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Similar to Gods: Some Words in the Imperial Cult in the Roman Empire

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 20, 127 - 141, 25.11.2020
https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.757094

Öz

When Augustus died, the imperial cults were wide spread all over the Mediterranean. Considering that point, it is important to recall how the divine and divinizing words were produced to the princpeps and the imperial family, and, if these words can be seen as a sincere expression of divinity (even in life) or just a mere adulation form. This is an interpretative study of some Greek and Latin inscriptions, that seeks to establish various elements that make some differences and bring new suggestions to the concept of imperial cults because this religious manifestation was not the only one form of cult with continuations and additions. In fact, it had some marked differences that the evidences could demonstrate with the other ruler-cult forms. The importance of words is unique: they can show literally and figurative the expressions of one person and some individuals. In this point it is important to note that inscriptions can even be exaggerating individuals’ rhetoric and it cannot be forgotten the language-game as Wittgenstein pointed out.
Furthermore, the geographical locations and the cultural manifestations are important to note because depending the place, usually it can be found more or less powerful words to the imperial cult. Using the religious and political epigraphical monuments and the literature of the period some ideas can be tracked about the titulature of the imperial cult and the problems that still arise.

Keywords: Imperial Cults, Divinity of Roman Emperors, Greek Inscriptions, Latin Inscriptions, Interpretations.

