scholar
22. 22. González Rojo P, Pérez Ramírez C, Gálvez Navas JM, Pineda Lancheros LE, Rojo Tolosa S, Ramírez Tortosa MDC, et al. Vitamin D-related single nucleotide polymorphisms as risk biomarker of cardiovascular disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23(15): 8686. [CrossRef] google scholar
23. 23. Liu SG, Li YY, Sun RX, Wang JL, Li XD, Han L, et al. Polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor and risk of gout in Chinese Han male population. Rheumatol Int 2015; 35(6): 963-71. [CrossRef] google scholar
24. 24. Maciejewski A, Kowalczyk MJ, Gasinska T, Szeliga A, Prendecki M, Dorszewska J, et al. The Role of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms in thyroid-associated orbitopathy. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2020; 28(3): 354-61. [CrossRef] google scholar
25. 25. Tantawy M, Amer M, Raafat T, Hamdy N. Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism in Egyptian pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia correlation with BMD. Meta Gene 2016; 9: 42-6. [CrossRef] google scholar
26. 26. Demeke T, Osmancevic A, Gillstedt M, Krogstad AL, Angesjö E, Sinclair H, et al. Comorbidity and health-related quality of life in Somali women living in Sweden. Scand J Prim Health Care 2019; 37(2): 174-81. [CrossRef] google scholar
27. 27. Kalliokoski P, Widarsson M, Rodhe N, Löfvander M. Positive impact on vitamin D related lifestyle of medical advice in pregnant Somaliborn women and new mothers: A mixed method study in Swedish primary care. BMC Public Health 2021; 21(1): 297. [CrossRef] google scholar
28. 28. Adebayo FA, Itkonen ST, Lilja E, Jaaskelainen T, Lundqvist A, Laatikainen T, et al. Prevalence and determinants of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency among three immigrant groups in Finland: Evidence from a population-based study using standardised 25-Hydroxyvitamin D data. Public Health Nutr 2020; 23(7): 1254-65. [CrossRef] google scholar
29. 29. Nelson SM, Batai K, Ahaghotu C, Agurs-Collins T, Kittles RA. Association between serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D and aggressive prostate cancer in African American Men. Nutrients 2016; 9(1): 12. [CrossRef] google scholar
30. 30. Osman E, Al Anouti F, El Ghazali G, Haq A, Mirgani R, Al Safar H. Frequency of rs731236 (Taql), rs2228570 (Fok1) of Vitamin-D Receptor (VDR) gene in Emirati healthy population. Meta Gene 2015; 15;6: 49-52. [CrossRef] google scholar