Düşük Alaşımlı Çeliklere Kaynakla Kaplama Yapılarak Balistik Özellik Kazandırılması

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 168 - 177, 01.09.2022

Mustafa Sözeri , Tayfun Fındık , Uğur Özdemir

Öz

Zırh malzemelerinin geliştirilmesinde birçok yöntem kullanılırken, bu çalışmada kaynak yöntemi tercih edilmiştir. Kaynak yöntemi, esas olarak iki parçayı birleştirme amacıyla kullanılsa da günümüzde sadece birleştirme yöntemi olmaktan çıkmış parça özelliklerini direkt etkileyen yöntemler arasına girmiştir. Kaplama kaynağı, sert dolgu elektrotları ile aşınmış ya da üretilen metal parçaların yüzeyinin kaplanarak aşınma dayanımı, çalışma ömrü ya da diğer özellikleri artırılması suretiyle uygulanan bir yöntemdir. Bu çalışmada, S355JR düşük alaşımlı çelik plakanın özellikleri geliştirilerek balistik performansı ve sertlik özellikleri incelenmiştir. S355JR plakanın özelliklerini geliştirmek için elektrik ark kaynağı ile kaplama işlemi uygulanmıştır. Elektrik ark kaynağı, 4 mm çapında Fe-Cr-C esaslı örtülü elektrot ile elle yapılmıştır. Kaynak işlemi çift paso şeklinde yapılmış, pasolar arası 90 derece döndürülerek yapılmıştır. Elektrik ark kaynağında elektrot elementleri malzemenin mekanik özelliklerini artırmıştır. Bu nedenle bu çalışmada ağırlık düşürülürken günümüzde kullanılan zırhlara hem ikame ürün geliştirilmek istenmiş hem de zırhlar isabet aldıktan sonra tamiri mümkün olmadığı için tamir amaçlı bu elektrotlardan yararlanılarak tekrar kullanılması hedeflenmiştir. Sert dolgu kaplama sonrası, sertlik değeri yaklaşık 8 kat artış göstermiştir. Balistik performansta ise, NATO STANAG III, EN 1522 FB7, VPAM 9 seviyelerinde korumaya uygun olduğu 820 m/s hızdaki mermi kinetik enerjisini absorbe etmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sert dolgu, Kaplama kaynağı, Balistik, Balistik koruma, sertlik

Destekleyen Kurum

Gazi Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon (BAP) Birimi

Proje Numarası

6381

Teşekkür

Bu çalışma Gazi Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon (BAP) Birimi tarafından 6381 nolu proje koduyla desteklenmiştir. Yazarlar; verdikleri destekten ötürü Gazi Üniversitesi BAP birimine, kaynak sarf malzemeleri için Gedik Kaynak’a ve balistik testler için CES Kompozit’e teşekkür etmektedir.

Improving Ballistic Properties to Low Alloy Steel by Surfacing with Welding

Öz

While many methods were used in the development of armor materials, welding was preferred in this study. Although welding is a process that mainly used for the purpose of joining two parts, it has become one of the methods that directly affect and improve the properties of the parts today. Sufacing is a type of welding method that covering surface of worn or produced metal parts with hardfacing electrodes to increase wear resistance, service life or other properties. In this study, the properties of S355JR low alloy steel plate were increased by surfacing with E Fe 14 hardfacing electrodes and its ballistic performance and hardness properties were investigated. Electric arc welding (SMAW) was done manually with a 4 mm diameter Fe-Cr-C based covered electrodes. Welding process was done in the form of double pass, by rotating 90 degrees between layers. Chemical composisiton of the consumable increased the mechanical properties of the material in electric arc welding. For this reason, in this study, it is aimed to develop a replacement product for the armors used today while reducing weight, and to reuse these electrodes for repair purposes, since it is not possible to repair the armors after they are hit. After hardfacing, the hardness value increased approximately 8 times. In ballistic performance, it has absorbed the kinetic energy of the bullet at 820 m/s, which is suitable for protection at NATO STANAG III, EN 1522 FB7, VPAM 9 levels.

