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Yıl 2021, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 70 - 79, 10.09.2021

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Kaynakça

  • Abul-Haj, S. K., Ewald, R. A., & Kazyak, L. (1963). Fatal mushroom poisoning. Report of a case confirmed by toxicologic analysis of tissue. New England Journal of Medicine, 269, 223-227. doi: 10.1056/nejm196308012690501
  • Akın, A., Keşkek, Ş., Kılıç, D., Aliustaoğlu, M., & Keşkek, N. (2013). The effects of N-acetylcysteine in patients with Amanita phalloides intoxication. Journal of Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, 4(160), 2.
  • Allen, B., Desai, B., & Lisenbee, N. (2012). Amatoxin: A Review. ISRN Emergency Medicine, 2012. doi: 10.5402/2012/190869
  • Baumann, K., Münter, K., & Faulstich, H. (1993). Identification of structural features involved in binding of. alpha.-amanitin to a monoclonal antibody. Biochemistry, 32(15), 4043-4050.
  • Berger, K. J., & Guss, D. A. (2005). Mycotoxins revisited: Part I. Journal of Emergency Medicine, 28(1), 53-62. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2004.08.013
  • Bergis, D., Friedrich-Rust, M., Zeuzem, S., Betz, C., Sarrazin, C., & Bojunga, J. (2012). Treatment of Amanita phalloides intoxication by fractionated plasma separation and adsorption (Prometheus®). Journal Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, 21(2), 171-176.
  • Beug, W., Shaw, M., & Cochran, K. W. (2006). Thirty plus years of mushroom poisoning: summary of the approximately 2,000 reports in the NAMA case registry. McIlvainea, 16, 47-68
  • Brayer, A. F., & Froula, L. (2016). Mushroom Poisoning. In J. E. Tintinalli, J. S. Stapczynski, O. J. Ma, D. M. Yealy, G. D. Meckler & D. M. Cline (Eds.), Tintinalli’s Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide, 8e. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
  • Butera, R., Locatelli, C., Coccini, T., & Manzo, L. (2004). Diagnostic accuracy of urinary amanitin in suspected mushroom poisoning: a pilot study. Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology, 42(6), 901-912.
  • BVV., J., & LF., D. (1935). Mushroom Poisoning (Mycetismus): Report of four cases. Archives of Internal Medicine, 55(5), 773-791. doi: 10.1001/archinte.1935.00160230066005
  • Daoudal, P., Noirot, A., Wagschal, G., Neftel, K., Hany, M., Clément, D., . . . Delacour, J. (1989). Traitement de l’intoxication Phalloidienne par Silymarine et Ceftazidime. Presse Medicale, 18, 1341-1342.
  • Diaz, J. H. (2005). Syndromic diagnosis and management of confirmed mushroom poisonings. Critical Care Medicine, 33(2), 427-436. doi: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000153531.69448.49
  • Diaz, J. H. (2018). Amatoxin-Containing Mushroom Poisonings: Species, Toxidromes, Treatments, and Outcomes. Wilderness Environmental Medicine, 29(1), 111-118. doi: 10.1016/j.wem.2017.10.002
  • Enjalbert, F., Rapior, S., Nouguier-Soulé, J., Guillon, S., Amouroux, N., & Cabot, C. (2002). Treatment of amatoxin poisoning: 20-year retrospective analysis. Journal of Toxicology, Clinical Toxicology, 40(6), 715-757. doi: 10.1081/clt-120014646
  • Eren, S. H., Demirel, Y., Ugurlu, S., Korkmaz, I., Aktas, C., & Güven, F. M. (2010). Mushroom poisoning: retrospective analysis of 294 cases. Clinics (Sao Paulo), 65(5), 491-496. doi: 10.1590/s1807-59322010000500006
  • Faulstich, H. (1979). New aspects of Amanita poisoning. Klinische Wochenschrift, 57(21), 1143-1152. doi: 10.1007/BF01491754
  • Faulstich, H., Talas, A., & Wellhöner, H. H. (1985). Toxicokinetics of labeled amatoxins in the dog. Archives of Toxicology, 56(3), 190-194. doi: 10.1007/bf00333425
  • Garcia, J., Costa, V. M., Carvalho, A., Baptista, P., de Pinho, P. G., de Lourdes Bastos, M., & Carvalho, F. (2015). Amanita phalloides poisoning: Mechanisms of toxicity and treatment. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 86, 41-55. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.09.008
