Evaluation of products grown with pesticides in terms of Islamic law

Yıl 2024, , 155 - 166, 30.08.2024

Ali Yüksek

https://doi.org/10.51753/flsrt.1504965

Öz

Throughout history, healthy food has been one of the most important issues of every society. Religious, halal, clean and healthy food perspectives are the most natural rights of every person and it is necessary to respect others right. A Muslim must be sensitive and aware about halal and haram in their lives and one of the most important issues related to halal and haram is food. A wide variety of foods are consumed every day. However, the food is obtained due to biotechnology tools which are part of our daily lives. Firstly, the safety of these products in terms of health, and secondly is whether these products are halal for Muslims. Indeed, protecting human and environmental health is one of religious and humanitarian duty. In this study, it is tried to present the effects of chemical fertilizers and pesticides used in agricultural food production on human, animal and environment and the perspective of the religion of Islam against these effects. These substances have a number of positive and negative effects on people and the environment. Currently, we can see variety of foods as seen natural, contain many harmful substances that threaten human health using technologic tools. At the beginning of the study, the nature of pesticides and how they can affect plants, animals and humans was discussed. In the later parts of the study, it is tried to interpret the halal and haram of these products in terms of Islam.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Chemical fertilizer, human health, humanitarian, legal theory, pesticide

Etik Beyan

During the preparation of this study titled "Evaluation of Products Grown with Pesticides in Terms of Islamic Law", scientific, ethical and quotation principles were observed, the data collected were not tampered with and this study was not sent to any other academic media for evaluation.

Kaynakça

• Abdul, N. H., Zakaria, N. H., & Ibrahim, M. A. (2019). Plants as potential repellent against Oryzaephilus species. International Journal of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, 2(3), 243-268.
• Abdulrazaq, Y., Abdulsalam, A., Rotimi, A. L., Abdulbasit, A. A., Clifford, O., Abdulsalam, O. A., ... & Bilal, M. (2020). Classification, potential routes and risk of emerging pollutants/contaminant. In: Nuro A. (Ed) Emerging Contaminants. (pp. 3-13). IntechOpen.
• Akcay, K., & Kaya, Y. (2019). Isolation, characterization and molecular identification of a halotolerant Bacillus megaterium CTBmeg1 able to grow on halogenated compounds. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 33(1), 945-953.
• Aksoy, H. M., Arslanoglu, Ş. F., Edbeib, M. F., Kaya, Y., & Marakli, S. (2021). Antibacterial activity of Calendula officinalis and Echinacea purpurea extracts against the causal agent of tomatoes” bacterial canker: Claibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. Boletin Latinoamericano Y Del Caribe De Plantas Medicinales Y Aromaticas, 20(5), 496-502.
• Aksoy, H. M., Kaya, Y., Ozturk, M., Secgin, Z., Onder, H., & Okumus, A. (2017). Pseudomonas putida–Induced response in phenolic profile of tomato seedlings (Solanum lycopersicum L.) infected by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. Biological Control, 105, 6-12.
• Aksoy, H. M., Saruhan, I., Kaya, Y., & Ozturk, M. (2018). Morphological changes caused by Bacillus megaterium on adult emergence of fall webworm’s pupa, Hyphantria cunea (Drury) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae). Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 24(4), 539-546.
• Ambaye, T. G., Hassani, A., Vaccari, M., Franzetti, A., Prasad, S., Formicola, F., ... & Rtimi, S. (2024). Emerging technologies for the removal of pesticides from contaminated soils and their reuse in agriculture. Chemosphere, 142433.
• Ansari, F., Lee, C. C., Rashidimehr, A., Eskandari, S., Ashaolu, T. J., Mirzakhani, E., ... & Jafari, S. M. (2024). The role of probiotics in improving food safety; detoxification of heavy metals and chemicals. Toxin Reviews, 43(1), 63-91.
• Arvas, Y. E., & Kaya, Y. (2019). Genetiği değiştirilmiş bitkilerin biyolojik çeşitliliğe potansiyel etkileri. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 29(1), 168-177.
• Asefa, E. M., Damtew, Y. T., & Ober, J. (2024). Pesticide Water Pollution, Human Health Risks, and Regulatory Evaluation: A Nationwide Analysis in Ethiopia. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 135326.
