Performance, Emissions and Enviroeconomic Assessment of Diesel–Waste Tyre Pyrolysis Oil–n-Butanol Blends in a Single-Cylinder Engine

Halil Erdi Gülcan; Oğuz Kürşat Demirci; Derviş Erol

Performance, Emissions and Enviroeconomic Assessment of Diesel–Waste Tyre Pyrolysis Oil–n-Butanol Blends in a Single-Cylinder Engine

Abstract

This study evaluates the performance, emissions and enviroeconomic implications of diesel–waste tyre pyrolysis oil (WTPO)–butanol blends in a single-cylinder, direct-injection diesel engine operated at 1500 rpm across 10–50 Nm. Five fuels were tested: neat diesel (D100), D90T10, D80T20, D80T10B10 and D60T20B20. Relative to D100, oxygenated blends incurred a modest fuel-consumption penalty (peak ≈ +8% BSFC), yet delivered pronounced reductions in incomplete-combustion products: carbon monoxide fell by about 50% at high load with D60T20B20. WTPO-only mixtures increased unburned hydrocarbons, whereas adding 10% butanol suppressed HC. Conversely, nitrogen oxides rose by roughly 15–45%, highest for D60T20B20, while tailpipe CO2 decreased slightly (≈4% at 50 Nm). A simple carbon-pricing lens (€70 t-1 CO₂) indicated a ~4% lower carbon-cost component for D60T20B20 than D100 at high load. Considering these trade-offs, D80T10B10 emerges as the most pragmatic configuration, balancing efficiency with air-quality benefits and moderating the NOx rise. The results support partial substitution of diesel by WTPO and butanol where NOx control (e.g., EGR or calibration) is feasible, coupling local pollutant mitigation with incremental decarbonisation and modest cost gains.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Kırıkkale University and Erin Motor Inc.

Project Number

2023/080 and 2023/093

References

[1] M. I. Jahirul, F. M. Hossain, M. G. Rasul, and A. A. Chowdhury, “A review on the thermochemical recycling of waste tyres to oil for automobile engine application,” Energies, vol. 14, no. 13, art. no. 3837, 2021. doi: 10.3390/en14133837
[2] E. R. Umeki, C. F. de Oliveira, R. B. Torres, and R. G. dos Santos, “Physicochemical properties of fuel blends composed of diesel and tire pyrolysis oil,” Fuel, vol. 185, pp. 236–242, 2016. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2016.07.092
[3] M. Mikulski, M. Ambrosewicz-Walacik, J. Hunicz, and S. Nitkiewicz, “Combustion engine applications of waste tyre pyrolytic oil–A comprehensive review,” Progress in Energy and Combustion Science., vol. 85, art. no. 100915, 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.pecs.2021.100915
[4] S. T. Kumaravel, A. Murugesan, and A. Kumaravel, “Tyre pyrolysis oil as an alternative fuel for diesel engines–A review,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 60, pp. 1678–1685, 2016. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.03.035
[5] W.-C. Wang, C.-J. Bai, C.-T. Lin, and S. Prakash, “Alternative fuel produced from thermal pyrolysis of waste tires and its use in a direct injection diesel engine,” Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 93, pp. 330–338, 2016. doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.09.056
[6] T. Ertürk, A. Arslan, E. Tunçer, B. Doğan, and M. K. Yeşilyurt, “The assessment of performance and emissions characteristics of a CI engine running on waste tyre pyrolysis oil as an alternative fuel and its blends with diesel fuel,” International Journal of Energy Studies, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 831–847, 2023. doi: 10.58559/ijes.1366789
[7] I. P. Kondor, M. Zöldy, and D. Mihály, “Experimental investigation of the performance and emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine using waste-based tire pyrolysis fuel and diesel blends,” Energies, vol. 14, no. 23, art. no. 7903, 2021. doi: 10.3390/en14237903
[8] C. Kaewbuddee et al., “Effects of alcohol-blended waste plastic oil on engine performance characteristics and emissions of a diesel engine,” Energies, vol. 16, no. 3, art. no. 1281, 2023. doi: 10.3390/en16031281