Kaynakça

  • S. Accame, II dominio romano in Grecia dalla guerra acaica ad Augusto, Roma, 1946.
  • M. Beard – J. North – S. Price, Religions of Rome: A History, vol. 1, Cambridge, 1998.
  • M. Beard, Religion, in: J. A. Crook – A. Lintott – E. Rawson (edd.), The Cambridge Ancient History, 2nd ed., vol. 9, Cambridge, 1992, 729-768.
  • Aegyptische Urkunden aus den Königlichen (später: Staatlichen) Museen zu Berlin, Griechische Urkunden, Berlin, Bd. I (1895) – Bd. XX (2014).
  • E. Bickerman, Consecratio, in: W. den Boer (ed.), Le culte des sourverains dans l’empire romain, Genève, 1973, 3-37.
  • G. Bowersock, Augustus and the Greek World, Oxford, 1965.
  • L. Cerfaux – J. Tondriau, Le culte des souverains dans la civilisation gréco-romaine, Tournai-Paris, 1957.
  • A. Chaniotis, The Divinity of Hellenistic Rulers, in: A. Erskine (ed.), A Companion to the Hellenistic World, Oxford, 2003, 431-445.
  • M. P. Charlesworh, Some Observations on Ruler-Cult, Especially in Rome”, HTR, 28, 1935, 5-44.
  • A. Cid Zurita, La implementación del principado: Política y Religión en el Imperio Romano. 31 a.C.-68 d.C., MA. In History Diss., Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, 2012.
  • A. Cid Zurita, The Implementation of the Roman Principate: Between Human and Divine, ATINER'S Conference Paper Series, Athens, 2013, 5-16.
  • A. Cid Zurita, Cruzando la frontera: el impacto e incorporación de títulos en la adoración a los emperadores romanos, in: A. Saez Geoffroy (ed.), Límites: Estudios sobre las fronteras en el mundo Grecorromano, Temuco, 2018, 69-88.
  • D. Cuss, Imperial Cult and Honorary Terms in the New Testament, Fribourg, 1974.
  • F. Danker, Benefactor: Epigraphic study of a Graeco-Roman and New Testament Semantic Field, Missouri, 1982.
  • J. de Jong, Emperors in Egypt: The Representation and Perception of Roman Imperial Power in Greek Papyrus Texts,” PhD. Diss. Universiteit Nijmegen, 2006.
  • J. de Jong, Emperor Meets Gods: Divine Discourse in Greek Papyri from Roman Egypt, in: M. Kahlos (ed.), Emperors and the Divine-Rome and its Influence, Helsinki, 2016, 22-55.
  • M. I. De Rossi, LE FRONDE DEGLI DEI. Gli alberi nella vita religiosa della Grecia antica: il contributo dell’epigrafia, Tesi di Laurea, Università Ca’Foscari Venezia, Venezia, 2016.
  • A. Deissmann, Light from the Ancient East. The New Testament Illustrated by Recently Discovered Texts of the Graeco-Roman World, London, 1910.
  • A. H. M. Jones – V. Ehrenberg, Documents illustrating the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius, 2nd ed., Oxford, 1976.
  • I. Ezeani, The Apologetic revisited: Exonerating Luke from an Ancestral Exegetical and Theological Burden, Inaugural Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Theologie, Würzurg, 2010.
  • W. S. Ferguson, The Leading Ideas of the New World, in: S. A. Cook – F. E. Adcock – M. P. Charlesworth (edd.), The Cambridge Ancient History, 1st ed., vol. 7, Cambridge, 1928, 1-40.
  • D. Fishwick, The Development of Provincial Ruler Worship in the Western Roman Empire, in: W. Haase (ed.), Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt, vol. 2, 16, 2, Berlin-New York, 1978, 1201-1253.
  • D. Fishwick, The Imperial Cult in the Latin West, vol. 2, part 1, Leiden, 1993.
  • D. Fishwick, The Imperial Cult in the Latin West, vol. 3, part 1, Leiden, 2002.
  • S. Friesen, Twice Neokoros: Ephesus, Asia, and the cult of the Flavian Imperial Family, Leiden-New York, 1993.
  • S. Friesen, Imperial cults and the Apocalypse of John: reading Revelation in the ruins, New York, 2001.
  • P. Harland, Honours and worship: Emperors, imperial cults and associations at Ephesus (first to third centuries C.E.), SR, 25, 3, 1996, 319-334.
  • A. Harnack, History of Dogma, vol. 1. Boston, 1901.
  • G. Herzog-Hauser, Kaiserkult, in W. Pauly and G. Wissowa, Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, Supplementband IV: abacus bis Ledon, Stuttgart, 1924, cols. 806-853.
  • S. D. Ho, Paul and the Creation of a Counter-Cultural Community: A Rhetorical Analysis of 1 Cor. 5.1-11.1 in Light of the Social Lives of the Corinthians, London, 2015.
  • K. Hopkins, Conquerors and Slaves, vol. 1, Cambridge, 1978.
  • A. Degrassi, Inscriptiones Latinae liberae rei publicae, Göttingen-Firenze-Berlin, 1957-1965.
  • P. Wuilleumier, Inscription latines des trois Gaules, Paris, 1963.
  • J. H. W. G. Liebeschuetz, Continuity and change in Roman religion, Oxford, 1979.
  • F. Lozano, Un dios entre los hombres: la adoración a los emperadores romanos en Grecia, Barcelona, 2010.
  • F. Lozano, The Creation of Imperial Gods: Not only Imposition versus Spontaneity, in: P. Iossif–A. Chankowski–C. Lorber (edd.), More than Men, Less than Gods, Leuven-Paris: Peeters, 2011, 475-520.
  • D. Magie, Roman Rule in Asia Minor: to the end of the third century after Christ, vol. 1: text, New Yersey, 1950.
  • S. Mazzarino, L’Impero Romano, vol. 1. Roma, 2002.
  • E. Meyer, Caesars Monarchie und das Principat des Pompejus: Innere Geschichte Roms von 66 bis 44 v. Chr., Stuttgard-Berlin, 1922.
  • F. Millar, The Imperial Cult and the Persecutions, in: W. den Boer (ed.), Le culte des sourverains dans l’empire romain, Genève, 1973, 145-175.
  • F. Millar, The Emperor in the Roman World (31 BC- AD 337), London, 1977.
  • F. Millar, State and Subject: The Impact of Monarchy, in: F. Millar–E. Segal (edd.), Caesar Augustus: seven aspects, Oxford, 1984, 37-60.
  • A. Momigliano, How Roman Emperors Became Gods, ASch, 55, 2, 184-86.
  • J. Moralee, “For salvation’s sake”: provincial loyalty, personal religion, and epigraphic production in the Roman and late antique Near East, New York-London, 2004.
  • H. Musurillo, The Acts of the Christian Martyrs, Oxford, 1972.
  • M. P. Nilsson, Greek Piety. Oxford, 1948.
  • A. D. Nock, Religious Developments from the Close of the Republic to the Death of Nero, in: S.A. Cook–F.E. Adcock–M.P. Charlesworth (edd.), The Cambridge Ancient History, 1st ed., vol. 10, Cambridge, 1935, 481-503.
  • A. D. Nock, Deification and Julian, JRS, 47, 1957, 115-123.
  • J. Osgood, Claudius Caesar: Image and Power in the Early Roman Empire, Cambridge, 2011.
  • J. W. B. Barns – H. Zilliacus, The Antinoopolis Papyri, vol. 3, London, 1967.
  • M. Peachin, Roman Imperial Titulature and Chronology, A.D. 235-284, Amsterdam, 1990.
  • M. Peppard, The Son of God in the Roman World: Divine Sonship in its Social and Political Context, New York, 2011.
  • M. Peppel, Gott oder Mensch? Kaiserverehrung und Herrschaftskontrolle, in: H. Cancik–K. Hitzl (edd.), Die Praxis der Herrscherverehrung in Rom und seinen Provinzen, Tübingen, 2003, 69-95.
  • Greek Papyri in the British Museum, London, 1893-1974.
  • The Oxyrhynchus Papyri, London, 1898-2010.
  • S. Price, Rituals and Power. The Roman Imperial Cult in Asia Minor, Cambridge, 1984a.
  • S. Price, Gods and Emperors: The Greek Language of the Roman Imperial Cult, JHS, 104, 1984b, 79-95.
  • S. Price, From noble funerals to divine cult: the consecration of Roman Emperors, in: D. Cannadine–S. Price Rituals of Royalty: power and ceremonial in traditional societies, Cambridge, 1987, 56-105.
  • D. McCabe, Samos Inscriptions. Texts and List. «The Princeton Project on the Inscriptions of Anatolia», The Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, 1986.
  • Sammelbuch griechischer Urkunden Aegypten. (I: Preisigke, F., Estrasburgo-Berlín 1913-15 [dG 1974] (n. 1-6000).
  • J. Scheid, Religion et piété à Rome, Paris, 1985.
  • A. Hunt – C. Edgar, Select Papyri, vol 2, Non Literary Papyri and Public Documents, Loeb Classical Library, London 1963.
  • R. Sherk, Translated Documents of Greece and Rome. VI. The Roman Empire: Augustus to Hadrian, Cambridge, 1988.
  • E. Mary Smallwood, Documents illustrating the Principates of Gaius, Claudius and Nero, Cambridge, 1967.
  • J. Smith, Map is not territory: Studies in the History of Religion, Chicago, 1993.
  • L. R. Taylor. The Divinity of the Roman Emperor, Philadelphia, 1931.
  • P. Veyne, Bread and Circuses, London, 1990.
  • S. Weinstock, Divus Iulius, Oxford 1971.
  • B. Winter, Divine Honours for the Caesars: The First Cristians’ Responses, Michigan, 2015.
  • L. Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, Singapore, 2009.
  • Th. Witulski, Kaiserkult in Kleinasien. Die Entwicklung der kultisch-religiösen Kaiserverehrung in der römischen Provinz Asia von Augustus bis Antoninus Pius, Fribourg, 2007.

