Synthesis of Natural Salicylic Acid as a Cosmetic Ingredient Using Green Chemistry Methods

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 12 - 17, 18.03.2022

Gökhan Özokan Tuğba Sağır Ebru Emekli Alturfan

https://doi.org/10.26650/experimed.2022.1068934

Öz

Objective: Salicylic acid (SA) is a keratinolytic agent also used as preservative in cosmetic products. Green chemistry, known as sustainable chemistry, is the design of products and processes eliminating the use of chemicals. It is applicable throughout a chemical product's life cycle, including its design, manufacture, use, and final disposal. The aim of this study was to synthesize SA with green chemistry methods using different amounts of wintergreen oil and to optimize the relevant steps in this path.

Materials and Methods: The SA was synthesized from natural wintergreen oil using green chemistry methods. First laboratory-scale synthesis was developed and 15 laboratory-scale synthesis trial patterns, using reaction temperature, wintergreen oil-sodium hydroxide molar ratio, sodium hydroxide-water weight ratio, reaction time and pH were performed. Purity was analysed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and moisture analysis was performed.

Results and Conclusion: As a result of pilot production run with 1 kg, 5 kg, and three batches of 20 kg of wintergreen oil, SA was produced with a yield range of 91.06-93.92 %. The resulting SA batches had a purity of approximately 99%. This is a sufficient degree of purity for SA to be used as a raw material in cosmetics products. Filtering the SA solution using a filter press reduced crystal drying time and brought down the total production time to eight days