[9] S. Sarıkoç, İ. Örs, and S. Ünalan, “An experimental study on energy–exergy analysis and sustainability index in a diesel engine with direct injection diesel–biodiesel–butanol fuel blends,” Fuel, vol. 268, art. no. 117321, 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117321
[10] A. Dewangan, A. Ahmad, and A. K. Yadav, “Recycling waste tires into sustainable biofuel for replacing petroleum fuel in diesel engines using nanoparticles and biohydrogen,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 31, pp. 61835–61844, 2024. doi: 10.1007/s11356-024-35400-5
[11] A. Jamrozik, W. Tutak, and K. Grab-Rogaliński, “Combustion stability, performance and emission characteristics of a CI engine fueled with diesel/n-butanol blends,” Energies, vol. 14, no. 10, art. no. 2817, 2021. doi: 10.3390/en14102817
[12] A. Atmanli and N. Yilmaz, “A comparative analysis of n-butanol/diesel and 1-pentanol/diesel blends in a compression ignition engine,” Fuel, vol. 234, pp. 161–169, 2018. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2018.07.015
[13] M. Pan, C. Tong, W. Qian, F. Lu, J. Yin, and H. Huang, “The effect of butanol isomers on diesel engine performance, emission and combustion characteristics under different load conditions,” Fuel, vol. 277, art. no. 118188, 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118188
[14] M. Karagöz, “Investigation of performance and emission characteristics of a CI engine fuelled with diesel–waste tire oil–butanol blends,” Fuel, vol. 282, art. no. 118872, 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118872
[15] H. Yaqoob, Y. H. Teoh, M. A. Jamil, and F. Sher, “Energy, exergy, thermoeconomic and sustainability assessment of tire pyrolysis oil in a common rail direct injection diesel engine,” Fuel, vol. 311, art. no. 122622, 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2021.122622
[16] B. Dogan, A. Cakmak, M. K. Yesilyurt, and D. Erol, “Investigation on 1-heptanol as an oxygenated additive with diesel fuel for compression-ignition engine applications: An approach in terms of energy, exergy, exergoeconomic, enviroeconomic, and sustainability analyses,” Fuel, vol. 275, art. no. 117973, 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117973
[17] S. Özer, H. E. Gülcan, S. Çelebi, and U. Demir, ‘Assessment of waste tyre pyrolysis oil and oxy-hydrogen gas usage in a diesel engine in terms of energy, exergy, environmental, and enviroeconomic perspectives’, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 143, pp. 862–881, Jul. 2025. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.11.107
[18] H. E. Gülcan, “Effect of intake valve lift and binary alcohol (bioethanol + isobutanol) addition on energy, exergy, sustainability, greenhouse gas impact and cost analysis in a hydrogen/diesel dual fuel engines,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 77, pp. 450–471, 2024. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.06.151
[19] H. Caliskan, “Environmental and enviroeconomic researches on diesel engines with diesel and biodiesel fuels,” Journal of Clean Production, vol. 154, pp. 125–129, 2017. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.168
[20] “EU Carbon Permits—Price—Chart—Historical Data—News,” Trading Economics, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://tradingeconomics.com/commodity/carbon. Accessed: [Jun. 1, 2025].
[21] M. Karagöz, Ü. Ağbulut, and S. Sarıdemir, “Waste to energy: Production of waste tire pyrolysis oil and comprehensive analysis of its usability in diesel engines,” Fuel, vol. 275, art. no. 117844, 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117844
[22] W. Tutak, A. Jamrozik, and K. Grab-Rogaliński, “The effect of RME-1-butanol blends on combustion, performance and emission of a direct injection diesel engine,” Energies, vol. 14, no. 10, art. no. 2941, 2021. doi: 10.3390/en14102941
[23] L. Chybowski et al., “Content of selected compounds in the exhaust gas of a naturally aspirated CI engine fueled with diesel–tire pyrolysis oil blend,” Energies, vol. 18, no. 10, art. no. 2621, 2025. doi: 10.3390/en18102621
[24] N. Şen, C. Demir, and Y. Kar, “Upgraded diesel-like fuel from pyrolysis of a waste tire and its engine performance and exhaust emissions,” Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energy, vol. 43, no. 4, art. no. e14367, 2024. doi: 10.1002/ep.14367
[25] Z. Chen, J. Liu, Z. Han, B. Du, Y. Liu, and C. Lee, “Study on performance and emissions of a passenger-car diesel engine fueled with butanol–diesel blends,” Energy, vol. 55, pp. 638–646, 2013. doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2013.03.054
[26] F. Lujaji, L. Kristóf, A. Bereczky, and M. Mbarawa, “Experimental investigation of fuel properties, engine performance, combustion and emissions of blends containing croton oil, butanol, and diesel on a CI engine,” Fuel, vol. 90, no. 2, pp. 505–510, 2011. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2010.10.004.
[27] Y. Devarajan, D. Munuswamy, B. Nagappan, and G. Subbiah, “Experimental assessment of performance and exhaust emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with Punnai biodiesel/butanol fuel blends,” Petroleum Science, vol. 16, pp. 1471–1478, 2019. doi: 10.1007/s12182-019-00361-9
