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            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>gsumass letters</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>GSU Managerial and Social Sciences Letters</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2980-1575</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Galatasaray Üniversitesi</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id/>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>International Relations (Other)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Uluslararası İlişkiler (Diğer)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>SPAIN–PALESTINE: ANALYSIS OF THE NORMATIVE DIPLOMACY OF A EUROPEAN COUNTRY</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <trans-title-group xml:lang="tr">
                                    <trans-title>İSPANYA–FİLİSTİN: BİR AVRUPA ÜLKESİNİN NORMATİF DİPLOMASİSİNİN ANALİZİ</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <article-title>ESPAGNE–PALESTINE : ANALYSE DE LA DIPLOMATIE NORMATIVE D’UN PAYS EUROPEEN</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8966-1419</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Bilener</surname>
                                    <given-names>Tolga</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>GALATASARAY ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20260413">
                    <day>04</day>
                    <month>13</month>
                    <year>2026</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>4</volume>
                                        <issue>1</issue>
                                                
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20250820">
                        <day>08</day>
                        <month>20</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20260122">
                        <day>01</day>
                        <month>22</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2023, GSU Managerial and Social Sciences Letters</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2023</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>GSU Managerial and Social Sciences Letters</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>This article analyzes Spain’s policy towards Palestine as an example of normative diplomacy implemented by a Western country. Historically, Madrid cultivated close ties with the Arab world, delaying the recognition of Israel until 1986 for both historical and contextual reasons. Since the democratic transition, Spain has supported the peace process, reinforcing its pro-Palestinian stance—particularly under socialist governments—by combining multilateral engagement with the defense of human rights. After October 7, 2023, in the wake of Hamas attacks and Israel’s response in Gaza, Spain stood out through its criticism of disproportionate reprisals, its humanitarian support (notably for UNRWA), and its official recognition of the State of Palestine in May 2024. This position helped shape an “axis of conscience” within the EU, diverging from the more cautious approach of states such as Germany and France. While this policy has enhanced Spain’s international visibility and moral prestige, especially in the Global South, its limitations lie in the country’s limited capacity to translate discourse into tangible geopolitical gains, given its modest military and economic resources. Nevertheless, the Spanish case illustrates how a middle power can use value-based diplomacy to expand its influence, articulating ethical responsibility and national interest within a realist-constructivist framework.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <trans-abstract xml:lang="tr">
                            <p>Bu makale, İspanya’nın Filistin politikasını Batılı bir ülke tarafından uygulanan normatif diplomasi örneği olarak incelemektedir. Tarihsel olarak Madrid, Arap dünyasıyla yakın ilişkiler geliştirmiş ve hem tarihsel hem de konjonktürel nedenlerle İsrail’in tanınmasını 1986 yılına kadar ertelemiştir. Demokratik geçişten bu yana İspanya, özellikle sosyalist hükümetler döneminde çok taraflı angajman ile insan haklarının savunusunu birleştirerek Ortadoğu barış sürecini desteklemiş ve Filistin yanlısı tutumunu bırakmamıştır. 7 Ekim 2023 sonrasında, Hamas saldırıları ve İsrail’in Gazze’deki operasyonu bağlamında İspanya; orantısız misillemelere yönelik eleştirileri, insani yardım ısrarı ve nihayetinde Mayıs 2024’te Filistin Devleti’ni resmen tanımasıyla öne çıkmıştır. Bu tutum, Almanya ve Fransa gibi devletlerin daha temkinli yaklaşımından ayrışarak AB içinde bir “vicdan ekseni”nin şekillenmesine katkıda bulunmuştur. Her ne kadar bu politika İspanya’nın uluslararası görünürlüğünü ve ahlaki prestijini özellikle Küresel Güney’de artırmış olsa da, sınırlı askeri ve ekonomik kaynakları nedeniyle bu söylemi somut jeopolitik kazanımlara dönüştürmedeki kapasitesi şimdilik zayıf kalmaktadır. Bununla birlikte İspanya örneği, orta ölçekli bir gücün etik sorumluluk ile ulusal çıkarı realist-konstrüktivist bir çerçevede birleştirerek değer temelli diplomasiyi nüfuz artırıcı bir araç olarak nasıl kullanabileceğini göstermektedir.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <abstract><p>Cet article analyse la politique de l’Espagne vis-à-vis de la Palestine comme un exemple de diplomatie normative mise en œuvre par un pays occidental. Historiquement, Madrid a cultivé une proximité avec le monde arabe, retardant la reconnaissance d’Israël jusqu’en 1986, pour des raisons tant historiques que conjoncturelles. Depuis la transition démocratique, l’Espagne a soutenu le processus de paix, renforçant sa posture pro-palestinienne, notamment sous les gouvernements socialistes, en combinant engagement multilatéral et défense des droits humains. Après le 7 octobre 2023, face aux attaques du Hamas et à la riposte israélienne à Gaza, l’Espagne s’est démarquée par ses critiques de la disproportion des représailles, son soutien humanitaire (notamment à l’UNRWA) et sa reconnaissance officielle de l’État de Palestine en mai 2024. Cette position a contribué à façonner un « axe de conscience » au sein de l’UE, en rupture avec l’approche plus prudente d’États comme l’Allemagne ou la France. Si cette ligne a renforcé la visibilité internationale et le prestige moral de l’Espagne, notamment dans le Sud global, ses limites résident dans sa faible capacité à transformer ce discours en gains géopolitiques concrets, compte tenu des ressources militaires et économiques limitées. Le cas espagnol illustre néanmoins comment une puissance moyenne peut utiliser la diplomatie des valeurs pour accroître son influence, articulant responsabilité éthique et intérêt national dans un cadre réaliste-constructiviste.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                                                    <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Espagne</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Palestine</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Politique etrangere</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Diplomatie normartive</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Diplomatie ethnique</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Spain</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Palestine</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Foreign Policy</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Normative Diplomacy</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Ethical Diplomacy</kwd>
                                                    <kwd> </kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="tr">
                                                    <kwd>İspanya</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Filistin</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Dış Politika</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Normatif Diplomasi</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Etik Diplomasi</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                                        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
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