Araştırma Makalesi
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Stadium Meets Stadion: A Metrological Analysis of Roman Milestones in Asia Minor

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 29, 165 - 187, 11.05.2025
https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.1578068

Öz

Road networks were already established in the regions of Asia Minor that came under Roman domination from the late 2nd century BC. As a ready show of the new authority, milestones conforming in distance indications to Roman practice soon appeared along the roads. It may be wondered, however, whether some form of merger was involved in the actual implementation, rather than wholesale replacement of the pre-existing metrological system. This paper investigates whether issues relating to itinerary units can be recognized, and how they were possibly addressed. The study, based on comparative analysis of sources from the Roman period, earlier textual sources and archaeological finds, is made possible by the extensive corpus of milestone information available for Asia Minor, combined with the generalized availability of digitized geographical data and computer-based tools like Google Maps, that can provide acceptably accurate length estimates if properly used. Results suggest that the ratio of eight stades to the mile was used to convert distance indications whatever the actual length of the involved stade unit. In the Roman provinces of Asia Minor, where the stadion was based on the Philetaeric foot, this would produce an accordingly longer mile. This somewhat unexpected outcome is supported by the accuracy of distances restored under this hypothesis, that turns out to be generally rather good, and can explain why to a modern reader some reported distances may appear to be shrunk when the traditional Roman unit is assumed, resulting in a somewhat distorted perception of space.

Kaynakça

  • Åhlfeldt, J. 2020. Digital Atlas of the Roman Empire. Centre for Digital Humanities. University of Gothenburg, Sweden. http://imperium.ahlfeldt.se/, accessed August 7th, 2024.
  • Bianchetti, S. – Cataudella, M. R. – Gehrke, H.-J. (edd.) 2016. Brill’s Companion to Ancient Geography. Leiden/Boston: Brill.
  • Callieri, P. – Bernard, P. 1995. “Une borne routière grecque de la région de Persépolis.” CRAI 139, 65-95.
  • Collart, P. 1976. “Les miliaires de la Via Egnatia.” BCH 100, 177-200.
  • Foss, C. 1978. “Explorations in Mount Tmolus.” ClAnt 11, 21-60.
  • French, D.H. 1974. “A Study of Roman Roads in Anatolia: Principles and Methods.” AS 24, 143-149.
  • French, D. 1997a. “Pre- and Early-Roman Roads of Asia Minor. A Hellenistic Stadion-stone from Ephesus.” Arkeoloji Dergisi 5, 189-196.
  • French, D. 1997b. “Pre- and Early-Roman Roads of Asia Minor. The Earliest Roman, Paved Roads in Asia Minor.” Arkeoloji Dergisi 5, 179-187.
  • French, D. 1998. “Pre- and Early-Roman Roads of Asia Minor. The Persian Royal Road.” Iran 36: 15-43.
  • Geus, K. – Rathmann, M. (edd.) 2013. Vermessung der Oikumene. Berlin: De Gruyter.
  • Grewe, K. 2013. “Streckenmessung in antiken Aquädukt- und Straßenbau.” In: K. Geus – M. Rathmann (edd.), Vermessung der Oikumene. Berlin: De Gruyter, 119-135.
  • Harley, J. B. – Woodward, D. 1987. The History of Cartography. Vol. 1, Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean. Chicago. University of Chicago Press.
  • Haussoullier, B. 1899. “Un nouveau milliaire au nom de Manius Aquillius.” RPh 23/3: 293-299.
  • Hultsch, F. 1862. Griechische und römische Metrologie. Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung.
  • Kolb, A. 2011/2012. “The conception and practice of Roman rule: the example of transport infrastructure.” GeogrAnt 20-21: 53-70.
  • Ludwig, B. 2020. “Reconstruction of the Ancient Route Network in Pergamon’s Surroundings.” Land 9/8: 1-39.
  • Magie, D. 1950. Roman Rule in Asia Minor. 2 Vols. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Nigdelis, P. – Anagnostoudis, P. 2017. “A new δεκαστἀδιον [dekastadion] (milestone) from Amphipolis.” Tekmeria 13: 79-88.
  • Öberg, T. 2023. The Accuracy of Road Distances in the Antonine Itinerary. Master’s Thesis, Lund University. https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=9125128&fileOId=9125129, accessed June 18th, 2024.
  • Ramsay, W.M. 1890. The Historical Geography of Asia Minor. London: John Murray.
  • Rathmann M. 2003. Untersuchungen zu den Reichsstraßen in den westlichen Provinzen des Imperium Romanum. Bonn: Landschaftsverband Rheinland.
  • Rathmann M. (ed.) 2007. Wahrnehmung und Erfassung geographischer Räume in der Antike. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern.
  • Rathmann, M. 2016. “The Tabula Peutingeriana and Antique Cartography.” In: S. Bianchetti – M.R. Cataudella – H.J. Gehrke (edd.), Brill’s Companion to Ancient Geography. Leiden/Boston: Brill, 337-362.
  • Rathmann, M. 2022. Tabula Peutingeriana. Die bedeutendste Weltkarte aus der Antike. Darmstadt: Philipp von Zabern.
  • Romiopoulou, C. 1974. “Un nouveau miliaire de la Via Egnatia.” BCH 98, 813-816.
  • Rotondi, G. 1912, “Leges publicae populi Romani.” In: Enciclopedia Giuridica Italiana, 1ª ed. Milano: Società editrice libraria.
  • Segrè, A. 1928. Metrologia e circolazione monetaria degli antichi. Bologna: Zanichelli.
  • Talbert, R.J.A. (ed.) 2000. Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Talbert, R.J.A. 2010. Rome’s World: the Peutinger Map Reconsidered. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Thonemann, P.J. 2003. “Hellenistic Inscriptions from Lydia.” EA 36, 95-108.
  • Trojani, M. 1974. “La Strada Kayseri–Karahasanlı–Yozgat nel contesto della rete viaria dell’Anatolia Romana.” AIV 132, 141-154.
  • Wesenberg, B. 1975–1976. “Zum metrologischen Relief in Oxford.” In: Marburger Winckelmann-Programm vol. 1975-1976. Marburg: Marburger Winckelmann-Programm, 15-22.

