19. yüzyıla kadar Küçük Asya’daki erken dönem antika meraklıları hakkında

Abstract

Bu yazı 1400 yılından 1800 yılına kadarki dönem ile, şüphesiz başka isimler de mevcut olmak üzere, antik metinlerin transkripsiyonlarını da yapmış olan 60’tan fazla Avrupalı’nın antik eserlere yönelik etkinliklerini kapsamaktadır. Hikâye ayrıca, onların malzemeyi bulan ve zaman za­man da yazıtların Küçük Asya’dan götürülmesini sağlayan aracılarını, Osmanlı tanıdıklarını, rehberlerini, köylüleri ve Yunan rahiplerini de içermektedir. Aynı zamanda, bununla bağlantılı olarak bu antika meraklıları tarafından “mermer”, antik elyazmaları, madalyonlar-sikkeler, yazılı değerli taşlar ve diğer yazılı materyallerin toplanması da konuya dahil edilmiştir. Bu malzemelerin bir kısmı Küçük Asya’dan alındığında taşıma esnasında denizde kaybolurken, bazı antik ya­zıtlar da hasar görmüş, Avrupa’daki savaşlar esnasında kaybolmuş ya da yok edilmiştir. Yazıtlara ilişkin en erken çalışmalar Ciriaco de Pizzicolli’nin 15. yüzyıldaki transkripsiyonları ve Pierre Belon tarafından 1546-9 yılları arasında yapılan birkaç yazıt transkripsiyonudur. Fakat Avrupalı akademisyenler Küçük Asya’daki günümüze ulaşan antik epigrafik belgelerin önemini, Agria (Eger) Piskopos’u Antonius Verantius’un Res Gestae Divi Augusti transkripsiyonu, aynı yazıtın 1555 yılında Busbecq’in Ankara’daki hizmetkârları tarafından yapılan kopyasının yayılması ve bunun 1579 yılından itibaren sürekli yayımlanması sonrasında kavramışlardır. 17. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren sayısı gittikçe artan Avrupalı antika meraklıları, büyük kısmı Troas, Ege’nin kı­yı bölgeleri ve Küçük Asya’nın temel ticaret yolları boyunca görülebilen yazıtların kayıt altına al­ma görevini de üstlenmişlerdir. Söz konusu antik yazıtlara dair kayıtlı Osmanlı görüşlerinin çe­şitliliği, yapılan transkripsiyonlar, bu yazıtların zaman zaman berat sahibi Avrupalılarca götürül­meleri; metindeki ya da metnin kontekstindeki sorun, matbu baskı ile birlikte gelen yazıt yayınında oluşan durumlar; epigrafik estampajlardan önceki yüzyıllarda transkripsiyonu gerçekleştirilen yazıtlarda görülen uydurmalar ve hatalara dair bazı örnekler dikkate alınmıştır.

Keywords

• Asia Minor,antik yazıtlar,kolleksiyon,Osmanlı berat sahipleri,transkripsiyonlar

On early antiquarians in Asia Minor to the start of the 19th century

Abstract

This paper covers a period of 400 years, from 1400 to 1800, and the antiquarian activities of more than 60 named Europeans, there are doubtless others, who were involved in transcribing, and at times, through their agents and Ottoman associates, guides, villagers and Greek priests, those who related the position and at times enabled the physical removal of ancient inscriptions from Asia Minor; as well as the associated antiquarian collecting of “marbles,” ancient manuscripts, medals-coins, inscribed gem-stones and other inscription bearing materials. Some of this material was lost at sea, while some ancient inscriptions brought from Asia Minor were da­maged, lost or destroyed in warfare in Europe. Following Ciriaco de Pizzicolli’s transcriptions in the 15^th c. and the few inscriptions transcribed by Pierre Belon in 1546-9, it seems to have been the Bishop of Agria (Eger), Antonius Verantius’s transcription of the Res Gestae Divi Augusti and the copy made by Busbecq’s servants in Ankara in 1555 which, when circulated and then published, underlined to European scholars the importance of the surviving ancient epigraphic record in Asia Minor. From the start of the 17^th c. an increasing number of educated European antiquarians undertook the recording of the surviving visible inscriptions, largely in coastal re­gions and along the major trade routes of Asia Minor. Note is taken of the variety of recorded Ottoman views concerning these ancient inscriptions, of their transcription and, at times, their removal by European berat holders; together with some examples of the inaccuracies of the transcriptions of inscriptions that were made.

