Dünyada Katılım Bankacılığı: Seçilmiş Ülke Uygulamaları Üzerine Bir Çalışma

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 16 - 32

Levent Sezal , Fatih Bilginer

Öz

Bu çalışma, Türkiye, Malezya, Suudi Arabistan, Endonezya ve Birleşik Krallık'taki katılım bankacılığı sistemlerini karşılaştırmalı olarak inceleyerek küresel gelişimlerini ve uygulama farklılıklarını ortaya koymaktadır. Katılım bankacılığı, faizsiz finans esasına dayalı olarak şeriat hükümlerine uygun faaliyet göstermektedir ve ülkelerin ekonomik, yasal ve kültürel yapılarına göre farklı kurumsal modeller geliştirilmiştir. Çalışmada düzenleyici yapıların etkinliği, şeriat uyumu, ürün çeşitliliği, finansal kapsayıcılık ve toplumsal farkındalık gibi temel unsurlar değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular, Malezya ve Suudi Arabistan’da sistemin kurumsallaştığını; Türkiye ve Endonezya’da ise yapısal reform ihtiyacının sürdüğünü göstermektedir. Birleşik Krallık'ta ise sistem, daha çok etnik ve dini azınlıkları hedefleyen sınırlı bir yapıdadır. Ayrıca dijitalleşme, kamu politikalarının entegrasyonu ve insan kaynağı gibi faktörlerin sürdürülebilir büyüme açısından kritik önemde olduğu vurgulanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, daha kapsayıcı ve etkin bir sistem için merkezi şeriat danışma kurulu oluşturulması, risk paylaşımına dayalı ürünlerin yaygınlaştırılması ve uluslararası standartlara uyum gibi politika önerileri sunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Katılım Bankacılığı , İslami Finans , Şeriat Uyumu , Düzenleyici Yapı , Ülke Karşılaştırması

Participation Banking Around the World: A Study on Selected Country Practices

Öz

This study conducts a comparative analysis of participation banking systems in Turkey, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, and the United Kingdom, aiming to highlight their global development and implementation differences. Participation banking operates in accordance with Shariah principles based on interest-free finance and has evolved into distinct institutional models shaped by each country’s economic, legal, and cultural structures. The study evaluates key factors such as regulatory effectiveness, Shariah compliance, product diversity, financial inclusion, and public awareness. The findings indicate that the system is institutionalized in Malaysia and Saudi Arabia, while Turkey and Indonesia still require structural reforms. In the United Kingdom, participation banking remains a limited system mainly targeting ethnic and religious minorities. The research also emphasizes the critical role of digitalization, public policy integration, and human capital in ensuring sustainable growth. As a result, policy recommendations such as the establishment of a centralized Shariah board, the promotion of risk-sharing products, and greater alignment with international standards are proposed to foster a more inclusive and effective system.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Participation Banking , Islamic Finance , Shariah Compliance , Regulatory Framework , Country Comparison