Anahtar Kelimeler

Salicylic acid, Green chemistry, wintergreen oil, cosmetic

Kaynakça

• 1. Calvisi, Lucia. Efficacy of a combined chemical peel and topical salicylic acid-based gel combination in the treatment of active acne. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 20: 2-6. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 2. Ekinci D, Sentürk M, Küfrevioğlu Öİ. Salicylic acid derivatives: syn-thesis, features and usage as therapeutic tools. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2011; 21(12): 1831-41. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 3. Arif T. Salicylic acid as a peeling agent: a comprehensive review. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2015; 8: 455-61. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 4. Krishika Sambyal, Rahul Vikram Singh. Production of salicylic acid; a potent pharmaceutically active agent and its future prospects. Crit Rev in Biotech 2021; 41(3): 394-405. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 5. Parker D, Martinez C, Stanley C, Simmons J, McIntyre IM. The anal-ysis of methyl salicylate and salicylic acid from Chinese herbal medicine ingestion. J Anal Toxicol 2004; 28(3): 214-6. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 6. Yeasmin F, Choi HW. Natural salicylates and their roles in human health. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21(23): 9049. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 7. Rendon MI, Berson DS, Cohen JL, Roberts WE, Starker I, Wang B. Evidence and considerations in the application of chemical peels in skin disorders and aesthetic resurfacing. J Clin Aesthet Derma-tol 2010; 3(7): 32-43. google scholar
• 8. Soleymani T, Lanoue J, Rahman Z. A Practical Approach to Chem-ical Peels: A Review of Fundamentals and Step-by-step Algorith-mic Protocol for Treatment. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2018; 11(8): 21-28. google scholar
• 9. O'Connor AA, Lowe PM, Shumack S, Lim AC. Chemical peels: A re-view of current practice. Australas J Dermatol 2018; 59(3): 171-81. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 10. Marczyk B, Mucha P, Budzisz E, Rotsztejn H. Comparative study of the effect of 50% pyruvic and 30% salicylic peels on the skin lipid film in patients with acne vulgaris. J Cosmet Dermatol 2014; 13: 15-21. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 11. LevequeJL,CorcuffP,Gonnord G, MontastierC, Renault B, Bazin R, Pierard G, Poelman MC. Mechanism ofaction ofa lipophilic deriv-ative of salicylic acid on normal skin. Skin Res Technol 1995; 1(3): 115-22. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 12. Zhao Q, Dai C, Fan S, Lv J, Nie L. Synergistic efficacy of salicylic acid with a penetration enhancer on human skin monitored by OCT and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2016; (6) 34954. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 13. Imayama S, Ueda S, Isoda M. Histologic changes in the skin of hairless mice following peeling with salicylic acid. Arch Dermatol. 2000; 136: 1390-5. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 14. Shin SB, Hu H, Xi K. US9474702B2 Cosmetic use of salicylic acid derivatives, 2016. google scholar
• 15. Randjelovic P, Veljkovic S, Stojiljkovic N, Sokolovic D,Ilic I, Laketic D et al. The beneficial biological properties of salicylic acid. Acta Facultatis Medicae Naissensis 2015; (32): 259-65. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 16. Lu J, Cong T, Wen X, Li X, Du D, He G, Jiang X. Salicylic acid treats acne vulgaris by suppressing AMPK/SREBP1 pathway in sebo-cytes. Exp Dermatol 2019; 28(7): 786-94. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 17. Kantikosum K, Chongpison Y, Chottawornsak N, Asawanonda P. The efficacy of glycolic acid, salicylic acid, gluconolactone, and lic-ochalcone A combined with 0.1% adapalene vs adapalene mono-therapy in mild-to-moderate acne vulgaris: a double-blinded within-person comparative study. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2019; 12: 151-61. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 18. Sanfilippo, A. & English III, Joseph. An overview of medicated shampoos used in dandruff treatment. P and T 2006; 31: 396-400. google scholar
• 19. Sushant S, Minakshi S, Yashwant S, Mamta S, Ashish P. Dandruff and Chemo-Antidandruff Agents. Res J Topical and Cosmetic Sci 2011; 2 (1): 1-10. google scholar
• 20. Anastas, PT, Warner JC. Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice, Ox-ford University Press, 1998. google scholar
• 21. Alfonsi K, Colberg J, Peter JD, Fevig T, Jennings S, Johnson TA, et. al. Green chemistry tools to influence a medicinal chemistry and research chemistry based organization. Green Chem 2008; 10, 316. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 22. Linthorst, Arjan. An Overview: Origins and development of green chemistry. Found Chem 2010; (12): 55-68. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 23. Anastas PT, Warner JC. Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice. Ox-ford University Press, New York, 1998. google scholar
• 24. Marco B, Rechelo B, Totoli E, Kogawa A, Salgado H. Evolution Of Green Chemistry And Its Multidimensional Impacts: A Review. Saudi Pharm J 2018; (27): 1-8. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 25. Sheldon RA. Fundamentals of green chemistry: Efficiency in reac-tion design. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41(4): 1437-51. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 26. Bruce DW, Perona JJ. Kinetics of the Hydrolysis of Methyl Salicylate by Sodium Hydroxide. Ind Eng Chem Process Des Dev 1985; 24: 62-5. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 27. Crockatt M, Urbanus JH, Konst PM, De Koning MC. Method to pre-pare phenolics from biomass. 2016, WO2016/114668A1. google scholar
• 28. Salicylic acid market analysis by application (Pharmaceuticals, Food & Preservative, Cosmetics) and segment forecasts to 2024-Grand view research (Available from: https://www.grandviewre-search.com/industry-analysis/salicylic-acid-market-analysis). google scholar
• 29. Precedence Research, Recently Announced Report on "Cosmet-ics Market Size, Share, Growth, Trends, Regional Outlook, Industry Analysis and Forecast 2021 - 2030" (Available from: https://www. globenewswire.com/news-release/2021/10/05/2308851/0/en/ Cosmetics-Market-Size-to-Worth-Around-US-480-4-Bn-by-2030. html). google scholar
• 30. Lekakh O, Mahoney AM, Novice K, Kamalpour J, Sadeghian A, Mondo D, et al. Treatment of acne vulgaris with salicylic acid chemical peel and pulsed dye laser: A split face, rater-blinded, randomized controlled trial. J Lasers Med Sci 2015; 6(4): 167-70. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 31. Schwartz J, Deangelis YM, Dawson T. Dandruff and Seborrheic Dermatitis: A Head Scratcher. 2012. google scholar
• 32. Ikarashi Y, Uchino T, Nishimura T. Analysis of preservatives used in cosmetic products: salicylic acid, sodium benzoate, sodium dehy-droacetate, potassium sorbate, phenoxyethanol, and parabens. Kokuritsu Iyakuhin Shokuhin Eisei Kenkyusho Hokoku 2010; 128: 85-90. google scholar
• 33. SCCS 1601/18. Opinion on salicylic acid (CAS 69-72-7)- Submis-sion I - Corrigendum of 20-21 June 2019 (Available from: https:// ec.europa.eu/health/document/download/b9f205cb-07d0-4eca-895a-87de952d5b6d_en). google scholar
• 34. Molleti J, Yadav GD. Green synthesis of methyl salicylate using novel sulfated iron oxide-zirconia catalyst. Clean Techn Environ Policy 2019; 21: 533-45. [CrossRef] google scholar