• Aslan, M. S. (2016). İslam hukukuna göre istihâle ve istihlâkin necis katki maddesi içeren gida, ilaç, kozmetik ve temizlik malzemelerinin hükmüne etkisi. Journal of International Social Research, 9(43). 2326-2345.
• Assâf, Ahmad Muhammad. (1999). el-Halâl ve’l-Harâm fi’l-İslâm. Beyrut: Dâru’l-İhyâi’l-Ulûm.
• Atar, F. (2011). Fıkıh usulü. İstanbul.
• Aybakan, B. (2013). Zarar. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 44, 130-134.
• Bahaman, A. H., Abdul Wahab, R., Hamid, A. A. A., Halim, K. B. A., Kaya, Y., & Edbeib, M. F. (2020). Substrate docking and molecular dynamic simulation for prediction of fungal enzymes from Trichoderma species-assisted extraction of nanocellulose from oil palm leaves. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 38(14), 4246-4258.
• Bailey, H. D., Infante‐Rivard, C., Metayer, C., Clavel, J., Lightfoot, T., Kaatsch, P., ... & Schüz, J. (2015). Home pesticide exposures and risk of childhood leukemia: Findings from the childhood leukemia international consortium. International Journal of Cancer, 137(11), 2644-2663.
• Banaszkiewicz, T. (2010). Evolution of pesticide use. Contemporary Problems of Management and Environmental Protection, 5, 7-18.
• Baysa, H. (2018). Necis şeylerin faydalanılabilirlik bağlamında fıkhî açıdan değerlendirilmesi. Marife Dini Araştırmalar Dergisi, 18(2), 329-352.
• Bertero, A., Fossati, P., & Caloni, F. (2020). Indoor poisoning of companion animals by chemicals. Science of The Total Environment, 733, 139366.
• Blair, A., Ritz, B., Wesseling, C., & Freeman, L. B. (2015). Pesticides and human health. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 72(2), 81-92.
• Boran, M. (2016). Hanefi mezhebinde yiyecek ve içeceklerde helallik ve haramlık ölçüleri. Doktora Tezi, (pp. 1-351). Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Çanakkale, Türkiye.
• Botitsi, H., Tsipi, D., & Economou, A. (2017). Current legislation on pesticides. In Romero-González R., Frenich A. G. (Eds) Applications in High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (pp. 83-130). Elsevier.
• Cabir, Mahmut Salih. (2011). Seddi’z-Zerayi’ lil muhafazati ala’z-Zaruriyyâti’l-Hams, Ürdün, Daru’n-nefâis. Cayiroglu, Y. (2014). İslam hukukuna göre helal gıda. İzmir.
• Cessâs, Ebû Bekir Ahmed B. Ali. (1994). Ahkâmu’l-Kur’ân, Beyrut: Kutubi’l-İlmiyye.
• Cevheri, İsmail b. Hammâd el-Cevherî. (1984). es-Sıhah tâcu’l-luğa ve sıhahu’l-arabiyye (6 cilt. 4. Bs.). Thk. Ahmed Abdulğafur Attâr. Beyrut: Dâru’l-İlm li’l-Melâyîn.
• Chiari, M., Cortinovis, C., Vitale, N., Zanoni, M., Faggionato, E., Biancardi, A., & Caloni, F. (2017). Pesticide incidence in poisoned baits: a 10-year report. Science of the Total Environment, 601, 285-292.
• Cozma, P., Apostol, L. C., Hlihor, R. M., Simion, I. M., & Gavrilescu, M. (2017). Overview of human health hazards posed by pesticides in plant products. 2017 E-Health and Bioengineering Conference (EHB), IEEE. 293-296.
• Dagar, P., & Ramakrishna, W. (2024). Plant based and synthetic products as mosquito repellents: effects, target sites and their mechanism of action on mosquitoes. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 1-22.
• Daily Mail, (2021). Toxic metals found lurking in 95 percent of tested baby food ‘could erode a child’s IQ’, report reveals, https://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-7584421/Gerber-Beech-Nut-95-baby-foods-containing-toxic-metals-like-arsenic-mercury.html, Last accessed on September 10, 2023.