[28] Z. Yılbaşı, M. K. Yeşilyurt, M. Arslan, and H. Yaman, “Understanding the performance, emissions, and combustion behaviors of a DI diesel engine using alcohol/hemp seed oil biodiesel/diesel fuel ternary blends: Influence of long-chain alcohol type and concentration,” Science and Technology Energy Transition, vol. 78, art. no. 78, 2023. doi: 10.2516/stet/2023003
[29] F. Faisal, M. G. Rasul, M. I. Jahirul, and A. A. Chowdhury, “Waste plastics pyrolytic oil is a source of diesel fuel: A recent review on diesel engine performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics,” Science of The Total Environment, vol. 886, art. no. 163756, 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163756
[30] A. Zoltowski, “Tyre pyrolysis oil as an engine fuel,” Journal of KONES Powertrain and Transport, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 295–302, 2014. doi: 10.5604/12314005.1134118
[31] A. Lu, C. Zhang, P. Ji, and Y. Li, “Effect of gasoline additive on combustion and emission characteristics of an n-butanol partially premixed compression ignition engine under different parameters,” Scientific Reports, vol. 11, no. 1, art. no. 1904, 2021. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-81490-3
[32] S. Sendilvelan and K. Rajan, “Effect of butanol–diesel blends in a compression ignition engine to reduce emission,” Rasayan Journal of Chemistry, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 190–194, 2017. doi: 10.7324/RJC.2017.1011609
[33] M. Çetin and O. K. Demirci, “Wastes in automotive maintenance businesses, its effects on employees and precautions,” International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 431–438, 2024. doi: 10.30939/ijastech..1589554
[34] A. Uyumaz, F. Aksoy, F. Boz, and E. Yılmaz, “Experimental investigation of neutralized waste cooking oil biodiesel and diesel fuels in a direct injection diesel engine at different engine loads,” International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 7–15, 2017.
[35] F. Akbulut et al., “Investigation of tribological properties of brake friction materials developed from industrial waste products,” International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 309–315, 2023. doi: 10.30939/ijastech..1373026
[36] M. Çetin and O. K. Demirci, “Polluting effects of wastes generated in engine vehicle repair-service businesses, storage, disposal and reuse of wastes,” Journal of Research in Environmental and Earth Sciences, vol. 10, no. 12, pp. 59–65, 2024. doi: 10.35629/2532-10125965
[37] D. N. Birlik, A. Özkan, Z. Günkaya, and M. Banar, “Atık lityum iyon pillerden kobalt geri kazanımı üzerine bir değerlendirme,” Gazi Journal of Enginering Science, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 251–263, 2024. doi: 10.30855/gmbd.0705A04
[38] G. Çolak, G. Özsin, and B. Atılgan Türkmen, “Sürdürülebilir ahşap plastik kompozit malzemeler: Hammaddeler, yapısal özellikler, üretim süreçleri ve güncel eğilimler,” Gazi Journal of Enginering Science, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 264–280, 2024. doi: 10.30855/gmbd.0705A09
[39] F. Binboğa, “VECTO review: Reducing CO2 emissions from heavy duty vehicles,” Engineering Perspective, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 7–12, 2022. doi: 10.29228/eng.pers.57703
[40] O. K. Demirci, “Integrated emission and cost analysis of battery-electric vehicles up to 2035,” Engineering Perspective, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 111–122, 2025. doi: 10.64808/engineeringperspective.1753723
[41] C. Bayındırlı, D. Erol, M. Çelik, and H. E. Gülcan, “Exergy and sustainability analysis of different proportions reduced graphene oxide and graphite nanoparticles in a CI engine,” International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 208–217, 2025. doi: 10.30939/ijastech..1586104
[42] Ş. Akar and E. Arabacı, “Effects of valve overlap, lift, and duration on spark ignition engine performance,” International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 218–229, 2025. doi: 10.30939/ijastech..1655212
[43] E. Can and O. K. Demirci, “Fully insulated dual output DC-DC converter battery charging system with single dynamo input at the electric vehicle,” Tehnički vjesnik, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 1283–1290, 2025. doi: 10.17559/TV-20250112002261
[44] O. K. Demirci, C. Cinar, and T. Kocakulak, “Investigation of the combined use of diesel and CNG fuels on an HCCI engine using response surface methodology (RSM),” Scientia Iranica, early access, 2024. doi: 10.24200/sci.2024.61671.7433
[45] S. Coşman and S. Çelebi, “Effect of different benzoylthiourea additives to gasoline on engine noise and vibration in a spark ignition engine,” Engineering Perspective, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 31–40, Mar. 2025. doi: 10.29228/eng.pers.79928
[46] M. Çetin and H. Kuş, “Biyoetanol yakıtların emisyon karakteristikleri ve Erzincan’ın biyoetanol yakıt üretim potansiyeli,” Erzincan University Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 19–35, Mar. 2014.
[47] M. Babagiray, T. Kocakulak, S. M. S. Ardebili, H. Solmaz, C. Çınar, and A. Uyumaz, “Experimental and statistical investigation of different valve lifts on HCCI combustion, performance and exhaust emissions using response surface method,” Energy, vol. 244, art. no. 123184, Apr. 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2022.123184

