Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the SOHO-5 and Impact of Caries and Trauma on the Quality of Life in Turkish Children

Abstract

The aim of the study is to cross-culturally adapt the Scale of Oral Health Outcomes for 5- year-old children (SOHO-5) to the Turkish language and to assess the impact of dental caries and trauma on the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of 5- to 6-year olds according to both self- and parental reports. The SOHO-5 was translated and adapted consistent with published standard guidelines. A total of 302 pairs of parents and children who refer to screening at the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, completed the SOHO-5, which consists of a child self-report and a parental proxy-report version. The caries classification was made according to the decays, extraction due to caries, or fillings (dmf-t) on primary teeth. Trauma was classified into uncomplicated and complicated injuries. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used to evaluate to caries and trauma according to SOHO-5 scores. The children an oral impact was mentioned 73.9% (high impact 32.8%) and parental reports was 78.8%(high impact 38.1%). The mean (standard deviation) SOHO-5 scores in child self-report and parental versions were 3.38(3.22) and 4.6(4.88), respectively. In both versions, caries was associated with worse children’s OHRQoL, for the total score and all SOHO-5 items (P < 0.001). In contrast, negative effect of trauma on children’s OHRQoL was not detected. SOHO-5 questionnaire was observed to be strong evidence for Turkish adaptation and cultural adaptation. Caries was associated with worse OHRQoL of 5- to 6-year-old children in terms of perceptions of both children and their parent, however trauma was not associated.

Keywords

• OHRQoL
• caries
• trauma
• children
• SOHO-5

References

1. Abanto, J., Carvalho, T.S., Mendes, F.M., Wanderley, M.T., Bonecker, M., & Raggio, D.P. (2011). Impact of oral diseases and disorders on oral health related quality of life of preschool children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol, 39, 105-114.
2. Abanto, J., Tsakos, G., Paiva, S.M., Goursand, D., Raggio, D.P., & Bönecker, M. (2013). Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the scale of oral health outcomes for 5-year-old children (SOHO-5). Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 11, 16.
3. Abanto, J., Tsakos, G., Paiva, S.M., Carvalho, T.S., Raggio, D.P., & Bönecker, M. (2014a). Impact of dental caries and trauma on quality of life among 5- to 6-year-old children: perceptions of parents and children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol, 42, 385-394.
4. Abanto, J., Tsakos, G., Paiva, S.M., Raggio, D.P., Celiberti, P., & Bönecker, M. (2014b). Agreement between children aged 5-6 years and their mothers in rating child oral health-related quality of life. Int J Paediatr Dent, 24(5), 373-379.
5. Barbosa, T.S., & Gaviao, M.B. (2008). Oral health-related quality of life in children: part III. Is there agreement between parents in rating their children’s oral health-related quality of life? A systematic review. Int J Dent Hyg, 6, 108-113.
6. Er-Sabuncuoglu, M., & Diken, I.C.H. (2011). Early Childhood Intervention in Turkey: Current situation, challenges and suggestions. INT-JECSE, 2(2), 149-160.
7. Ersin, N.K., Eronat, N., Cogulu, D., Uzel, A., & Aksit, S. (2006). Association of maternal-child characteristics as a factor in early childhood caries and salivary bacterial counts. J Dent Child, 73, 105-111.
8. Gomes, M.C., Pinto-Sarmento, T.C., Costa, E.M., Martins, C.C., Granville-Garcia, A.F., & Paiva, S.M. (2014). Impact of oral health conditions on the quality of life of preschool children and their families: A cross sectional study. Health Qual Life Outcomes, 12, 55-67.

9. Gökalp, S., Doğan, B.G., Tekçiçek, M., Berberoğlu, A., & Ünlüer, Ş. (2010). National survey of oral health status of children and adults in Turkey. Community Dental Health, 27, 12-17.
10. Guillemin, F., Bombardier, C., & Beaton, D. (1993). Cross-cultural adaptation of health-related quality of life measures: literature review and proposed guidelines. J Clin Epidemiol, 46, 1417–1432.
11. Hallet, K.B., & O’Rourke, P.K. (2006). Pattern and severity of early childhood caries. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol, 34, 25–35.
12. Jokovic, A., Locker, D., & Guyatt, G. (2004). How well do parents know their children? Implications for proxy reporting of child health-related quality of life. Qual Life Res, 13, 1297–1307.
13. Kargul, B., & Bakkal, M. (2010). Systems for the previsions of oral health care in the Black Sea countries Part 6: Turkey. OHDMBSC, 9(3), 115-121.
14. Malmgren, B., Andreasen, J.O., Flores, A.T., Robertson, A., DiAngelis, A.J., Andersson L., et al. (2012). Guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries: 3. Injuries in the primary dentition. Dent Traumatol, 28, 174-182.
15. Patel, R.R., Tootla, R., & Inglehart, M.R.(2007). Does oral health affect self perceptions, parental ratings and video-based assessments of children’s smiles?. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol, 35, 44–52.
16. Peker, K., Uysal, Ö., & Bermek, G. (2011). Cross - cultural adaptation and preliminary validation of the Turkish version of the early childhood oral health impact scale among 5-6-year-old children. Health Qual Life Outcomes, 9, 118.
17. Sakaryali, D., Bani, M., Cinar, C., & Alacam, A. (2019). Evaluation of the impact of early childhood caries, traumatic dental injury, and malocclusion on oral health-Related quality of life for Turkish preschool children and families. Niger J Clin Pract, 22(6), 817-823.
18. Topaloglu-Ak, A., Eden, E., & Frencken, J.E. (2009). Managing dental caries in children in Turkey-a discussion paper. BMC Oral Health, 9, 32.
19. Tsakos, G., Blair, Y.I., Yusuf, H., Wright, W., Watt, R.G., & Macpherson, L.M. (2012). Developing a new self-reported scale of oral health outcomes for 5-year-old children (SOHO-5). Health Qual Life Outcomes, 10, 62.
20. Van Widenfelt, B.M.V., Treffers, P.D.A., Beurs, E., Siebelink, B.M., & Koudijs, E. (2005). Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of assessment instruments used in psychological research with children and families. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev, 8, 135–147.
21. Watt, R.G., Harnett, R., Daly, B., Fuller, S.S., Kay, E., Morgan, A, et al. (2006). Evaluating oral health promotion: need for quality outcome measures. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol, 34, 11–17.
22. WHO Expert Consultation on Public Health Intervention against Early Childhood Caries. (2017). Report of a Meeting, Bangkok, Thailand, 26–28 January 2016. Geneva: World Health Organization, (WHO/NMH/PND/17.1).
23. Wilson-Genderson, M., Broder, H.L., & Phillips, C. (2007). Concordance between caregiver and child reports of child’s oral health-related quality of life. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol, 5(Suppl. 1), 32–40