• Dayakar, A., Chandrasekaran, S., Veronica, J., Sundar, S., & Maurya, R. (2015). In vitro and in vivo evaluation of anti-leishmanial and immunomodulatory activity of Neem leaf extract in Leishmania donovani infection. Experimental Parasitology, 153, 45-54.
• Dennis, L. K., Lynch, C. F., Sandler, D. P., & Alavanja, M. C. (2010). Pesticide use and cutaneous melanoma in pesticide applicators in the agricultural heath study. Environmental Health Perspectives, 118(6), 812-817.
• Derbalah, A., Chidya, R., Jadoon, W., & Sakugawa, H. (2019). Temporal trends in organophosphorus pesticides use and concentrations in river water in Japan, and risk assessment. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 79, 135-152.
• Dhankhar, N., & Kumar, J. (2023). Impact of increasing pesticides and fertilizers on human health: A review. Materials Today: Proceedings.
• Dinca, V., Docea, A. O., Drocas, A. I., Nikolouzakis, T. K., Stivaktakis, P. D., Nikitovic, D., ... & Tsatsakis, A. (2023). A mixture of 13 pesticides, contaminants, and food additives below individual NOAELs produces histopathological and organ weight changes in rats. Archives of toxicology, 97(5), 1285-1298.
• Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı, (2006). İlmihal I. Ankara: Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı.
• Duke, S. O. (2017). Pesticide dose–A parameter with many implications. In Duke S. O., Kudsk P., Solomon K. (Eds) Pesticide Dose: Effects on The Environment and Target and Non-Target Organisms (pp. 1-13). American Chemical Society.
• Duman, M. Z. (1996). Hadis. Diyanet İslam Ansiklopedisi, 14, 379.
• Ebadollahi, A., Jalali Sendi, J., Ziaee, M., & Krutmuang, P. (2021). Acaricidal, insecticidal, and nematicidal efficiency of essential oils isolated from the Satureja genus. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(11), 6050.
• El-Gendy, K. S., Aly, N. M., Mahmoud, F. H., & Allah, D. A. (2022). Toxicological assessment of sublethal dose of acetamiprid in male mice and the efficacy of quercetin. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 184, 105078.
• EPPO, (2021). European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization, List of databases on registered plant protection products in the EPPO region, https://www.eppo.int/ACTIVITIES/plant_protection_products /registered_products, Last accessed on September 10, 2023.
• Erdogan, M. (1998). Fıkıh ve hukuk terimleri sözlüğü. Rağbet Yayınları.
• Erguc, E. I., Tascioglu-Aliyev, A., Entezari, B., & Gurer-Orhan, H. (2021). The role of biotransformation in the activity of endocrine disruptors. Current Drug Metabolism, 22(8), 1-17.
• FAO, (2021). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Publication launch: Global assessment of the impact of Plant Protection Products on soil functions and soil ecosystems, http://www.fao.org/global-soil-partnership/resources/highlights/detail/ en/c/1073599/, Last accessed on September 10, 2023.
• Feyrûzâbâdî, Mecdüddin Muhammed b. Y. (1987). el-Kâmûsu’l-Muhît. Müessetü’r-Risale, Beyrut.
• Feyyumi, Ahmed b. Muhammed b. Ali el-Mukrî el-Feyyûmî. (1987). el-Misbâhu’l-münîr. Beyrut: Mektebetu Lübnan.
• Führ, F. (1982). Fate of herbicide chemicals in the agricultural environment with particular emphasis on the application of nuclear techniques. Agrochemicals Fate in Food and Environment, IAEA, 99-111.
• Fujitani, T., Tada, Y., Noguchi, A. T., & Yoneyama, M. (1997). Hemotoxicity of chlorpropham (CIPC) in F344 rats. Toxicology, 123(1-2), 111-124.
• Gokmen, H., & Yurttagul, M. (2001). Anne sütünün ve bebek mamalarının pestisitlerle kontaminasyonu. Beslenme ve Diyet Dergisi, 30(2), 42-54.
• Guerrero Ramírez, J. R., Ibarra Muñoz, L. A., Balagurusamy, N., Frías Ramírez, J. E., Alfaro Hernández, L., & Carrillo Campos, J. (2023). Microbiology and biochemistry of pesticides biodegradation.
• International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(21), 15969.