Kaynakça

• Arab News. (2024). Saudi Islamic banks positioned for robust growth amidst economic expansion: Fitch Ratings. https://www.arabnews.com/node/2538011/amp
• Ariff, M. (2010). Islamic banking: A practical perspective. Asian Economic Policy Review, 5(1), 40–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-4196.2010.01044.x
• Arslan, M. (2020). Mikrofinans ve sosyal finansın katılım bankacılığına entegrasyonu. Journal of Islamic Finance, 12(3), 89–104.
• Asutay, M. (2012). Conceptualising and locating the social failure of Islamic finance: Aspirations of Islamic moral economy vs. the realities of Islamic finance. Asian and African Area Studies, 11(2), 93–113.
• Avcı, T., & Aktaş, M. (2015). Katılım bankalarının kâr payı ödemeleri ile mevduat bankalarının faiz ödemelerinin birbirlerine yakın olmasının nedenlerinin araştırılması. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(4), 41–51.
• Bank Muamalat. (n.d.). Company profile of Bank Muamalat. https://www.bankmuamalat.co.id/index.php/en/company-profile-of-bank-muamalat/company-profile-of-bank-muamalat
• BDDK. (2023). Katılım bankacılığı sektörü raporu. Bankacılık Düzenleme ve Denetleme Kurumu.
• Chapra, M. U. (2000). The future of economics: An Islamic perspective. The Islamic Foundation.
• Dusuki, A. W., & Abdullah, N. I. (2007). Maqasid al-Shariah, maslahah, and corporate social responsibility. The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, 24(1), 25–45.
• El-Gamal, M. A. (2006). Islamic finance: Law, economics, and practice. Cambridge University Press. Ernst & Young. (2020). Global Islamic banking report 2020. EY.
• Fitch Ratings. (2025, February 12). Turkish Islamic banks maintain steady financial profiles as market shares fall. https://www.fitchratings.com/research/islamic-finance/turkish-islamic-banks-maintain-steady-financial-profiles-as-market-shares-fall-12-02-2025
• Fitch Ratings. (2025, May 2). Malaysian Islamic banks dashboard: 2025.
• https://www.fitchratings.com/research/banks/malaysian-islamic-banks-dashboard-2025-05-02-2025 Hasan, M., & Dridi, J. (2010). The effects of the global crisis on Islamic and conventional banks: A comparative study (IMF Working Paper No. 10/201). International Monetary Fund.
• HM Treasury. (2014). The UK government’s approach to Islamic finance. Her Majesty’s Treasury.
• HM Treasury. (2021). UK sovereign sukuk 2021: A milestone for Islamic finance in the UK. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-sovereign-sukuk-2021
• IFSB (Islamic Financial Services Board). (2023). Islamic financial services industry stability report 2023. Kuala Lumpur: IFSB.
• IMF. (2015). Islamic finance: Opportunities, challenges, and policy options (Staff Discussion Note No. 15/05). International Monetary Fund.
• IMF. (2017). Financial system stability assessment: Global financial stability report. International Monetary Fund. Iqbal, M., & Molyneux, P. (2005). Thirty years of Islamic banking: History, performance and prospects. Palgrave Macmillan.
• Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB). (2010). Islamic finance and global financial stability. IFSB & Islamic Development Bank.
• Kahf, M. (2004). Islamic banks: The rise of a new power alliance of wealth and Shari’a scholarship. In Proceedings of the Fifth Harvard University Forum on Islamic Finance (pp. 1–10). Harvard University.
• Khan, M. F., & Bhatti, M. I. (2008). Islamic banking and finance: On its way to globalization. Managerial Finance, 34(10), 708–725. https://doi.org/10.1108/03074350810891029
• Laldin, M. A., & Furqani, H. (2022). Innovation in Islamic finance: Green sukuk and beyond. Journal of Islamic Monetary Economics and Finance, 8(2), 189–208.
• Mirakhor, A., & Iqbal, Z. (2007). An introduction to Islamic finance: Theory and practice. Wiley Finance.
• Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK). (2023). Indonesian Islamic financial development report 2023. https://www.ojk.go.id/en/berita-dan-kegiatan/info-terkini/Documents/Pages/Indonesian-Islamic-Financial-Development-Report- LPKSI%202023/Indonesian%20Islamic%20Financial%20Development%20Report%202023_.pdf
• Özdemir, B. (2021). The role of awareness campaigns in promoting Islamic finance principles. Journal of Islamic Economics and Banking, 17(4), 45–60.
• Sezal, L. (2020). 2018 Ağustos krizinin Türk bankacılık sektörüne etkisi. Journal of Economics and Research, 1(1), 17–32.
• Sezal, L. (2023). Bankalarda iç denetim ve risk yönetimi. Nobel Bilimsel Eserler, Ankara.
• Usmani, M. T. (2002). An introduction to Islamic finance. Idaratul Ma’arif.
• Warde, I. (2000). Islamic finance in the global economy. Edinburgh University Press.
• Wilson, R. (2007). Making development assistance sustainable through Islamic microfinance. IIUM Journal of Economics and Management, 15(2), 197–217.
• Wilson, R. (2012). Islamic finance in Europe. In M. Kuran (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of Islam and politics (pp. 391–407). Oxford University Press.
• World Bank. (2016). Islamic finance: A catalyst for shared prosperity? Washington, DC: The World Bank Group. Yılmaz, S., & İçke, B. (2021). Türkiye’de katılım bankacılığı uygulamaları ve gelişim süreci. İslam İktisadı ve Finansı Dergisi, 7(2), 185–204. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5604157