Keywords

• Asia Minor,Ancient inscriptions,collecting,Ottoman berat holders,transcriptions

References

1. S. Akkach, Cosmology and Architecture in Premodern Islam: An Architectural reading of Mystical Ideas, New York 2012.
2. B. Anderson, “An alternative discourse”: Local interpreters of antiquities in the Ottoman Empire, Journal of Field Archaeology, 40/4, 2015, 450-460, DOI: 10.1179/2042458215Y.0000000017.
3. Anonymous, Extracts from the Journal of an anonymous Traveller in the Vicinity of Smyrna, preserved in the British Museum. Harl. Mss. 7021, 182-188, in: The Oriental Collections: consisting of Original Essays and Dissertations, Translations, and Miscellaneous Papers, Illustrating the History and Antiquities, the Arts, Sciences, and Literature, of Asia, Vol. III, For January, February, and March, 1799, Debrett, London 1800.
4. J. Ball, The Antiquities of Constantinople: With a description of its situation, the conveniencies of its port, its publick buildings, the statuary, sculpture, architecture, and other curiosities of that city. With cuts explaining the chief of them. In four books, London 1729.
5. F. P. Bargebuhr, The Alhambra: A Cycle of Studies on the Eleventh Century in Moorish Spain, (1968) 2011.
6. P. Belon, Les observations de plusieurs singularitez et choses memorables trouvées en Grèce, Asie, Judée, Egypte, Arabie et autres pays estranges, II, 1553.
7. C. Beltrame – S. Gelichi – I. Miholjek – S. Pavao, Shipwreck: A 16th century Venetian merchantman from Mljet, Croatia 2014.
8. Ibn Bibi, el-Hüseyin b. Muhammed b. Ali el-Ca’feri er-Rugadi. M. Oztürk (çev.), El Evamiru’l-Ale’iye Fi’l-Umuri’l-Ala’iye (Selçukname), Vol. I, Ankara 1996.

9. B. Bulmuş, Plague, Quarantines and Geopolitics in the Ottoman Empire, Edinburgh 2012.
10. Rev. E. I. Burrow, The Elgin Marbles: with an Abridged Historical and Topographical Account of Athens ... Vol. I. Illustrated with Forty Plates Drawn and Etched by the Author, London 1817.
11. R. Burton, The Arabian Nights: An Adult Selection, New York 1959.
12. Busbecq 1881, The Life and Letters of Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, seigneur of Bousbecque Knight, Imperial Ambassador, C. T. Forster – F. H. Blackburne Daniell, Vol. 1, London 1881.
13. A. J. Butler – Ed. P. M. Fraser, The Arab conquest of Egypt and the last thirty years of the Roman dominion, Oxford (1902) 1978.
14. A. Cadwallader, History as Bulwark, Bridge and Bulldozer: Dei Verbum and Ecumenical, Biblical Endeavour, 207-224, in: Eds. M. O’Brien – C. Monaghan, God’s Word and the Church’s Council: Vatican II and Divine Revelation, 2014.
15. Rev. Dr. R. Chandler, Inscriptiones Antiquae, Oxford 1774.
16. Rev. Dr. R. Chandler, Travels in Asia Minor, Or an Account of a Tour Made at the Expense of the Society of Dilettanti, London (1775) 17762.
17. Travels in Greece, Palestine, Egypt, and Barbary During the Years 1806 and 1807 by F. A. de Chateaubriand; Translated from the French by Frederic Shoberl, in Two Volumes, Vol. I, London 1812.
18. E. Chishull, Antiquitates Asiaticae christianam oram antecedentes, ex primariis monumentis graecis descriptae etc. London 1728.
19. Rev. E. Chishull, Travels in Turkey and Back to England, by the Late Reverend and Learned Edmund Chishull, Chaplain to the Factory of the Worshipfull Turkey Company at Smyrna, London 1747.
