<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>gazi sağlık bil</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Gazi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">2548-0383</issn>
                                                                                                        <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Gazi Üniversitesi</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.52881/gsbdergi.1830932</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Public Health Nutrition</subject>
                                                            <subject>Eating Behaviours</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Halk Sağlığı Beslenmesi</subject>
                                                            <subject>Yeme Davranışları</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>EVALUATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIAL JET LAG, NIGHT EATING BEHAVIOR, AND OBESITY İN ADULTS</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <article-title>YETİŞKİNLERDE SOSYAL JET LAG, GECE YEME DAVRANIŞI VE OBEZİTE ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3892-640X</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Çakıcı</surname>
                                    <given-names>Cansu</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>GAZİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7930-9910</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Köksal</surname>
                                    <given-names>Eda</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>GAZİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20260330">
                    <day>03</day>
                    <month>30</month>
                    <year>2026</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>11</volume>
                                        <issue>1</issue>
                                        <fpage>1</fpage>
                                        <lpage>14</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20251126">
                        <day>11</day>
                        <month>26</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20260115">
                        <day>01</day>
                        <month>15</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2015, Gazi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2015</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Gazi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>Background:Obesity, a major public health concern in both developed and developing countries, is not solely associated with energy imbalance. Recent research indicates that obesity is also closely linked to lifestyle factors and biological rhythms. Aim:This study was designed to examine the relationship between obesity and lifestyle-and nutrition-related behaviors, specifically social jet lag (SJL) and night eating behavior, in adults. Method:This cross-sectional study included 115 individuals (89 women, 26 men), aged 19–65 years, who presented to a beauty center in Bursa. Data were collected through a self-reported online questionnaire. The questionnaire assessed participants’ demographic characteristics and anthropometric measurements. SJL status was determined based on mid-sleep times on weekdays and weekends, eating behavior was evaluated using the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-18), and night eating syndrome was assessed using the Night Eating Questionnaire (NEQ). The internal consistency coefficients for NEQ and TFEQ were 0.77 and 0.70, respectively. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 27.1. Results:Men demonstrated significantly higher SJL duration, NEQ scores, and obesity prevalence compared to women (p</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <abstract><p>Giriş:Günümüzde hem gelişmiş hem de gelişmekte olan ülkelerin önemli bir halk sağlığı sorunu olan obezite yalnızca enerji dengesizliği ile ilişkili değildir. Son yıllarda yapılan araştırmalar obezitenin aynı zamanda yaşam tarzı ve biyolojik ritim ile de yakından ilişkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Amaç: Bu çalışma, bireylerde sosyal jet lag (SJL) ve gece yeme davranışı gibi yaşam tarzı ve beslenme davranışlarının obezite ile olan ilişkisini incelemek amacıyla planlanmıştır. Yöntem:Kesitsel tasarımla yürütülen bu çalışmaya Bursa’da bir güzellik merkezine başvuran 19–65 yaş arası 115 (89 kadın, 26 erkek) birey dahil edilmiştir. Veriler çevrimiçi anket aracılığıyla beyana dayalı olarak toplanmıştır. Anket formunda katılımcıların demografik özellikleri ve antropometrik ölçümleri değerlendirilmiştir. Hafta içi ve hafta sonuna ait orta uyku saatleri temel alınarak SJL durumu, beslenme davranışları Üç Faktörlü Yeme Anketi (TFEQ-18) ve gece yeme sendromunun varlığı ise Gece Yeme Anketi (GYA) ile değerlendirilmiştir. GYA ve TFEQ ölçeklerinin iç tutarlılığı sırasıyla 0,77 ve 0,70 olarak bulunmuştur. Çalışma verileri SPSS 27.1 programı ile analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular:Erkeklerde SJL süresi, gece yeme anketi puanları ve obezite sıklığı kadınlara göre anlamlı şekilde daha yüksek bulunmuştur (p</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Gece yeme sendromu</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  sosyal jet lag</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  yeme davranışı</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  obezite</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Night eating syndrome</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  social jet lag</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  eating behavior</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  obesity</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                                        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">1.	