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            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>gsumass letters</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>GSU Managerial and Social Sciences Letters</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2980-1575</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Galatasaray Üniversitesi</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id/>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>International Relations (Other)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Uluslararası İlişkiler (Diğer)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>IN THE SHADOW OF A FRACTURED STATE: THE SUCCESS OF HAYAT TAHRIR AL-SHAM IN SYRIA AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF NON-STATE ARMED ACTORS IN THE MIDDLE EAST</article-title>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <trans-title-group xml:lang="tr">
                                    <trans-title>Parçalanmış Devletin Gölgesinde: Heyet Tahrir El Şam’ın Suriye’deki Başarısı ve Ortadoğu’daki Devlet Dışı Silahlı Aktörlerin Dönüşümü</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1055-2266</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Durdu</surname>
                                    <given-names>Mehmet Berkay</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ, İKTİSAT FAKÜLTESİ, SİYASET BİLİMİ VE ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER BÖLÜMÜ, SİYASET BİLİMİ ANABİLİM DALI</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20260413">
                    <day>04</day>
                    <month>13</month>
                    <year>2026</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>4</volume>
                                        <issue>1</issue>
                                                
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20250715">
                        <day>07</day>
                        <month>15</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20251105">
                        <day>11</day>
                        <month>05</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2023, GSU Managerial and Social Sciences Letters</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2023</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>GSU Managerial and Social Sciences Letters</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>After the Second World War, non-state armed actors (NSAs), which have rapidly increased and started to threaten the national security of states, have increased their weight in the international arena in parallel with the increasingly unbearable costs of direct wars between nation-states. Having become a global threat after the 2000s, NSAs have become an integral part of international relations and international security disciplines. The end of the Syrian civil war in 2024, which radically changed the place of NSAAs in the international relations literature and their role in global and regional power struggles, indicates a major transformation not only on a national scale but also on a global scale. This study, which analyzes the formation of NSAAs in the Middle East and the success of Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) in Syria, seeks answers to the questions of what factors paved the way for the foundation of NSAAs and how HTS, as an NSAA, was able to transform into a dominant actor, end a 13-year civil war and establish a new regime. Within this framework, the study, designed as a state-level analytical case study, analyzes the emergence of NSAAs in the Middle East as a synthesis of realist and constructionist theory. Three independent variables are proposed for the emergence of the NSAA: ungovernable spaces, failed state, and social polarization. Regarding how HTS positively differentiated and seized power in Syria, where more than 250 NSAAs are active, the study proposes that the effective application of the competitive support-seeking strategy and the ARI model developed by Aydınlı. This study aims to contribute to the literature by presenting a synthesis of the realist and constructivist approaches to the formation of the NSAA in the Middle East and explaining how HTS has transformed into a dominant actor within the context of the competitive support-seeking strategy and the ARI model.</p></abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <trans-abstract xml:lang="tr">
                            <p>İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nın ardından hızla artan ve devletlerin ulusal güvenliklerini tehdit etmeye başlayan devlet dışı silahlı aktörler (DDSA), devletlerin birbirleriyle doğrudan savaşa girmesinin maliyetlerinin giderek daha da katlanılmaz bir boyuta evrilmesine paralel bir şekilde uluslararası arenadaki ağırlığını artırmıştır. Bilhassa 2000’li yıllardan sonra küresel bir tehdit haline gelen DDSAlar, bugün uluslararası ilişkiler ve uluslararası güvenlik disiplinlerinin ayrılmaz bir parçası haline gelmiştir. DDSAların uluslararası ilişkiler literatüründeki yerini, küresel ve bölgesel güç mücadeleleri bağlamındaki rollerini radikal bir biçimde değiştiren Suriye iç savaşının, 2024 yılında sona ermesi, yalnızca ulusal ölçekte değil, küresel ölçekte de büyük bir kırılmaya işaret etmektedir. Ortadoğu’da DDSA oluşumunu ve Suriye’de Heyet Tahrir el-Şam (HTŞ)’ın neden başarılı olduğunu inceleyen bu çalışma; DDSAların oluşumuna zemin hazırlayan faktörlerin neler olduğu ve bir DDSA olarak HTŞ’nin nasıl baskın bir aktöre dönüşerek 13 yıl boyunca süren iç savaşı bitirerek yeni bir rejim kurabildiği sorularına cevap aramaktadır. Bu çerçevede, devlet düzeyli, analitik bir vaka incelemesi olarak tasarlanan çalışma, Ortadoğu’da DDSA oluşumunu realist ve inşacı teorinin bir sentezi olarak ele almaktadır. DDSA ortaya çıkışına ilişkin üç bağımsız değişken önerilmektedir: yönetilemeyen alanlar, başarısız devlet, toplumsal kutuplaşma. Çalışmanın vaka incelemesi kısmını oluşturan ve 250’den fazla DDSA’nın faaliyet gösterdiği Suriye’de, HTŞ’nin nasıl pozitif ayrışarak iktidarı ele geçirdiğine ilişkin olarak makale, rekabetçi destek arayışı stratejisinin ve Aydınlı tarafından geliştirilen özerklik, temsiliyet ve etki çerçevelerinin etkin bir biçimde uygulanması olduğunu önermektedir. Bu çalışma, Ortadoğu’da DDSA oluşuma ilişkin realist ve inşacı yaklaşımın bir sentezini sunması ve rekabetçi destek arayışı stratejisi ile ARI modeli çerçevesinde HTŞ’nin nasıl baskın bir aktöre dönüştüğünü açıklaması cihetiyle literatüre katkı sunmayı amaçlamaktadır.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Non-State Armed Actors</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Hayat Tahrir al-Sham</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Syrian Civil War</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Middle East</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  ARI Model</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                        
                                                                            <kwd-group xml:lang="tr">
                                                    <kwd>Devlet Dışı Silahlı Aktörler</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Heyet Tahrir el-Şam</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Suriye İç Savaşı</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Ortadoğu</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                            </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
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