Tanrılar Gibi: Roma İmparatorluğu’nda İmparator Kültündeki Bazı İfadeler

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 20, 127 - 141, 25.11.2020
https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.757094

Öz

Augustus öldüğünde imparatorluk kültleri tüm Akdeniz’de yaygınlaşmıştı. Buna istinaden, princeps ve imparatorluk ailesine yönelik tanrısal ve tanrılaştıran sözcüklerin nasıl üretildiğini ve eğer bu ifadeler (günlük yaşamda bile) tanrısallığın samimi bir dile getirilmesi ya da yaranma olup olmadığını hatırlamak önemlidir. Seçilmiş bazı Yunanca ve Latince yazıtların yorumlanması yoluyla, bu çalışma çeşitli zıt öğeler sunmayı ve imparatorluk kültleri konseptine yeni öneriler getirmeyi hedeflemektedir, zira bu dini dışavurum sadece devamlılık ve eklemelerle giden bir kült formu değildi. Aslında veriler, diğer yönetici kült formalarıyla karşılaştırıldığında bazı farklılıklar göstermektedir. İfadelerin önemi üniktir: bir kişinin ya da çeşitli bireylerin ifade edilmesini olduğu gibi ya da mecazi olarak gösterebilmektedirler. Yazıtların bireylerin retoriğini abartabileceğini ve Wittgenstein’in işaret ettiği üzere, “dil oyunu”nun yok sayılamayacağına dikkat etmek önemlidir.
Ayrıca, coğrafi yerler ve kültürel dışavurumlar nedeniyle imparatorluk kült ifadeleri değişebileceğinden bunları dikkate almak önem arzetmektedir. Makalede, dini ve politik içerikteki epigrafik veriler ve edebi metinler çerçevesinde, imparatorluk kültü titulatürü ve hali hazırda devam sorunlar hakkındaki bazı düşünceler gözlemlenebilir.