Roenneberg T, Pilz LK, Zerbini G, Winnebeck EC. Chronotype and Social Jet lag: A (Self-) Critical Review. Biology (Basel) 2019; 8:54. doi:10.3390/biology8030054</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">2.	Wittmann M, Dinich J, Merrow M, Roenneberg T. Social jetlag: misalignment of biological and social time. Chronobiol Int. 2006; 23(1–2):497–509. doi:10.1080/07420520500545979</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">3.	Scheer FA, Hilton MF, Mantzoros CS, Shea SA. Adverse metabolic and cardiovascular consequences of circadian misalignment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009; 106(11):4453-8. doi:10.1073/pnas.0808180106</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">4.	Caliandro R, Streng AA, van Kerkhof LWM, van der Horst GTJ, Chaves I. Social Jetlag and Related Risks for Human Health: A Timely Review. Nutrients. 2021; 13(12):4543. doi:10.3390/nu13124543</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">5.	Mustafa M, Healy U, Kosidialwa O, Wong M, Alsalman S, Conway O. et al. Irregular breakfast eating in type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with greater social jet lag and poorer metabolic health. J Sleep Res. 2025; 34(3):e14340. doi:10.1111/jsr.14340</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">6.	Lyu X, Dunietz GL, Leung CW, Jansen EC. Social jet lag and diet quality among US young adults: interactions with race/ethnicity. J Nutr Sci. 2024;13(e25):e25. doi:10.1017/jns.2024.18</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">7.	Zhang Z, Cajochen C, Khatami R. Social jet lag and chronotypes in the Chinese population: Analysis of data recorded by wearable devices. J Med Internet Res. 2019;21(6):e13482. doi:10.2196/13482</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">8.	Moderie C, Paradis C, Philippe FL, Geoffroy MC, Guay E, Paquin V. Sleep, chronotype, social jet lag, and mental health in resident physicians: a cross-sectional study. J Clin Sleep Med. 2024;20(12):1915–22. doi:10.5664/jcsm.11288</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">9.	Zhu H, Xu Y, Lin D, Wang X, Niu B. Relationship between social jet lag and body mass index in nurses working shift schedules: a cross-sectional study. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-024-67644-z</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">10.	Salman EJ, Kabir R. Night eating syndrome. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. 2025.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">11.	Soykan S, Orbay E. Obez bireylerde diyabetin gece yeme sendromu ile ilişkisinin değerlendirilmesi. J. One Health Res. 2023;1(2):34–8. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7890404</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">12.	Gogas Yavuz D, Akhtar O, Low K, Gras A, Gurser B, Yilmaz ES. et al. The economic impact of obesity in Turkey: A micro-costing analysis. Clinicoecon Outcomes Res. 2024; 16:123–32. doi:10.2147/CEOR.S446560</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">13.	Shafer BM, McAuliffe KE, McHill AW. A longitudinal look at social jet lag, sex differences, and obesity risk. Sleep. 2024;47(1). doi:10.1093/sleep/zsad298</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">14.	Pinto TF, Silva FGC da, Bruin VMS de, Bruin PFC de. Night eating syndrome: How to treat it? Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2016;62(7):701–7. doi:10.1590/1806-9282.62.07.701</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">15.	World Health Organization. Body mass index – BMI. WHO/Europe 2022. Available at: https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/diseaseprevention/nutrition/a-healthy-lifestyle/body-mass-index-bmi. Accessed on May 2, 2025.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">16.	Allison KC, Lundgren JD, O’Reardon JP, Martino NS, Sarwer DB, Wadden TA. et al. The Night Eating Questionnaire (NEQ): psychometric properties of a measure of severity of the Night Eating Syndrome. Eat Behav. 2008;9(1):62–72. doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2007.03.007</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">17.	Atasoy N, Saraçlı Ö, Konuk N, Ankaralı H, Güriz O, Akdemir A. Gece yeme anketi-Türkçe formunun psikiyatrik ayaktan hasta popülasyonunda geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg. 2014; 15:238–47. doi:10.5455/apd.39829</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">18.	Stunkard AJ, Messick S. The three-factor eating questionnaire to measure dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger. J Psychosom Res. 1985;29(1):71–83. doi:10.1016/0022-3999(85)90010-8</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">19.	