20. R. de Clari, The Conquest of Constantinople, Ed. E. H. McNeal, 1966.
21. B. F. Cook, The Classical Marbles from the Arundel House Site, WC2 in 1972, 209-248 in: London and Middlesex Archaeological Society, Vol. 26, London 1974.
22. J. Covel, Some Account of the Present Greek Church, with Reflections on their Present Doctrine and Discipline, Particularly in the Eucharist, And the rest of their Seven Pretended Sacraments, Compared with Jac. Goar’s Notes upon Greek Ritual, Euchologion, Cambridge 1722.
23. M. Crawford, William Sherard and the Prices Edict, RN 2003, 83-107.
24. Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, Charles I (1625-1649), Ed. M. A. E. Green, Vol. 1, PRO, London 1858.
25. Calendar of State Papers: Of the Reign of Charles II., Domestic series, (1660-1670), Ed. M. A. E. Green, Vol. X, PRO, London 1860.
26. Great Britain 20 (British Museum 10).
27. History and Practice of Photogenic Drawing on the True Principles of the Daguerréotype, with the new method of Dioramic Painting; Published by order of the French Government. By the Inventor L. J. M. Daguerre, with notes and explanations, by M. Arago, etc. Translated by J. S. Memes, London 1839.
28. J. Dallaway, Constantinople Ancient and Modern: With Excursions to the Shores and Islands of the Archipelago and to the Troad, London 1797.
29. E. A. S. Dawes – N. H. Baynes (edd.), Three Byzantine Saints: Contemporary Biographies of St. Daniel the Stylite, St. Theodore of Sykeon and St. John the Almsgiver, trans. Elizabeth Dawes, and introductions and notes by Norman H. Baynes, Basil Blackwell, Oxford 1948. https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/theodore-sykeon.asp.
30. Cornelius de Bruijn, Voyage au Levant, c’est a dire Dans les Principaux endroits de L’Asie Mineure, …, Traduit de Flamand, Delft, Henri de Kroonevelt, 1700 http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k853 30k/f2. Image.
31. K. de Jonge – K. Ottenheym (edd.), Unity and Discontinuity: Architectural Relations Between the Southern and Northern Low Countries 1530-1700, Turnhout 2007.
32. Typographical Antiquities: Or the History of Printing in England Scotland and Ireland: containing memoirs of our Ancient Printers, An A register of the Books Printed by Them. Begun by the Late Joseph Ames ... Considerably Augmented by William Herbert ... and Now Greatly Enlarged ... by the Rev. Thomas Frognall Dibdin, Vol. 1, London 1810.
33. P. P. Dobree – J. Scholefield, Miscellaneous notes on inscriptions. By Professor Dobree, With some addenda to his Adversaria, Ed. J. Scholefield, Cambridge 1835.
34. T. Drew-Bear – C. Naour – R. S. Stroud, Arthur Pullinger: An Early Traveller in Syria and Asia Minor, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. New Series, Vol 75. No. 3, 1985, 1-80.
35. A. Drummond, Travels Through Different Cities of Germany, Italy, Greece and Several Parts of Asia, as the Far as the Banks of the Euphrates, in a Series of Letters... by Alexander Drummond, Esq., H. M. Consul Aleppo, London 1754.
36. T. M. P. Duggan, The Paintwork and Plaster on Evdir and Kirkgöz Hans by Antalya-and some implications drawn concerning the original appearance of 13th c. Seljuk State Buildings, Adalya XI, 2008, 319-358.
37. T. M. P. Duggan, An interpretation of some unpublished in situ and recorded Rum Seljuk 13th c. external and internal figural relief work on the Belkis (Aspendos) Palace, Antalya, Gephyra 8, 2011, 143-184.
38. T. M. P. Duggan, Liman Kenti Satalya’daki (Antalya), Şeyh Ahmed Bedevi/Vaftizci Yahya ve Başmelek Cebrail Rölyefleri, Toplumsal Tarih, Ağustos 2012, 56-61.