  • Garcia, J., Costa, V. M., Carvalho, A. T., Silvestre, R., Duarte, J. A., Dourado, D. F., . . . Carvalho, F. (2015). A breakthrough on Amanita phalloides poisoning: an effective antidotal effect by polymyxin B. Archives of Toxicology, 89(12), 2305-2323. doi: 10.1007/s00204-015-1582-x
  • Germani, G., Theocharidou, E., Adam, R., Karam, V., Wendon, J., O'Grady, J., . . . Burroughs, A. K. (2012). Liver transplantation for acute liver failure in Europe: outcomes over 20 years from the ELTR database. Journal of Hepatology, 57(2), 288-296. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.03.017
  • Gonmori, K., & Yoshioka, N. (2003). The examination of mushroom poisonings at Akita University. Legal Medicine (Tokyo), 5 Suppl 1, S83-86. doi: 10.1016/s1344-6223(02)00127-x
  • Grabhorn, E., Nielsen, D., Hillebrand, G., Brinkert, F., Herden, U., Fischer, L., & Ganschow, R. (2013). Successful outcome of severe Amanita phalloides poisoning in children. Pediatric Transplantation, 17(6), 550-555. doi: 10.1111/petr.12108
  • Gummin, D. D., Mowry, J. B., Beuhler, M. C., Spyker, D. A., Brooks, D. E., Dibert, K. W., . . . Ryan, M. L. (2020). 2019 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 37th Annual Report. Clinical Toxicology (Phila), 58(12), 1360-1541. doi: 10.1080/15563650.2020.1834219
  • Gürpınar, T., & Aşırdizer, M. (2006). Zehirlenmelerde Hekim Sorumluluğu. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Surgical Medicine Sciences, 2(50), 56-62.
  • Hall, A., Spoerke, D., & Rumack, B. (1987). Mushroom Poisoning: Identification, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Pediatrics in review / American Academy of Pediatrics, 8, 291-298. doi: 10.1542/pir.8-10-291
  • Hocaoğlu, N., Kalkan, Ş., & Tunçok, Y. (2010). Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi İlaç ve Zehir Danışma Merkezine Bildirilen Mantar Zehirlenmeleri. Türkiye Acil Tıp Dergisi, 10, 119-125.
  • Horowitz, B. Z., & Moss, M. J. (2020). Amatoxin Mushroom Toxicity StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
  • Jaeger, A., Jehl, F., Flesch, F., Sauder, P., & Kopferschmitt, J. (1993). Kinetics of amatoxins in human poisoning: Therapeutic implications. Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology, 31(1), 63-80. doi: 10.3109/15563659309000374
  • Jander, S., Bischoff, J., & Woodcock, B. G. (2000). Plasmapheresis in the treatment of Amanita phalloides poisoning: II. A review and recommendations. Therapeutic Apheresis, 4(4), 308-312. doi: 10.1046/j.1526-0968.2000.004004308.x
  • Jo, W. S., Hossain, M. A., & Park, S. C. (2014). Toxicological profiles of poisonous, edible, and medicinal mushrooms. Mycobiology, 42(3), 215-220. doi: 10.5941/myco.2014.42.3.215
  • Karlson-Stiber, C., & Persson, H. (2003). Cytotoxic fungi--an overview. Toxicon, 42(4), 339-349. doi: 10.1016/s0041-0101(03)00238-1
  • Kaya, E., Karahan, S., Bayram, R., Yaykasli, K. O., Colakoglu, S., & Saritas, A. (2015). Amatoxin and phallotoxin concentration in Amanita phalloides spores and tissues. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 31(12), 1172-1177. doi: 10.1177/0748233713491809
  • Letschert, K., Faulstich, H., Keller, D., & Keppler, D. (2006). Molecular characterization and inhibition of amanitin uptake into human hepatocytes. Toxicological Sciences, 91(1), 140-149. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfj141
  • Lin, Y.-M., & Wang, T.-L. (2004). Mushroom poisoning. Ann Disaster Medicine Vol, 3, 8-11.
  • Liu, J., Chen, Y., Gao, Y., Walline, J. H., Lu, X., Yu, S., . . . Li, Y. (2020). N-acetylcysteine as a treatment for amatoxin poisoning: a systematic review. Clinical Toxicology (Phila), 58(11), 1015-1022. doi: 10.1080/15563650.2020.1784428
  • Magdalan, J., Ostrowska, A., Piotrowska, A., Gomułkiewicz, A., Podhorska-Okołów, M., Patrzałek, D., . . . Dziegiel, P. (2010). Benzylpenicillin, acetylcysteine and silibinin as antidotes in human hepatocytes intoxicated with alpha-amanitin. Experimental and Toxicological Pathology, 62(4), 367-373. doi: 10.1016/j.etp.2009.05.003
