An Explainable Machine Learning Approach to Offshore Wind Farm Suitability Assessment: A GIS-Based Decision Support Framework for Türkiye

Esra Özkan Aksu; Cevriye Gencer

An Explainable Machine Learning Approach to Offshore Wind Farm Suitability Assessment: A GIS-Based Decision Support Framework for Türkiye

Abstract

Offshore wind energy has become a key part of the global renewable energy transition. In this study, a machine learning–based classification model was developed for Türkiye’s marine areas by using the suitability zones previously identified through Geographic Information Systems (GIS)–based Boolean analysis and Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) methods. The main goal is to build an understandable decision support system (DSS) that can predict site suitability for new locations by modeling these existing suitability results with explainable machine learning techniques. For this purpose, the Random Forest classification algorithm was trained on approximately 4 million data points representing 24 technical, environmental, socio-economic, and security-related criteria. The model’s decision logic was interpreted using the SHAP (Shapley Additive Explanations) method. The results show that wind speed, water depth, and capacity factor are the most important variables in predicting offshore wind farm suitability. Besides validating previously identified suitable areas, the developed model acts as an explainable DSS with both predictive and interpretive abilities for unexplored sites. This combined approach—merging traditional GIS and MCDM results with machine learning—offers a more flexible, scalable, and transparent framework for assessing Türkiye’s offshore wind energy potential.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Industrial Engineering

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Esra Özkan Aksu ^*
0000-0003-2142-2221
Türkiye

Cevriye Gencer
0000-0002-3373-8306
Türkiye

Publication Date

April 30, 2026

Submission Date

December 1, 2025

Acceptance Date

April 20, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 12 Number: 1

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA65LZ76EM

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Özkan Aksu, E., & Gencer, C. (2026). An Explainable Machine Learning Approach to Offshore Wind Farm Suitability Assessment: A GIS-Based Decision Support Framework for Türkiye. Gazi Journal of Engineering Sciences, 12(1), 75-95. https://izlik.org/JA65LZ76EM

AMA

1.Özkan Aksu E, Gencer C. An Explainable Machine Learning Approach to Offshore Wind Farm Suitability Assessment: A GIS-Based Decision Support Framework for Türkiye. GJES. 2026;12(1):75-95. https://izlik.org/JA65LZ76EM

Chicago

Özkan Aksu, Esra, and Cevriye Gencer. 2026. “An Explainable Machine Learning Approach to Offshore Wind Farm Suitability Assessment: A GIS-Based Decision Support Framework for Türkiye”. Gazi Journal of Engineering Sciences 12 (1): 75-95. https://izlik.org/JA65LZ76EM.

EndNote

Özkan Aksu E, Gencer C (April 1, 2026) An Explainable Machine Learning Approach to Offshore Wind Farm Suitability Assessment: A GIS-Based Decision Support Framework for Türkiye. Gazi Journal of Engineering Sciences 12 1 75–95.

IEEE

[1]E. Özkan Aksu and C. Gencer, “An Explainable Machine Learning Approach to Offshore Wind Farm Suitability Assessment: A GIS-Based Decision Support Framework for Türkiye”, GJES, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 75–95, Apr. 2026, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA65LZ76EM

ISNAD

Özkan Aksu, Esra - Gencer, Cevriye. “An Explainable Machine Learning Approach to Offshore Wind Farm Suitability Assessment: A GIS-Based Decision Support Framework for Türkiye”. Gazi Journal of Engineering Sciences 12/1 (April 1, 2026): 75-95. https://izlik.org/JA65LZ76EM.

JAMA

1.Özkan Aksu E, Gencer C. An Explainable Machine Learning Approach to Offshore Wind Farm Suitability Assessment: A GIS-Based Decision Support Framework for Türkiye. GJES. 2026;12:75–95.

MLA

Özkan Aksu, Esra, and Cevriye Gencer. “An Explainable Machine Learning Approach to Offshore Wind Farm Suitability Assessment: A GIS-Based Decision Support Framework for Türkiye”. Gazi Journal of Engineering Sciences, vol. 12, no. 1, Apr. 2026, pp. 75-95, https://izlik.org/JA65LZ76EM.

Vancouver

1.Esra Özkan Aksu, Cevriye Gencer. An Explainable Machine Learning Approach to Offshore Wind Farm Suitability Assessment: A GIS-Based Decision Support Framework for Türkiye. GJES [Internet]. 2026 Apr. 1;12(1):75-9. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA65LZ76EM