39. T. M. P. Duggan, Due Diligence and the Treaty of 46 B.C., Libri 1, 2015, 59-70.
40. T. M. P. Duggan, Not just the Shadows on the Stone: the Greek, Lycian and Roman Craft of Encaustica (ἔγκαυσις) and the Polishing (γάνωσις) of Coloured Inscriptions, that is, of Graphō (γράφω) and its Study - Epigraphy, Phaselis II, 2016, 269-283.
41. M. Dzielska, Apollonius of Tyana in Legend and History, Trans. P. Pienkowski, L’erma di Bretschneider, Rome 1986.
42. J. Elmes, A General and Bibliographical Dictionary of the Fine Arts…, Part I., T. Tegg, London 1824.
43. Memoirs of John Evelyn, Esq. F. R. S., Epistolary Correspondence, Ed. W. Bray, Vol. IV, London 1827.
44. C. Finkel, Osman’s Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300-1923, London 2005.
45. C. Foss, Byzantine and Turkish Sardis, Vol. IV, Archaeological Exploration of Sardis (1958-), Harvard 1976.
46. D. Frankfurter, Christianizing Egypt: Syncretism and Local Worlds in Late Antiquity, Princeton 2017.
47. E. Fry, Pantographia: Containing Accurate Copies of All the Known Alphabets in the World; Together with an English Explanation of the Peculiar Force or Power of Each Letter: to which are Added, Specimens of All Well-authenticated Oral Languages forming a comprehensive Phonology, London 1799.
48. Ancient Sculptures in the British Museum, Sunday, Jan. 27th, Galignani’s Literary Gazette, Vol. XIV, 1822, 92-94.
49. J. Galt, Voyages and travels in the years 1809, 1810 and 1811, containing observations on Gibraltar, Sardinia, Sicily, Malta, Scrigo and Turkey, London 1812.
50. J. Garstang – O. R. Gurney, The Geography of the Hittite Empire, BIAA, London 1959.
51. P. Gassendus, Englished by W. Rand, The Mirrour of True Nobility and Gentility. Being the Life of The Renowned Nicolaus Claudius Fabricius Lord of Peiresk, Senator of the Parliament at Aix, Bk. IV, London 1657.
52. E. Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol. VIII, London 1788.
53. M. Greenhalgh, The Survival of Roman Antiquities in the Middle Ages, Duckworth 1989.
54. M. Greenhalgh, Marble Past, Monumental Present: Building with Antiquities in the Mediaeval Mediterranean, Leiden 2009.
55. M. Greenhalgh, From the Romans to the Railways: The Fate of Antiquities in Asia Minor, Leiden-Boston 2013.
56. S. Grodz, Introduction, 1-15 in, Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History, Vol. 8. Northern and Eastern Europe (1600-1700), Leiden 2016.
57. L. P. Gunning, The British Consular Service in the Aegean and the Collection of Antiquities for the British Museum, London 2016.
58. U. Haarman, Medieval Muslim Perceptions of Pharonic Egypt, in: Ancient Egyptian Literature, History and Forms, Ed. A. Loprieno, Leiden 1996, 605-627.
59. R. B. Halbertsma, Scholars, Travellers and Trade: The Pioneer Years of the National Museum of Antiquities in Leiden 1818-1840, London-New York 2003.
60. W. R. Hamilton, Remarks on Several Parts of Turkey: Aegyptiaca, or Some account of the antient and modern State of Egypt, as obtained in the years 1801, 1802. Accompanied with etchings, from original drawings taken on the spot by the late Charles Hayes of the Royal Engineers, Volume 1, London 1809.
61. F. W. Hasluck, Stone Cults and Venerated Stones in the Graeco-Turkish Area, BSA XXI, 1914, 62-83.
62. F. W. Hasluck, Christianity and Islam under the Sultans, New York I., II, (1929) 1973.
63. J. D. Hawkins, Inscriptions of the Iron Age: Part 1: Text, Introduction, Karatepe, Karkamis, Tell Ahmar, Maras, Malatya, Commagene. Part 2: Text, Amuq, Aleppo, Hama, Tabal, Assur Letters, Miscellaneous, Seals, Indices. Part 3: Plates, Berlin 2000.