  • Mengs, U., Pohl, R. T., & Mitchell, T. (2012). Legalon® SIL: the antidote of choice in patients with acute hepatotoxicity from amatoxin poisoning. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 13(10), 1964-1970. doi: 10.2174/138920112802273353
  • Nguyen, V. T., Giannoni, F., Dubois, M. F., Seo, S. J., Vigneron, M., Kédinger, C., & Bensaude, O. (1996). In vivo degradation of RNA polymerase II largest subunit triggered by alpha-amanitin. Nucleic Acids Research, 24(15), 2924-2929. doi: 10.1093/nar/24.15.2924
  • Olson, K. R., Pond, S. M., Seward, J., Healey, K., Woo, O. F., & Becker, C. E. (1982). Amanita phalloides-type mushroom poisoning. Western Journal of Medicine, 137(4), 282-289.
  • Pekşen, A. (2015). Mantar zehirlenmeleri ve başlıca zehirli mantarlar. Ordu’da Gıda Güvenliği Dergisi, 25, 11-17.
  • Piqueras, J. (1989). Hepatotoxic mushroom poisoning: diagnosis and management. Mycopathologia, 105(2), 99-110.
  • Poucheret, P., Fons, F., Doré, J. C., Michelot, D., & Rapior, S. (2010). Amatoxin poisoning treatment decision-making: pharmaco-therapeutic clinical strategy assessment using multidimensional multivariate statistic analysis. Toxicon, 55(7), 1338-1345. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.02.005
  • Saller, R., Meier, R., & Brignoli, R. (2001). The use of silymarin in the treatment of liver diseases. Drugs, 61(14), 2035-2063. doi: 10.2165/00003495-200161140-00003
  • Santi, L., Maggioli, C., Mastroroberto, M., Tufoni, M., Napoli, L., & Caraceni, P. (2012). Acute Liver Failure Caused by Amanita phalloides Poisoning. International Journal of Hepatology, 2012, 1-6. doi: 10.1155/2012/487480
  • Schenk-Jaeger, K. M., Rauber-Lüthy, C., Bodmer, M., Kupferschmidt, H., Kullak-Ublick, G. A., & Ceschi, A. (2012). Mushroom poisoning: a study on circumstances of exposure and patterns of toxicity. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 23(4), e85-91. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2012.03.014
  • Schmutz, M., Carron, P.-N., Yersin, B., & Trueb, L. (2018). Mushroom poisoning: a retrospective study concerning 11-years of admissions in a Swiss Emergency Department. Internal and Emergency Medicine, 13(1), 59-67. doi: 10.1007/s11739-016-1585-5
  • Smith, M. R., & Davis, R. L. (2016). Mycetismus: a review. Gastroenterology Report (Oxf), 4(2), 107-112. doi: 10.1093/gastro/gov062
  • Vetter, J. (1998). Toxins of Amanita phalloides. Toxicon, 36(1), 13-24. doi: 10.1016/s0041-0101(97)00074-3
  • Ward, J., Kapadia, K., Brush, E., & Salhanick, S. D. (2013). Amatoxin poisoning: case reports and review of current therapies. Journal of Emergency Medicine, 44(1), 116-121. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2012.02.020
  • Wong, J., & Ng, T. (2006). Toxins from basidiomycete fungi (mushroom): amatoxins, phallotoxins, and virotoxins Handbook of Biologically Active Peptides (pp. 131-135): Elsevier.
  • Ye, Y., & Liu, Z. (2018). Management of Amanita phalloides poisoning: A literature review and update. Journal of Critical Care, 46, 17-22. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2018.03.028
  • Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., Peng, Z., Maberry, D., Feng, X., Bian, P., . . . Qin, C. (2014). Experience of Treatments of Amanita phalloides-Induced Fulminant Liver Failure with Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System and Therapeutic Plasma Exchange. American Society for Artificial Internal Organs Journal, 60(4), 407-412. doi: 10.1097/mat.0000000000000083
  • Zhang, P., Tang, L.-P., Cai, Q., & Xu, J.-P. (2015). A review on the diversity, phylogeography and population genetics of Amanita mushrooms. Mycology, 6(2), 86-93. doi: 10.1080/21501203.2015.1042536
  • Zuker-Herman, R., Tong, R., & Wong, A. (2021). Intravenous rifampicin use in the management of amanita phalloides toxicity. Clinical Toxicology, 59(9), 843-845. doi: 10.1080/15563650.2021.1887492