Stadium ve Stadion: Küçük Asya’daki Roma Miltaşlarının Metrolojik Analizi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 29, 165 - 187, 11.05.2025
https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.1578068

Öz

Küçük Asya’nın Roma egemenliğine girdiği MÖ 2. yüzyılın sonlarından itibaren bölgede yol ağları zaten mevcut durumdaydı. Yeni otoritenin belirgin bir göstergesi olarak, mesafe ölçümleri Roma uygulamalarına uygun şekilde belirlenmiş olan mil taşları kısa sürede yollar boyunca görülmeye başladı. Ancak, mevcut ölçü sisteminin bütünüyle kaldırılması yerine, uygulamada bir tür birleşme olup olmadığı sorgulanabilir. Bu makale, güzergâh birimleriyle ilgili sorunların tespit edilip edilemeyeceğini ve bu sorunların nasıl ele alınmış olabileceğini araştırmaktadır. Çalışma, Roma dönemine ait kaynakların, daha erken tarihli yazılı belgelerin ve arkeolojik buluntuların karşılaştırmalı analizi temelinde yürütülmüştür. Araştırma, Küçük Asya için mevcut olan geniş kapsamlı mil taşı verileri ile dijital coğrafi verilerin genel erişilebilirliği ve Google Haritalar gibi doğru kullanıldığında kabul edilebilir uzunluk tahminleri sunabilen bilgisayar tabanlı araçlardan faydalanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, mil uzunluğuna çevrim yapılırken, ilgili stadion biriminin gerçek uzunluğu ne olursa olsun, sekiz stadion’un bir mil olarak kabul edildiğini göstermektedir. Küçük Asya’nın Roma eyaletlerinde stadion, Philetaeros’un kullandığı ayak ölçüsüne dayandığından, bu durum doğal olarak daha uzun bir Roma mili ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Bu beklenmedik sonuç, bu varsayım altında hesaplanan mesafelerin genel olarak oldukça isabetli olmasıyla desteklenmektedir. Ayrıca, geleneksel Roma birimi esas alındığında bazı bildirilmiş mesafelerin modern okuyucuya daha kısa görünmesinin ve bu durumun mekânsal algıyı bir ölçüde bozmasının sebebini de açıklayabilir.