64. M. F. S. Hervey, The Life, Correspondence & Collections of Thomas Earl of Arundel, Cambridge 1921.
65. T. Hope, A Historical Essay on Architecture, Vol. 1, London 1835.
66. H. İnalcık, An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, Vol. 1., Cambridge 1997.
67. C. P. Jones, The Decree of Ilion in Honor of a King Antiochus, Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 34, 1993, 74-93.
68. C. Kelly, Political History: The Later Roman Empire, 11-23, in: M. Vessey (ed.), A Companion to Augustine, New York 2012.
69. M. Klonsky, The Fabulous Ego: Absolute Power in History, London 1974.
70. Ed. C. Knight, Arts and Sciences: Or, Fourth Division of “The English Encyclopedia”, Vol. I, Bradbury, London 1866.
71. L. E. S. J. Laborde, Voyage de l’Asie Mineure par Alexandre de Laborde, Becker, Hall, et L. de Laborde, rédigé et publié par Léon de Laborde, Paris 1838.
72. V. Langbehn – M. Salama, German Colonialism: Race, the Holocaust, and Postwar Germany, 2011.
73. W. M. Leake, Journal of a tour in Asia Minor, with comparative remarks on the ancient and modern geography of that country, London 1824.
74. The Book of the Thousand Nights and One Night, J. C. Madrus – P. Mathers, Vols I-IV, London-New York 1996.
75. M. Makal, Memleketin Sahipleri, İstanbul 1954.
76. J. Matthews, The Notitia Urbis Constantinoplitanae, 81-115 Ed. L. Grig – G. Kelly, Two Romes: Rome and Constantinople in Late Antiquity, Oxford 2015.
77. I. B. McCabe, Orientalism in Early Modern France: Eurasian Trade, Exoticism, and the Ancien Régime, Berg, Oxford-New York 2008.
78. Memorandum on the subject of the Earl of Elgin’s pursuits in Greece, London 1815.
79. C. Merivale, Augusti rerum a se gestarum indicem cum Graeca metaphrasi edidit Theodorus Bergk, (Leipzig 1873), The Academy and Literature, No. 95, Feb. 28, 1874, 234-235.
80. Encyclopaedia Metropolitana: Eds. E. Smedley – H. J. Rose – H. J. Rose, Vol. XIV, Miscellaneous and Lexicographical, Vol. I. “Arundelian Marbles,” London 1845.
81. R. Milstein – K. Rührdanz – B. Schmitz, Stories of the Prophets: Illustrated Manuscripts of Qiṣaṣ al-anbiyā ̓, Mazda, Costa Mesa, CA 1999.
82. R. P. Dom Bernard de Montfaucon, sur des recherches a faire dans le voyage du Constantinople & du Levant (Mercure de France, janvier 1743), 151-166, in Nouveau choix de pièces tirées des anciens Mercures, et des autres journaux par M. De la Place, Tome 68. Paris 1761.
83. R. D. Morritt, Stones that speak, Cambridge 2010.
84. A. De La Mottraye, Travels through Europe, Asia, and into parts of Africa with proper cuts and maps containing: A great variety of Geographical, Topographical and Political Observations on those parts of the World: especially on Italy, Turky (sic.), Greece, Crim and Noghaian Tartaries, Circassia, Sweden and Lapland. A curious collection of things particularly rare, in both Nature and Antiquity; such as remains of antient Cities and Colonies, Inscriptions, Idols, Medals, Minerals, etc. I, London 1723.
85. D. M. Masson, The British Museum, Historical and Descriptive, W. and R. Chambers, Edinburgh 1850.
86. G. A. Olivier, Travels in the Ottoman empire, Egypt, and Persia, undertaken by order of the government of France, during the first six years of the Republic. Transl. Vol.I, II [in 1], Trans. (1800) London 1802.
87. S. Özel, Under the Turkish Blanket Legislation: The Recovery of Cultural Property Removed from Turkey, International Journal of Legal Information 38/2, Article 10 (2010) 177-184, 178. Available at: http://scholarship.law. cornell.edu/ijli/vol38/iss2/10. Accessed 12-01-2015.
88. S. Panciera, What is an Inscription? Problems of Definition and Identity of an Historical Source, ZPE 183, 2012, 1-10.