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Mechanical Engineering (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Halil Erdi Gülcan
0000-0002-2328-5809
Türkiye

Oğuz Kürşat Demirci ^*
0000-0003-1572-2607
Türkiye

Derviş Erol
0000-0002-3438-9312
Türkiye

Publication Date

December 31, 2025

Submission Date

June 10, 2025

Acceptance Date

October 4, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 11 Number: 3

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA97KA78AS

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Gülcan, H. E., Demirci, O. K., & Erol, D. (2025). Performance, Emissions and Enviroeconomic Assessment of Diesel–Waste Tyre Pyrolysis Oil–n-Butanol Blends in a Single-Cylinder Engine. Gazi Journal of Engineering Sciences, 11(3), 331-344. https://izlik.org/JA97KA78AS

AMA

1.Gülcan HE, Demirci OK, Erol D. Performance, Emissions and Enviroeconomic Assessment of Diesel–Waste Tyre Pyrolysis Oil–n-Butanol Blends in a Single-Cylinder Engine. GJES. 2025;11(3):331-344. https://izlik.org/JA97KA78AS

Chicago

Gülcan, Halil Erdi, Oğuz Kürşat Demirci, and Derviş Erol. 2025. “Performance, Emissions and Enviroeconomic Assessment of Diesel–Waste Tyre Pyrolysis Oil–n-Butanol Blends in a Single-Cylinder Engine”. Gazi Journal of Engineering Sciences 11 (3): 331-44. https://izlik.org/JA97KA78AS.

EndNote

Gülcan HE, Demirci OK, Erol D (December 1, 2025) Performance, Emissions and Enviroeconomic Assessment of Diesel–Waste Tyre Pyrolysis Oil–n-Butanol Blends in a Single-Cylinder Engine. Gazi Journal of Engineering Sciences 11 3 331–344.

IEEE

[1]H. E. Gülcan, O. K. Demirci, and D. Erol, “Performance, Emissions and Enviroeconomic Assessment of Diesel–Waste Tyre Pyrolysis Oil–n-Butanol Blends in a Single-Cylinder Engine”, GJES, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 331–344, Dec. 2025, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA97KA78AS

ISNAD

Gülcan, Halil Erdi - Demirci, Oğuz Kürşat - Erol, Derviş. “Performance, Emissions and Enviroeconomic Assessment of Diesel–Waste Tyre Pyrolysis Oil–n-Butanol Blends in a Single-Cylinder Engine”. Gazi Journal of Engineering Sciences 11/3 (December 1, 2025): 331-344. https://izlik.org/JA97KA78AS.

JAMA

1.Gülcan HE, Demirci OK, Erol D. Performance, Emissions and Enviroeconomic Assessment of Diesel–Waste Tyre Pyrolysis Oil–n-Butanol Blends in a Single-Cylinder Engine. GJES. 2025;11:331–344.

MLA

Gülcan, Halil Erdi, et al. “Performance, Emissions and Enviroeconomic Assessment of Diesel–Waste Tyre Pyrolysis Oil–n-Butanol Blends in a Single-Cylinder Engine”. Gazi Journal of Engineering Sciences, vol. 11, no. 3, Dec. 2025, pp. 331-44, https://izlik.org/JA97KA78AS.

Vancouver

1.Halil Erdi Gülcan, Oğuz Kürşat Demirci, Derviş Erol. Performance, Emissions and Enviroeconomic Assessment of Diesel–Waste Tyre Pyrolysis Oil–n-Butanol Blends in a Single-Cylinder Engine. GJES [Internet]. 2025 Dec. 1;11(3):331-44. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA97KA78AS