Kaynakça

  • S. Accame, II dominio romano in Grecia dalla guerra acaica ad Augusto, Roma, 1946.
  • M. Beard – J. North – S. Price, Religions of Rome: A History, vol. 1, Cambridge, 1998.
  • M. Beard, Religion, in: J. A. Crook – A. Lintott – E. Rawson (edd.), The Cambridge Ancient History, 2nd ed., vol. 9, Cambridge, 1992, 729-768.
  • Aegyptische Urkunden aus den Königlichen (später: Staatlichen) Museen zu Berlin, Griechische Urkunden, Berlin, Bd. I (1895) – Bd. XX (2014).
  • E. Bickerman, Consecratio, in: W. den Boer (ed.), Le culte des sourverains dans l’empire romain, Genève, 1973, 3-37.
  • G. Bowersock, Augustus and the Greek World, Oxford, 1965.
  • L. Cerfaux – J. Tondriau, Le culte des souverains dans la civilisation gréco-romaine, Tournai-Paris, 1957.
  • A. Chaniotis, The Divinity of Hellenistic Rulers, in: A. Erskine (ed.), A Companion to the Hellenistic World, Oxford, 2003, 431-445.
  • M. P. Charlesworh, Some Observations on Ruler-Cult, Especially in Rome”, HTR, 28, 1935, 5-44.
  • A. Cid Zurita, La implementación del principado: Política y Religión en el Imperio Romano. 31 a.C.-68 d.C., MA. In History Diss., Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, 2012.
  • A. Cid Zurita, The Implementation of the Roman Principate: Between Human and Divine, ATINER'S Conference Paper Series, Athens, 2013, 5-16.
  • A. Cid Zurita, Cruzando la frontera: el impacto e incorporación de títulos en la adoración a los emperadores romanos, in: A. Saez Geoffroy (ed.), Límites: Estudios sobre las fronteras en el mundo Grecorromano, Temuco, 2018, 69-88.
  • D. Cuss, Imperial Cult and Honorary Terms in the New Testament, Fribourg, 1974.
  • F. Danker, Benefactor: Epigraphic study of a Graeco-Roman and New Testament Semantic Field, Missouri, 1982.
  • J. de Jong, Emperors in Egypt: The Representation and Perception of Roman Imperial Power in Greek Papyrus Texts,” PhD. Diss. Universiteit Nijmegen, 2006.
  • J. de Jong, Emperor Meets Gods: Divine Discourse in Greek Papyri from Roman Egypt, in: M. Kahlos (ed.), Emperors and the Divine-Rome and its Influence, Helsinki, 2016, 22-55.
  • M. I. De Rossi, LE FRONDE DEGLI DEI. Gli alberi nella vita religiosa della Grecia antica: il contributo dell’epigrafia, Tesi di Laurea, Università Ca’Foscari Venezia, Venezia, 2016.
  • A. Deissmann, Light from the Ancient East. The New Testament Illustrated by Recently Discovered Texts of the Graeco-Roman World, London, 1910.
  • A. H. M. Jones – V. Ehrenberg, Documents illustrating the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius, 2nd ed., Oxford, 1976.
  • I. Ezeani, The Apologetic revisited: Exonerating Luke from an Ancestral Exegetical and Theological Burden, Inaugural Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Theologie, Würzurg, 2010.
  • W. S. Ferguson, The Leading Ideas of the New World, in: S. A. Cook – F. E. Adcock – M. P. Charlesworth (edd.), The Cambridge Ancient History, 1st ed., vol. 7, Cambridge, 1928, 1-40.
  • D. Fishwick, The Development of Provincial Ruler Worship in the Western Roman Empire, in: W. Haase (ed.), Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt, vol. 2, 16, 2, Berlin-New York, 1978, 1201-1253.
  • D. Fishwick, The Imperial Cult in the Latin West, vol. 2, part 1, Leiden, 1993.
  • D. Fishwick, The Imperial Cult in the Latin West, vol. 3, part 1, Leiden, 2002.
  • S. Friesen, Twice Neokoros: Ephesus, Asia, and the cult of the Flavian Imperial Family, Leiden-New York, 1993.
  • S. Friesen, Imperial cults and the Apocalypse of John: reading Revelation in the ruins, New York, 2001.
  • P. Harland, Honours and worship: Emperors, imperial cults and associations at Ephesus (first to third centuries C.E.), SR, 25, 3, 1996, 319-334.
  • A. Harnack, History of Dogma, vol. 1. Boston, 1901.
  • G. Herzog-Hauser, Kaiserkult, in W. Pauly and G. Wissowa, Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, Supplementband IV: abacus bis Ledon, Stuttgart, 1924, cols. 806-853.
  • S. D. Ho, Paul and the Creation of a Counter-Cultural Community: A Rhetorical Analysis of 1 Cor. 5.1-11.1 in Light of the Social Lives of the Corinthians, London, 2015.
  • K. Hopkins, Conquerors and Slaves, vol. 1, Cambridge, 1978.
  • A. Degrassi, Inscriptiones Latinae liberae rei publicae, Göttingen-Firenze-Berlin, 1957-1965.