Kaynakça

  • Åhlfeldt, J. 2020. Digital Atlas of the Roman Empire. Centre for Digital Humanities. University of Gothenburg, Sweden. http://imperium.ahlfeldt.se/, accessed August 7th, 2024.
  • Bianchetti, S. – Cataudella, M. R. – Gehrke, H.-J. (edd.) 2016. Brill’s Companion to Ancient Geography. Leiden/Boston: Brill.
  • Callieri, P. – Bernard, P. 1995. “Une borne routière grecque de la région de Persépolis.” CRAI 139, 65-95.
  • Collart, P. 1976. “Les miliaires de la Via Egnatia.” BCH 100, 177-200.
  • Foss, C. 1978. “Explorations in Mount Tmolus.” ClAnt 11, 21-60.
  • French, D.H. 1974. “A Study of Roman Roads in Anatolia: Principles and Methods.” AS 24, 143-149.
  • French, D. 1997a. “Pre- and Early-Roman Roads of Asia Minor. A Hellenistic Stadion-stone from Ephesus.” Arkeoloji Dergisi 5, 189-196.
  • French, D. 1997b. “Pre- and Early-Roman Roads of Asia Minor. The Earliest Roman, Paved Roads in Asia Minor.” Arkeoloji Dergisi 5, 179-187.
  • French, D. 1998. “Pre- and Early-Roman Roads of Asia Minor. The Persian Royal Road.” Iran 36: 15-43.
  • Geus, K. – Rathmann, M. (edd.) 2013. Vermessung der Oikumene. Berlin: De Gruyter.
  • Grewe, K. 2013. “Streckenmessung in antiken Aquädukt- und Straßenbau.” In: K. Geus – M. Rathmann (edd.), Vermessung der Oikumene. Berlin: De Gruyter, 119-135.
  • Harley, J. B. – Woodward, D. 1987. The History of Cartography. Vol. 1, Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean. Chicago. University of Chicago Press.
  • Haussoullier, B. 1899. “Un nouveau milliaire au nom de Manius Aquillius.” RPh 23/3: 293-299.
  • Hultsch, F. 1862. Griechische und römische Metrologie. Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung.
  • Kolb, A. 2011/2012. “The conception and practice of Roman rule: the example of transport infrastructure.” GeogrAnt 20-21: 53-70.
  • Ludwig, B. 2020. “Reconstruction of the Ancient Route Network in Pergamon’s Surroundings.” Land 9/8: 1-39.
  • Magie, D. 1950. Roman Rule in Asia Minor. 2 Vols. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Nigdelis, P. – Anagnostoudis, P. 2017. “A new δεκαστἀδιον [dekastadion] (milestone) from Amphipolis.” Tekmeria 13: 79-88.
  • Öberg, T. 2023. The Accuracy of Road Distances in the Antonine Itinerary. Master’s Thesis, Lund University. https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=9125128&fileOId=9125129, accessed June 18th, 2024.
  • Ramsay, W.M. 1890. The Historical Geography of Asia Minor. London: John Murray.
  • Rathmann M. 2003. Untersuchungen zu den Reichsstraßen in den westlichen Provinzen des Imperium Romanum. Bonn: Landschaftsverband Rheinland.
  • Rathmann M. (ed.) 2007. Wahrnehmung und Erfassung geographischer Räume in der Antike. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern.
  • Rathmann, M. 2016. “The Tabula Peutingeriana and Antique Cartography.” In: S. Bianchetti – M.R. Cataudella – H.J. Gehrke (edd.), Brill’s Companion to Ancient Geography. Leiden/Boston: Brill, 337-362.
  • Rathmann, M. 2022. Tabula Peutingeriana. Die bedeutendste Weltkarte aus der Antike. Darmstadt: Philipp von Zabern.
  • Romiopoulou, C. 1974. “Un nouveau miliaire de la Via Egnatia.” BCH 98, 813-816.
  • Rotondi, G. 1912, “Leges publicae populi Romani.” In: Enciclopedia Giuridica Italiana, 1ª ed. Milano: Società editrice libraria.
  • Segrè, A. 1928. Metrologia e circolazione monetaria degli antichi. Bologna: Zanichelli.
  • Talbert, R.J.A. (ed.) 2000. Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Talbert, R.J.A. 2010. Rome’s World: the Peutinger Map Reconsidered. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Thonemann, P.J. 2003. “Hellenistic Inscriptions from Lydia.” EA 36, 95-108.
  • Trojani, M. 1974. “La Strada Kayseri–Karahasanlı–Yozgat nel contesto della rete viaria dell’Anatolia Romana.” AIV 132, 141-154.
  • Wesenberg, B. 1975–1976. “Zum metrologischen Relief in Oxford.” In: Marburger Winckelmann-Programm vol. 1975-1976. Marburg: Marburger Winckelmann-Programm, 15-22.
Toplam 32 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Eski Yunan ve Roma Tarihi, Eskiçağ Tarihi (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Claudio Narduzzi

Yayımlanma Tarihi 11 Mayıs 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 2 Kasım 2024
Kabul Tarihi 3 Mart 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 29

Kaynak Göster

APA Narduzzi, C. (2025). Stadium Meets Stadion: A Metrological Analysis of Roman Milestones in Asia Minor. Gephyra, 29, 165-187. https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.1578068
AMA Narduzzi C. Stadium Meets Stadion: A Metrological Analysis of Roman Milestones in Asia Minor. GEPHYRA. Mayıs 2025;29:165-187. doi:10.37095/gephyra.1578068
Chicago Narduzzi, Claudio. “Stadium Meets Stadion: A Metrological Analysis of Roman Milestones in Asia Minor”. Gephyra 29, Mayıs (Mayıs 2025): 165-87. https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.1578068.
EndNote Narduzzi C (01 Mayıs 2025) Stadium Meets Stadion: A Metrological Analysis of Roman Milestones in Asia Minor. Gephyra 29 165–187.
IEEE C. Narduzzi, “Stadium Meets Stadion: A Metrological Analysis of Roman Milestones in Asia Minor”, GEPHYRA, c. 29, ss. 165–187, 2025, doi: 10.37095/gephyra.1578068.
ISNAD Narduzzi, Claudio. “Stadium Meets Stadion: A Metrological Analysis of Roman Milestones in Asia Minor”. Gephyra 29 (Mayıs2025), 165-187. https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.1578068.
JAMA Narduzzi C. Stadium Meets Stadion: A Metrological Analysis of Roman Milestones in Asia Minor. GEPHYRA. 2025;29:165–187.
MLA Narduzzi, Claudio. “Stadium Meets Stadion: A Metrological Analysis of Roman Milestones in Asia Minor”. Gephyra, c. 29, 2025, ss. 165-87, doi:10.37095/gephyra.1578068.
Vancouver Narduzzi C. Stadium Meets Stadion: A Metrological Analysis of Roman Milestones in Asia Minor. GEPHYRA. 2025;29:165-87.