89. R. Payne Knight, An Analytical Essay on the Greek Alphabet, London 1791.
90. H. Peacham, The Complete Gentleman: The Truth of Our Times, And, The Art of Living in London Ed. V. B. Heltzel, Folger Documents of Tudor and Stuart Civilisation, New York 1962.
91. The Present State of the Republic of Letters. For January, 1728, Vol. 1, printed for W. Innys and J. Innys, London 1728.
92. W. M. Ramsay, The Utilisation of Old Epigraphic Copies, JHS XXXVIII, 1918, 124-192.
93. A. Rees, The Cyclopaedia, Or Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and Literature XXVII, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown, London 1819.
94. L. Rosenstein, Antiques: the History of an Idea, New York 2009.
95. W. N. Sainsbury, Original Unpublished Papers Illustrative of the Life of Sir Peter Paul Rubens: As an Artist and a Diplomatist. Preserved in H. M. State Paper Office. With an Appendix of Documents Respecting the Arundelian Collection; the Earl of Somerset’s Collection; the Great Mantuan Collection; the Duke of Buckingham etc., London 1859.
96. G. Sale – G. Psalmanazar – A. Bower – G. Shelvocke – J. Swinton (edd.), The Modern Part of an Universal History, from the Earliest Account of Time, Vol. XLIII, London 1765.
97. J. Montague, Earl of Sandwich, A voyage Performed by the Late Earl of Sandwich Round the Mediterranean, in the Years 1738 and 1739. Written by Himself To which are Prefixed Memoirs of the Noble Author’s Life, Lackington 1807.
98. G. Sandy, Sandys Travels, Containing an History of the Original and Present State of the Turkish Empire ... the Mahometan Religion and Ceremonies: a Description Of Constantinople ... Also, of Greece ... of Aegypt ... a Voyage on the River Nylvs ... a Description of the Holy-Land; of the Jews ... and What Else Either of Antiquity, or Worth Observation. Lastly, Italy Described, and the Islands Adjoining ... Illustrated with Fifty Graven Maps and Figures, London (1615), 1673.
99. J. E. Sandys, A History of Classical Scholarship: From the Revival of Learning to the End of the Eighteenth Century in Italy, France, England and the Netherlands, Vol. II, Cambridge 1908.
100. J. E. Sandys, Latin Epigraphy: An Introduction to the Study of Latin Inscriptions, Cambridge 1919.
101. H. Saradi, The Use of Ancient Spolia in Byzantine Monuments: The Archaeological and Literary Evidence, International Journal of the Classical Tradition, Vol. 3, No. 4 (Spring, 1997), 395-423.
102. J. Selden, Jurisconsulti, Opera omnia, tam edita quam inedita. In tribus voluminibus. Collegit ac recensuit; vitam auctoris, praefationes, & indices adjecit, David Wilkins. In quo continentur, De successionibus in bona defunctorum; & de successionibus in pontificatum Ebraeorum. De diis Syris. Eutychii Ecclesiae suae origines. Uxor ebraica. Analecta anglo-britannica. Janus Anglorum. Dissertatio ad Fletam. Judicium de decem scriptoribus anglicanis. Mare clausum. Vindiciae de scriptione Maris clausi. Marmora Arundelliana. Notae in Eadmerum. Epistolae & poemata. Vol. II, London 1726.
103. F. Sevin, Lettres sur Constantinople. Suivies de plusieurs lettres de m. Peysonnel et d’autres savans. On y a joint la Relation du consulat de m. Anquetil à Surat [&c. Ed. by A. Serieys] revu par l’abbé Bourlet de Vauxcelles, Paris An. X, 1802.
104. Dr. T. Smith, Remarks upon the Manners, Religion and Government of the Turks. Together with a Survey of the Seven Churches of Asia as they now lye in their Ruines: and a Brief Description of Constantinople, London 1678.
105. T. Smith, Historical Observations relating to Constantinople, 32-48, Miscellanea curiosa. Containing a collection of Curious Travels, Voyages and Natural Histories of Countries, as they have been delivered in to the Royal Society, Royal Society (Great Britain) Vol. III, London 1707.