  • P. Wuilleumier, Inscription latines des trois Gaules, Paris, 1963.
  • J. H. W. G. Liebeschuetz, Continuity and change in Roman religion, Oxford, 1979.
  • F. Lozano, Un dios entre los hombres: la adoración a los emperadores romanos en Grecia, Barcelona, 2010.
  • F. Lozano, The Creation of Imperial Gods: Not only Imposition versus Spontaneity, in: P. Iossif–A. Chankowski–C. Lorber (edd.), More than Men, Less than Gods, Leuven-Paris: Peeters, 2011, 475-520.
  • D. Magie, Roman Rule in Asia Minor: to the end of the third century after Christ, vol. 1: text, New Yersey, 1950.
  • S. Mazzarino, L’Impero Romano, vol. 1. Roma, 2002.
  • E. Meyer, Caesars Monarchie und das Principat des Pompejus: Innere Geschichte Roms von 66 bis 44 v. Chr., Stuttgard-Berlin, 1922.
  • F. Millar, The Imperial Cult and the Persecutions, in: W. den Boer (ed.), Le culte des sourverains dans l’empire romain, Genève, 1973, 145-175.
  • F. Millar, The Emperor in the Roman World (31 BC- AD 337), London, 1977.
  • F. Millar, State and Subject: The Impact of Monarchy, in: F. Millar–E. Segal (edd.), Caesar Augustus: seven aspects, Oxford, 1984, 37-60.
  • A. Momigliano, How Roman Emperors Became Gods, ASch, 55, 2, 184-86.
  • J. Moralee, “For salvation’s sake”: provincial loyalty, personal religion, and epigraphic production in the Roman and late antique Near East, New York-London, 2004.
  • H. Musurillo, The Acts of the Christian Martyrs, Oxford, 1972.
  • M. P. Nilsson, Greek Piety. Oxford, 1948.
  • A. D. Nock, Religious Developments from the Close of the Republic to the Death of Nero, in: S.A. Cook–F.E. Adcock–M.P. Charlesworth (edd.), The Cambridge Ancient History, 1st ed., vol. 10, Cambridge, 1935, 481-503.
  • A. D. Nock, Deification and Julian, JRS, 47, 1957, 115-123.
  • J. Osgood, Claudius Caesar: Image and Power in the Early Roman Empire, Cambridge, 2011.
  • J. W. B. Barns – H. Zilliacus, The Antinoopolis Papyri, vol. 3, London, 1967.
  • M. Peachin, Roman Imperial Titulature and Chronology, A.D. 235-284, Amsterdam, 1990.
  • M. Peppard, The Son of God in the Roman World: Divine Sonship in its Social and Political Context, New York, 2011.
  • M. Peppel, Gott oder Mensch? Kaiserverehrung und Herrschaftskontrolle, in: H. Cancik–K. Hitzl (edd.), Die Praxis der Herrscherverehrung in Rom und seinen Provinzen, Tübingen, 2003, 69-95.
  • Greek Papyri in the British Museum, London, 1893-1974.
  • The Oxyrhynchus Papyri, London, 1898-2010.
  • S. Price, Rituals and Power. The Roman Imperial Cult in Asia Minor, Cambridge, 1984a.
  • S. Price, Gods and Emperors: The Greek Language of the Roman Imperial Cult, JHS, 104, 1984b, 79-95.
  • S. Price, From noble funerals to divine cult: the consecration of Roman Emperors, in: D. Cannadine–S. Price Rituals of Royalty: power and ceremonial in traditional societies, Cambridge, 1987, 56-105.
  • D. McCabe, Samos Inscriptions. Texts and List. «The Princeton Project on the Inscriptions of Anatolia», The Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, 1986.
  • Sammelbuch griechischer Urkunden Aegypten. (I: Preisigke, F., Estrasburgo-Berlín 1913-15 [dG 1974] (n. 1-6000).
  • J. Scheid, Religion et piété à Rome, Paris, 1985.
  • A. Hunt – C. Edgar, Select Papyri, vol 2, Non Literary Papyri and Public Documents, Loeb Classical Library, London 1963.
  • R. Sherk, Translated Documents of Greece and Rome. VI. The Roman Empire: Augustus to Hadrian, Cambridge, 1988.
  • E. Mary Smallwood, Documents illustrating the Principates of Gaius, Claudius and Nero, Cambridge, 1967.
  • J. Smith, Map is not territory: Studies in the History of Religion, Chicago, 1993.
  • L. R. Taylor. The Divinity of the Roman Emperor, Philadelphia, 1931.
  • P. Veyne, Bread and Circuses, London, 1990.
  • S. Weinstock, Divus Iulius, Oxford 1971.
  • B. Winter, Divine Honours for the Caesars: The First Cristians’ Responses, Michigan, 2015.
  • L. Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, Singapore, 2009.
  • Th. Witulski, Kaiserkult in Kleinasien. Die Entwicklung der kultisch-religiösen Kaiserverehrung in der römischen Provinz Asia von Augustus bis Antoninus Pius, Fribourg, 2007.
Toplam 71 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Andres Cid Zurıta 0000-0002-1556-3194