• Gun, M., & Aytac, S. (2019). Güzel avrat otu (Atropa belladonna L.) genel özellikleri. International Journal of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, 2(2), 50-57.
• Haddad, Ebu Bekr b. Ali el-Haddad. (1978). el-Cevheratü’n-neyyira şerhu muhtasaru’l-Kuduri, İstanbul: Fazilet neşriyat.
• Huong, D. T. V., Nga, T. T. H., & Ha, D. T. T. (2020). Residue pesticides (Pyrethroid Group) in vegetable and their health risk assessment via digestion on consumers in Ha Nam Province, Vietnam. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 505, No. 1), IOP Publishing. 012052.
• Hutsaliuk, O., Havrylova, N., Storozhuk, O., Dovhenko, Y., Kovalenko, S., & Navolokina, A. (2024). Leverages of financial and environmental management in agricultural sector of the economy. E3S Web of Conferences (Vol. 558), EDP Sciences. 01025.
• Ibn Nujeim, Z. (1997), Bahru’r-Râik, Beyrut: Daru’l-Kutubi’l-ilmiyye.
• Ibn Rushd, Ebü’l-Velîd Muhammed b. Ahmed Ibn Rushd. (1975). Bidâyletü’l-Müctehid ve Nihâyetü’l-Muktesid. Mısır: Mustafa el-Bacî.
• IPCC, (2021). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Special Report: Special Report on Climate Change and Land, https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/chapter/chapter-5/, Last accessed on September 10, 2023.
• IPPC. (2021). International Plant Protection Convention, https://www.ippc.int/en/, Last accessed on September 10, 2023.
• Jonathan, J. W. A., Kabotso, D. E. K., Essumang, D. K., Bentum, J. K., Gborgblorvor, I. R., Kpodo, F. M., ... & Hlorlewu, N. D. (2024). Investigating the levels of organochlorine pesticides in human milk at three lactational stages: an intensive Ghanaian study. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 196(3), 239.
• Kadlikova, K., Vaclavikova, M., Halesova, T., Kamler, M., Markovic, M., & Erban, T. (2021). The investigation of honey bee pesticide poisoning incidents in Czechia. Chemosphere, 263, 128056.
• Kahraman, A. (2012). Gıda ürünlerinde helâl ve haramı belirleme yöntemi. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(1), 453-475.
• Kahveci, N. (2002). Sorumluluk hukuku açısından zarar görenin kusurunun hukuki sonuçları. Dinbilimleri Akademik Araştırma Dergisi, 2(2), 131-142.
• Kankam, F. (2021). Causes and management of pesticides contamination in agriculture: A review. Ghana Journal of Science, 7(2), 2.
• Karadavi, Y. (1973). İslamda helal ve haram. İstanbul: Hilal Yayınları.
• Kasani, Alauddin el-Kâsânî. (1982). Bedâiu’s-sanâi’ fî tertîbi’ş-şrâi’. Beyrut: Daru’l-kitabil-arabî.
• Kaur, R., Choudhary, D., Bali, S., Bandral, S. S., Singh, V., Ahmad, M. A., ... & Chandrasekaran, B. (2024). Pesticides: An alarming detrimental to health and environment. Science of The Total Environment, 170113.
• Kaya, Y., Aksoy, H. M., Edbeib, M. F., Wahab, R. A., Ozyigit, I. I., Hamid, A. A. A., ... & Aslan, A. (2020). Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Turkish upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) for Dalapon herbicide tolerance. Indian Journal of Biotechnology, 19(4), 237-243.
• Kaya, Y., Haji, E. K., Arvas, Y. E., & Aksoy, H. M. (2019). Sambucus ebulus L.: Past, present and future. AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2155, No. 1), AIP Publishing LLC. 020030.
• Kaya, Y., Marakli, S., Gozukirmizi, N., Mohamed, E., Javed, M. A., & Huyop, F. (2013). Herbicide tolerance genes derived from bacteria. The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 23(1), 85-91.
• Khalili, E., Javed, M. A., Huyop, F., & Wahab, R. A. (2019). Efficacy and cost study of green fungicide formulated from crude beta-glucosidase. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 16(8), 4503-4518.
• Kim, K. H., Kabir, E., & Jahan, S. A. (2017). Exposure to pesticides and the associated human health effects. Science of The Total Environment, 575, 525-535.