Karlsson J, Persson LO, Sjöström L, Sullivan M. Psychometric properties and factor structure of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) in obese men and women. Results from the Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000;24(12):1715–25. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801442</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">20.	Kirac D, Kaspar E, Avcilar T, Cakir O, Ulucan K, Kurtel H. et al. A new method for investigating eating behaviours related with obesity “three-factor eating questionnaire&quot;. J Marmara Univ Inst Health Sci. 2015;1. doi:10.5455/musbed.20150602015512</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">21.	Barton B, Peat J. Medical statistics: a guide to SPSS, data analysis and critical appraisal. Chichester: John Wiley &amp; Sons. 2014.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">22.	Kara Y, Tuzun S, Oner C, Simsek EE. Night eating syndrome according to obesity groups and the related factors. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2020;30(8):833–8. doi:10.29271/jcpsp.2020.08.833</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">23.	Sutcu C, Pamuk G, Ongel K. Evaluation of night eating syndrome in individuals with and without obesity. Endokrynol Pol. 2021;72(5):539–44. doi:10.5603/EP.a2021.0046</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">24.	McCuen-Wurst C, Ruggieri M, Allison KC. Disordered eating and obesity: associations between binge-eating disorder, night-eating syndrome, and weight-related comorbidities. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2018;1411(1):96–105. doi:10.1111/nyas.13467</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">25.	Armitage KM, Macpherson KM, Thomas AS, Hawn SE. Examination of Gender as a Moderating Factor in the Relationship between Sexual Trauma and Disordered Eating. 2024.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">26.	Demir G, İldemir MN, Çerkeşlioğlu H, Başarır FN. Yetişkinlerde gece yeme sendromu görülme sıklığı ile tip 2 diyabet ve beden kütle indeksi ilişkisinin incelenmesi. Uluslararası Beslenme Obezite ve Toplum Sağlığı Kongresi. 2025;66.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">27.	Gallant AR, Lundgren J, Drapeau V. The night-eating syndrome and obesity: NES and obesity. Obes Rev. 2012;13(6):528–36. doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00975.x</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">28.	Küçükkatırcı Baykan H, Saban G, Geçgel S. Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Gece Yeme Sendromu, Uyku Kalitesi ve Kronotip Arasındaki İlişkinin Değerlendirilmesi. İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2024; 221–37. doi:10.38079/igusabder.1348765</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">29.	Parsons MJ, Moffitt TE, Gregory AM, Goldman-Mellor S, Nolan PM, Poulton R. et al. Social jet lag, obesity and metabolic disorder: investigation in a cohort study. Int J Obes (Lond). 2015;39(5):842–8. doi:10.1038/ijo.2014.201</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">30.	Lowe MR, Doshi SD, Katterman SN, Feig EH. Dieting and restrained eating as prospective predictors of weight gain. Front Psychol. 2013; 4:577. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00577</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">31.	Park S, Shin W-S. Differences in eating behaviors and masticatory performances by gender and obesity status. Physiol Behav. 2015;138:69–74. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.10.001</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">32.	Şen G, Kabaran S. Beslenme Durumunun Duygusal Yeme. KOU Sag Bil Derg.2021;7:284–95. doi:10.30934/kusbed.952227</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">33.	de Lauzon-Guillain B, Romon M, Musher-Eizenman D, Heude B, Basdevant A, Charles MA. et al. Cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating and emotional eating: correlations between parent and adolescent. Matern Child Nutr. 2009;5(2):171–8. doi:10.1111/j.1740-8709.2008.00164.x</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">34.	Uğur H, Parlak Başkurt H, Yousefirad Saleki N, Kılıç Fİ, Davu G, Toy Z. et al. Evaluation of eating behaviors in adults with a Three-Factor Eating Scale according to gender, body mass index and physical activity status: A cross-sectional study. İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2025;(25):256–68. doi:10.38079/igusabder.1459455</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">35.	Ekici EM, Mengi Çelik Ö, Metin ZE. The relationship between night eating behavior, gastrointestinal symptoms, and psychological well-being: insights from a cross-sectional study in Türkiye. J Eat Disord. 2025; 13, 14. doi: 10.1186/s40337-024-01158-x</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">36.	Almuhammadi N, Waad A. The Relationship between the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) Subscales (Dietary Restraint, Disinhibition, and Hunger) and the Body Mass Index: A Cross-Sectional Study among Female Students. Heliyon, 2024; 10(24):e40656. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e40656.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