Anahtar Kelimeler

hardfacing, surfacing welding, ballistic, ballistic protection, hardness

Proje Numarası

6381

Kaynakça

• I.G. Crouch, S.J. Cimpoeru, H. Li, D.Shanmugam, ‘’Armour Steels ‘’, The Science of Armour Materials Woodhead Publishing in Materials, 55-115 , 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100704-4.00002-5
• X. Chen, Y. Chu, ‘’Failure mechanisms and engineering of ballistic materials’’, Advanced Fibrous Composite Materials for Ballistic Protection, 263-304, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-78242-461-1.00009-1
• J. Cronin, R. Kinsley , J. Allen, ‘’Testing of armor systems, Lightweight Ballistic Composites (Second Edition)’’, Military and Law-Enforcement Applications, Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering, 311-326, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100406-7.00010-6
• Ramesh Singh, , ‘’Welding and Joining Processes, Codes, and Standards’’ , Applied Welding Engineering, 147-170, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-391916-8.00015-7
• Olexandr Ivanov,,Pavlo Prysyazhnyuk, Liubomyr Shlapak, Sergiy Marynenko, Lyudmyla Bodrova, Halyna Kramar, ‘’Researching of the structure and properties of FCAW hardfacing based on Fe-Ti-Mo-B-C welded under low current’’ , Procedia Structural Integrity, Volume 36, 223-230, 10 February 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2022.01.028
• Balaguru S ,Mohammad Abid , M.Gupta, ‘’Investigations on different hardfacing processes for High temperature applications of Ni-Cr-B-Si alloy hardfaced on austenitic stainless steel components ‘’,Journal of Materials Research and Technology, Volume 9, Issue 5, 10062-10072, September–October 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.07.010
• Yuxiao Wu ,Thomas Schmitt ,Etienne Bousser , Fadila Khelfaoui , Vahe Najarian ,Jolanta-Ewa Klemberg-Sapieha , Myriam Brochu,’’ Effects of interfacial microstructure on mechanical properties of Stellite-hardfaced coating during long-term aging ‘’, Surface and Coatings Technology, Volume 398, 125989, 25 September 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.125989
• Sun D., Zhang Y., Liu Y., Gu X., Li H., ‘’Microstructures and mechanical properties of resistance spot welded joints of 16Mn steel and 6063-T6 aluminum alloy with different electrodes’’ , Materials & Design Volume 109, 596-608, 5 November 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.07.076
• Weman K., ‘’Manual metal arc (MMA) welding with coated electrodes ‘’, Weldıng Processes Handbook (Second Edition), Woodhead Publishing Series in Welding and Other Joining Technologies, 151-156, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857095183.151
• John J. Coronado , Holman F. Caicedo, Adolfo L. Go´mez, ‘’The effects of welding processes on abrasive wear resistance for hardfacing deposits ‘’, Tribology International, Volume 42, Issue 5, 745–749, May 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2008.10.012
• H. Rojacz, C. Katsich , M. Kirchgaßner , R. Kirchmayer , E. Badisch, 2022, ‘’Impact-abrasive wear of martensitic steels and complex iron-based hardfacing alloys ‘’ , Wear , Volumes 492–493, 204183, 492-493, 15 March 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2021.204183
• Vernon E. Buchanan,’’ Solidification and microstructural characterisation of iron–chromium based hardfaced coatings deposited by SMAW and electric arc spraying ‘’ , Surface & Coatings Technology, Volume 203, Issue 23, 3638-3646, 25 August 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2009.05.051
• Sha Liua, Zhijun Shi, Xiaolei Xing , Xuejun Ren , Yefei Zhou , Qingxiang Yang, ‘’Effect of Nb additive on wear resistance and tensile properties of the hypereutectic Fe-Cr-C hardfacing alloy ‘’, Materials Today Communications, Volume 24, 101232, September 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2020.101232
• Regita Bendikiene, Antanas Ciuplys, Rolandas Sertvytis, Andrei Surzhenkov, Dmytro Tkachivskyi, Mart Viljus, Rainer Traksmaa, Maksim Antonov, Priit Kulu, ‘’Wear behaviour of Cr3C2–Ni cermet reinforced hardfacings’’ Journal of Materials Research and Technology, Volume 9, Issue 4, Pages 7068-7078, July–August 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.05.042