• Koca, F. (1997). Haram, Diyanet İslam Anskilopedisi. İstanbul.
• Koca, F. (1998). Helal, Diyanet İslam Ansiklopedisi. İstanbul.
• Kocacaliskan, I., Akgul, T., & Erisen, S. (2019). Effect of juglone on seed germination and seedling growth of four common vegetables. International Journal of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, 2(1), 43-49.
• Kocak, M., Dalgin, N., & Şahin, O. (2015). Fıkıh usûlü. İstanbul: Ensar Neşriyat.
• Koutros, S., Lynch, C. F., Ma, X., Lee, W. J., Hoppin, J. A., Christensen, C. H., ... & Alavanja, M. C. (2009). Heterocyclic aromatic amine pesticide use and human cancer risk: results from the US Agricultural Health Study. International Journal of Cancer, 124(5), 1206-1212.
• Koutros, S., Silverman, D. T., Alavanja, M. C., Andreotti, G., Lerro, C. C., Heltshe, S., ... & Beane Freeman, L. E. (2016). Occupational exposure to pesticides and bladder cancer risk. International Journal of Epidemiology, 45(3), 792-805.
• Latifovic, L., Freeman, L. E. B., Spinelli, J. J., Pahwa, M., Kachuri, L., Blair, A., ... & Harris, S. A. (2020). Pesticide use and risk of Hodgkin lymphoma: results from the North American Pooled Project (NAPP). Cancer Causes & Control, 31(6), 583-599.
• Lee, D. H., Lind, P. M., Jacobs Jr, D. R., Salihovic, S., Van Bavel, B., & Lind, L. (2016). Association between background exposure to organochlorine pesticides and the risk of cognitive impairment: a prospective study that accounts for weight change. Environment International, 89, 179-184.
• Lee, G. H., & Choi, K. C. (2020). Adverse effects of pesticides on the functions of immune system. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, 235, 108789.
• Leknevi, Abdulhay. (2009). Umdatu Riayye, Beyrut: Dâru’l-Kutub İlmiyye.
• Lishchuk, A., Parfenyk, A., Furdychko, O., Boroday, V., Beznosko, I., Drebot, O., & Karachinska, N. (2024). Ecotoxicological hazard of pesticide use in traditional agricultural technologies. Journal of Ecological Engineering, 25(2).
• Mackley-Ward, H. (2022). Pesticides and human health: an overview, https://sprint-h2020.eu/index.php/blog/item/8-pesticides-and-human-health-an-overview, Last accessed on August 29, 2024.
• Medani, K. R., Neill, A., Garrod, G., Ojo, M., & Hubbard, C. (2024). Societal perceptions and attitudes towards genetically modified (GM) crops, feed, and food products in the Middle East, North Africa, and Turkey (MENAT) region: A systematic literature review. Food Quality and Preference, 105148.
• Meftaul, I. M., Venkateswarlu, K., Dharmarajan, R., Annamalai, P., & Megharaj, M. (2020). Pesticides in the urban environment: A potential threat that knocks at the door. Science of The Total Environment, 711, 134612.
• Mehrpour, O., Karrari, P., Zamani, N., Tsatsakis, A. M., & Abdollahi, M. (2014). Occupational exposure to pesticides and consequences on male semen and fertility: a review. Toxicology Letters, 230(2), 146-156.
• Mennan, H., Jabran, K., Zandstra, B. H., & Pala, F. (2020). Non-chemical weed management in vegetables by using cover crops: A review. Agronomy, 10(2), 257.
• Michalakis, M., Tzatzarakis, M. N., Kovatsi, L., Alegakis, A. K., Tsakalof, A. K., Heretis, I., & Tsatsakis, A. (2014). Hypospadias in offspring is associated with chronic exposure of parents to organophosphate and organochlorine pesticides. Toxicology Letters, 230(2), 139-145.
• Mustafa, İ., Hasan, A., Abdulkadir, H., & Ali, M. (1972). el-Mu’cemü’l-vasît. Kahire.
• Nicolopoulou-Stamati, P., Maipas, S., Kotampasi, C., Stamatis, P., & Hens, L. (2016). Chemical pesticides and human health: the urgent need for a new concept in agriculture. Frontiers in Public Health, 4, 148.