106. T. Smith, An Account of the City of Prusa in Bithynia, and a continuation of the Historical Observations relating to Constantinople, 48-83, Miscellanea curiosa. Containing a collection of Curious Travels, Voyages and Natural Histories of Countries, as they have been delivered in to the Royal Society, Royal Society (Great Britain) Vol. III, London 1707.
107. C. Smith, Inscriptions from Rhodes, JHS 4, 1883, 136-141.
108. The Shorter Oxford Dictionary.
109. J. Spon, Recherche des Antiquités de la ville de Lyon, Lyon 1673.
110. J. Spon, G. Wheler, Voyage d’Italie, de Dalmatie, de Grèce et du Levant: fait és années 1675 & 1676 par Jacob Spon & George Wheler, 1678.
111. W. St. Clair, Lord Elgin and the Marbles, Oxford 1967.
112. R. Stoneman, Land of Lost Gods: The Search for Classical Greece, 2010.
113. Radulfi de Diceto decani Lundoniensis opera historica, The Historical Works of Master Ralph de Diceto, Dean of London Ed. R. Stubbs, Two Vols, Rolls Series, 68, Vol. II, London 1876.
114. B. J. Taylor, Sir Robert Ainslie, Domenico Sestini and Luigi Mayer: A Case of who went where, with Whom and When, Ch. 13, in, Ed. D. Fortenberry, Souvenirs and New Ideas: Travel and collecting in Egypt and the Near East, Oxford 2013.
115. Rev. M. A. Tierney, The Antiquities of Arundel: The peculiar privilege of its castle and Lordship; with an Abstract of the Lives of the Earls of Arundel, from the Conquest to this time, Vol. II, London 1834.
116. Tournefort A Voyage into the Levant performed by command of the late French King, (1717) Trans. John Ozell, Vol. III, London 1741.
117. Turks: A Journey of a Thousand Years, 600-1600, Exh. Cat., Ed. D. J. Roxburgh. Royal Academy of Arts (Great Britain), London 2005.
118. M. Tütüncü, Rodos’ta Türk Denizcilerinin Koruyucu (Tılsım) Taşı, Toplumsal Tarih, Şubat 2018, 13-17.
119. L. Twells, The theological Works of the Learned Dr. Pocock, containing his porta Mosis and English commentaries on Hosea, Joel, Micah and Malachi: With life and writings of the author by Leonard Twells, Vol. 1., London 1740.
120. E. A. Wallis Budge, The Life and Exploits of Alexander the Great: Being a Series of Translations of the Ethiopic Histories of Alexander by the Pseudo-Callistenes and other Writers, J. Clay and Sons, Cambridge 1896.
121. R. Walsh, Account of the Levant Company, London 1825.
122. The Works of the Right Reverend William Warburton, D. D., Lord Bishop of Gloucester: A New Edition in Twelve Volumes, Vol. IX, London 1811.
123. H. Weber, Tales of The East; comprising The Most Popular Romances of Oriental Origin; and the best imitations by European authors: with new translations, and additional tales, never before published, Vol. II, Edinburgh 1812.
124. M. Werner, Multiple Antiquities-Multiple Modernities: Ancient Histories in Nineteenth Century European Cultures, Frankfurt-New York 2011.
125. George Wheler Esq, Journey into Greece; In Company of Dr. Spon of Lyons, In 6 Books with Variety of Sculptures, London 1682.
126. W. Wittman – Sir R. Phillips, Travels in Turkey, Asia-Minor, Syria, and Across the Desert Into Egypt During the Years 1799, 1800, and 1801, in Company with the Turkish Army, and the British Military Mission: To which are Annexed, Observations on the Plague and on the Diseases Prevalent in Turkey, and a Meteorological Journal, London 1803.
127. D. G. Wright, Review of E. W. Bodnar, C. Foss, Cyriac of Ancona: Later Travels, 2003, Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2004.07.69 http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2004/2004-07-69.html.
128. W. W. Wroth, Leake, William Martin, in: Ed. S. Leslie, DNB 32, London 1893, 323-324.
129. Z. Yürekli, Architecture and Hagiography in the Ottoman Empire: The Politics of Bektashi Shrines in the Classical Age, London 2016.
130. A. El-Zein, Islam, Arabs, and the Intelligent World of the Jinn, 2009.