• N. Pravin Kumar, N. Siva Shanmugam, ‘’Some studies on nickel based Inconel 625 hard overlays on AISI 316L plate by gas metal arc welding based hardfacing process’’ Wear, Volumes 456–457, 203394, 15 September 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2020.203394
• J. Gramajo, A. Gualco H. Svoboda, ‘’Study of the welding procedure in nanostructured super-hard Fe- (Cr, Mo, W) - (C, B) hardfacing’’ Int. J. Refract. Metals Hard Materials, Volume 88, 105178, April 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2020.105178
• Junfeng Gou ,You Wang ,Yongkang Zhang Chaohui Wang, Guan Wang, ‘’Dry sliding wear behavior of Fe–Cr–C–B hardfacing alloy modified with nano-CeO2 and its mechanisms of modification’’ , Volumes 484-485, 203756, 15 November 2021.
• Sachin Pawara , Aman Kumar Jhab , Goutam Mukhopadhyaya, ‘’Effect of different carbides on the wear resistance of Fe-based hardfacing alloys’’, International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials, Volume 78, Pages 288-295, , January 2019. M.J. Carrington , D.G. McCartney , P.H. Shipway, D.A. Stewart, ‘’Microstructure formation in the powder HIPed hardfacing alloy Tristelle 5183 (Fe-21%Cr-10%Ni-7.5%Nb-5%Si-2%C in wt%)’’, Materials Characterization, Volume 184, 111688, February 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2021.111688
• Balakrishnan, M. , Balasubramanian, Madhusudhan Reddy, G. ‘’Effect of hardfaced interlayer thickness on ballistic performance of armour steel welds’’ . Materials & Design, 44, 59-69, 2013.
• Vernon E. Buchanan, ‘’Solidification and microstructural characterisation of iron–chromium based hardfaced coatings deposited by SMAW and electric arc spraying’’ Surface & Coatings Technology, Volume 203, Issue 23, 3638-3646, 25 August 2009.
• Afzalleh Jilleh, N. Kishore Babu, Venugopal Thota , Ahmad Lutfi Anis, Mohamad Kamal Harun , Mahesh Kumar Talari , ‘’ Microstructural and wear investigation of high chromium white cast iron hardfacing alloys deposited on carbon steel ‘’ Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Volume 857, 157472, 15 March 2021.
• Chi-Ming Lin,Chia-Ming Chang ,Jie Hao, Chen Chih-Chun Hsieh, Weite Wu, ‘’Microstructure and wear characteristics of high-carbon Cr-based alloy claddings formed by gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW)’’ Surface and Coatings Technology, Volume 205, Issue 7, , Pages 2590-2596, 25 December 2010.
• Hui-Hu Lu , Wen-Qi Li ,Ling-Yun Du ,Hong-Kui Guo , Wei Liang , Wang-Gang Zhang , Zhen-Guang Liu, 2019, ‘’The effects of martensitic transformation and (Fe, Cr)23C6 precipitation on the properties of transformable ferritic stainless steel’’ Materials Science and Engineering: A , Volume 754, Pages 502-511, 29 April 2019.
• Chi-Ming Lin , Chia-Ming Chang, Jie-HaoChen, WeiteWu, ‘’Hardness, toughness and cracking systems of primary (Cr,Fe)23C6 and (Cr,Fe)7C3 carbides in high-carbon Cr-based alloys by indentation’’ Materials Science and Engineering: A, Volume 527, Issues 18–19, 15 5038-5043, July 2010.
• Biswajit Das, Kumar Sawrav, Shiv Brat Singh & P. P. Bandyopadhyay, ‘’Tribological behaviour of the hardfacing alloys utilised to fabricate the wear parts of an excavator bucket’’ Transactions of the IMF, Volume 99, Issue 3, 153-161, 2021.
• Jonathan Lentz ,Arne Röttger ,Werner Theisen, ‘’Hardness and modulus of Fe2B, Fe3(C,B), and Fe23(C,B)6 borides and carboborides in the Fe-C-B system’’ Materials Characterization, Volume 135, Pages 192-202, January 2018.
• A.I.Gorunov, ‘’Investigation of M7C3, M23C6 and M3C carbides synthesized on austenitic stainless steel and carbon fibers using laser metal deposition’’ Surface and Coatings Technology, Volume 401, 126294, 15 November 2020.
• Jandarma ve Sahil Güvenlik Akademisi Güvenlik Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi, IDEF Özel Sayısı ISSN 2147-2912, Nisan 2019
• 700-en-Armox: The Steel V2, 702-en-SSAB: Ramor - protection steels V4 Halledo, https://www.ssab.com, 2015-2016
• Kasilingam, Senthil & Iqbal, MA & Gupta, N.K ‘’Ballistic resistance of mild steel plates of various thicknesses against 7.62 AP projectiles’’ International Journal of Protective Structures. 8, 2017.
• M.A. Iqbal, K. Senthil, P. Bhargava, N.K. Gupta, ‘’The characterization and ballistic evaluation of mild steel’’ International Journal of Impact Engineering, Volume 78, Pages 98-113, 2015.