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Kasım 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 23 Haziran 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 20

Kaynak Göster

APA Cid Zurıta, A. (2020). Similar to Gods: Some Words in the Imperial Cult in the Roman Empire. Gephyra, 20, 127-141. https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.757094
AMA Cid Zurıta A. Similar to Gods: Some Words in the Imperial Cult in the Roman Empire. GEPHYRA. Kasım 2020;20:127-141. doi:10.37095/gephyra.757094
Chicago Cid Zurıta, Andres. “Similar to Gods: Some Words in the Imperial Cult in the Roman Empire”. Gephyra 20, Kasım (Kasım 2020): 127-41. https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.757094.
EndNote Cid Zurıta A (01 Kasım 2020) Similar to Gods: Some Words in the Imperial Cult in the Roman Empire. Gephyra 20 127–141.
IEEE A. Cid Zurıta, “Similar to Gods: Some Words in the Imperial Cult in the Roman Empire”, GEPHYRA, c. 20, ss. 127–141, 2020, doi: 10.37095/gephyra.757094.
ISNAD Cid Zurıta, Andres. “Similar to Gods: Some Words in the Imperial Cult in the Roman Empire”. Gephyra 20 (Kasım 2020), 127-141. https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.757094.
JAMA Cid Zurıta A. Similar to Gods: Some Words in the Imperial Cult in the Roman Empire. GEPHYRA. 2020;20:127–141.
MLA Cid Zurıta, Andres. “Similar to Gods: Some Words in the Imperial Cult in the Roman Empire”. Gephyra, c. 20, 2020, ss. 127-41, doi:10.37095/gephyra.757094.
Vancouver Cid Zurıta A. Similar to Gods: Some Words in the Imperial Cult in the Roman Empire. GEPHYRA. 2020;20:127-41.