• Oirdi, M. E., Yaseen, M., Farwa, U., Raza, M. A., Farhan, M., Sandhu, Z. A., ... & Nahvi, I. (2024). Crops and people: the dangers and potential benefits of pesticides. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 10(1), 2334096.
• Ozdem, A., & Karahan, A. (2018). Dünyada ve Türkiye’de kimyasal mücadele. Kimyasal Mücadele, 51-69.
• Packard, E., Shahid, Z., Groff, A., Patel, R., & Jain, R. (2019). Multiple myeloma in an agricultural worker exposed to pesticides. Cureus, 11(5), e4762.
• Pagano, M. C., Kyriakides, M., & Kuyper, T. W. (2023). Effects of Pesticides on the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Agrochemicals, 2(2), 337-354.
• Pannacci, E., Lattanzi, B., & Tei, F. (2017). Non-chemical weed management strategies in minor crops: A review. Crop Protection, 96, 44-58.
• Plummer, B. (2013). We’ve covered the world in pesticides. Is that a problem?, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2013/08/ 18/the-world-uses-billions-of-pounds-of-pesticides-each-year-is-that-a-problem/?utm_term=.d0134e118764, Last accessed on September 10, 2023.
• Prakash, S., & Verma, A. K. (2020). Effect of organophosphorus pesticides on biomolecules of fresh water fish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). Indian Journal of Biology, 7(2). 1-5.
• Rajmohan, K. S., Chandrasekaran, R., & Varjani, S. (2020). A review on occurrence of pesticides in environment and current technologies for their remediation and management. Indian Journal of Microbiology, 60(2), 125-138.
• Riza, R. M. (1946). Tefsiru’l-Kur’âni’l-Hakîm. Kahire: Daru’l Manâr.
• Roy, S., Rahman, A., Barua, A., Bora, F. R., Handique, G., & Pujari, D. (2015). Evaluation of petroleum based horticulture oil for the management of the tea red spider mite, Oligonychus coffeae Neitner (Acarina: Tetranychidae). Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica, 50(1), 127-137.
• Şa’rânî, Abdulvehhab. (1989) Mizânü’l-Kubâ, Beyrut Âlimu’l-Kütub.
• Sadof, C. S., & Sclar, D. C. (2000). Effects of horticultural oil and foliar-or soil-applied systemic insecticides on euonymus scale in pachysandra. Journal of Arboriculture, 26(2), 120-125.
• Sener, Abdülkadir. (1970). İslâm Hukukunda Maslahat ve Mefsedet Anlayışı. Ankara: AÜİFD.
• Senol, Y. (2014). Kur’an ve sünnet işığında helal gıda. İstanbul: Süleymaniye Vakfı Yayınları.
• Serahsî, Muhammed b. Ahmed. (1989). el-Mebsût, Beyrut: Daru’l-marife.
• Sharma, M., Rajput, A., Rathod, C., & Sahu, S. (2018). Food chemicals induces toxic effect on health: overview. Pharmaceutical and Biosciences Journal, 33-37.
• Sharma, S. (2015). Food preservatives and their harmful effects. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 5(4), 1-2.
• Shinya, S., Kawai, Y., Kondo, M., Nakayama, S. M., Ishizuka, M., & Ikenaka, Y. (2023). Characteristics of cytochrome P450-dependent metabolism against acetamiprid in the musk shrew (Suncus murinus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, 265, 109537.
• Statista, (2019). Agricultural chemicals market value worldwide in 2018 and 2019 with a forecast from 2020 to 2025, https://www.statista.com/statistics/311943/agrochemical-market-value-worldwide/, Last accessed on September 10, 2023.
• Stephenson, G. R., Ferris, I. G., Holland, P. T., & Nordberg, M. (2006). Glossary of terms relating to pesticides (IUPAC Recommendations 2006). Pure and Applied Chemistry, 78(11), 2075-2154.
• Taberi, Ebu Cafer Muhammed b. Cerîr et-Taberî. (1998). Tehzîbu’l-Âsâr, el-Kısmu’l-Evvel. Metâbiu’s-Safâ, Mekke.
• Tiryaki, O., & Temur, C. (2010). The fate of pesticide in the environment. Journal of Biological and Environmental Sciences, 4(10), 29-38.
• Tiryaki, O., Canhilal, R., & Horuz, S. (2010). Tarım ilaçları kullanımı ve riskleri. Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 26(2), 154-169.
• Togawa, K., Leon, M. E., Lebailly, P., Freeman, L. E. B., Nordby, K. C., Baldi, I., ... & Schüz, J. (2021). Cancer incidence in agricultural workers: Findings from an international consortium of agricultural cohort studies (AGRICOH). Environment International, 157, 106825.
• Tokel, D., & Erkencioglu, B. N. (2021). Production and trade of oil crops, and their contribution to the world economy. Oil crop genomics, 415-427.
• Tokel, D., Dogan, I., Hocaoglu-Ozyigit, A., & Ozyigit, I. I. (2022). Cotton agriculture in Turkey and worldwide economic impacts of Turkish cotton. Journal of Natural Fibers, 19(15), 10648-10667.
• Tokel, D., Genc, B. N., & Ozyigit, I. I. (2022). Economic impacts of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) cotton. Journal of Natural Fibers, 19(12), 4622-4639.
• United Nations, (2021a). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, https://www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/population/world-population-prospects-2017.html, Last accessed on September 10, 2023.
• United Nations, (2021b). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, https://www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/ population/world-population-prospects-2019.html, Last accessed on September 10, 2023.
• Valcke, M., Bourgault, M. H., Rochette, L., Normandin, L., Samuel, O., Belleville, D., ... & Phaneuf, D. (2017). Human health risk assessment on the consumption of fruits and vegetables containing residual pesticides: a cancer and non-cancer risk/benefit perspective. Environment International, 108, 63-74.
• Wang, J., Shi, Z., Wu, Z., Wang, H., Qi, H., Sheng, Q., ... & Cheng, C. (2024). Molluscicidal activity and biochemical impacts of borrelidins against an aquatic invasive snail Pomacea canaliculata for crop protection. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 106105.
• Wang’ombe, G. M. (2014). Risk of agrochemicals on the environment and human health-in Mukaro location, Nyeri County, Kenya. Doctoral Dissertation, (pp. 1-73). Kenyatta University, Nairobi.
• White, N. D., & Leesch, J. G. (2018). Chemical control. In: Subramanyam B., Hagstrum D. W. (Eds) Integrated Management of Insects in Stored Products (pp. 287-330). CRC Press.
• World Vision, (2021). 5 world hunger facts you need to know, https://www.worldvision.org/hunger-news-stories/world-hunger-facts, Last accessed on September 10, 2023.
• Yadav, I. C., & Devi, N. L. (2017). Pesticides classification and its impact on human and environment. Environmental Science and Engineering, 6, 140-158.
• Yadav, V., Pal, D., & Poonia, A. K. (2024). A study on genetically engineered foods: need, benefits, risk, and current knowledge. Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics, 1-16.
• Yaradoddi, J. S., Meti, B. S., Shoba, H., & Injaganeri, S. S. (2024). Prospect of Biotechnology in Foods. In Frontiers in Food Biotechnology (pp. 3-18). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
• Yerinde, A. (2011). Tayyib. Diyanet İslam Ansiklopedisi, İstanbul.
• Yildiz, M., Gürkan, O., Turgut, C., Kaya, Ü., & Ünal, G. (2005). Tarımsal savaşımda kullanılan pestisitlerin yol açtığı çevre sorunları. TMMOB Ziraat Mühendisleri 6. Teknik Kongresi, 3-7 Ocak 2005, Ankara.
• Yuksek, A. (2016). Ahlak ekseninde fıkhın gençlerde karakter inşası. Uluslararası Gençlik ve Ahlak Sempozyumu Bildiri Kitabı, Sinop Üniversitesi.
• Yuksek, A. (2018). İslam hukukuna göre helal gıda ve GDO’lu ürünler. Bişkek: İz basma.
• Zacharia, J. T. (2011). Identity, physical and chemical properties of pesticides. Pesticides in The Modern World-Trends in Pesticides Analysis, 1-18.
• Zeydan, A. (1976). El-Vecîz fî usulü’l-fıkh. Bağdat: Müessesetü Kurtuba.
• Zuhayli, V. (1991). İslam fıkıh ansiklopedisi. İstanbul.