Amanita phalloides Poisoning and Treatment Approaches

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 70 - 79, 10.09.2021

Öz

It is common to pick and eat mushrooms in nature. Poisonous mushrooms are difficult to distinguish from edible ones. Consuming poisonous mushrooms can cause severe consequences, ranging from mild gastrointestinal complaints to death.
The major fatalities happen due to mushrooms containing amatoxin. Particularly, Amanita phalloides contains high amounts of amatoxin. The targets of toxins taken into the body are the gastrointestinal mucosa, renal tubule cells, liver. Alpha amanitin is one of the most toxic among amatoxins and inhibits RNA polymerase II. Liver cells are most affected by toxicity. Amatoxins are taken into the liver by organic anion transporting polypeptides. No symptoms are seen in the first hours of poisoning. Gastroenteritis-like symptoms are seen when toxins damage the gastrointestinal epithelium. Then liver and kidney begin to be affected. Death usually occurs due to liver failure.
Early diagnosis and treatment enhance chances for survival. There is no specific antidote for amatoxins. Absorption should be prevented with activated charcoal and gastric lavage. Adequate hydration should be ensured. The most commonly used drugs in the clinic are penicillin G, silibinin, N-acetylcysteine. In addition to this, extracorporeal methods should be applied. Approaches other than liver transplantation are supportive. The mortality rate remains over 10% in large case series.
Specific substances that would prevent the uptake of toxins into the liver or eliminate their effect have not yet been developed. Since there is no effective treatment, cultivated mushrooms should be preferred instead of wild mushrooms in nature to avoid Amanita phalloides poisoning.

Kaynakça

  • Abul-Haj, S. K., Ewald, R. A., & Kazyak, L. (1963). Fatal mushroom poisoning. Report of a case confirmed by toxicologic analysis of tissue. New England Journal of Medicine, 269, 223-227. doi: 10.1056/nejm196308012690501
  • Akın, A., Keşkek, Ş., Kılıç, D., Aliustaoğlu, M., & Keşkek, N. (2013). The effects of N-acetylcysteine in patients with Amanita phalloides intoxication. Journal of Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, 4(160), 2.
  • Allen, B., Desai, B., & Lisenbee, N. (2012). Amatoxin: A Review. ISRN Emergency Medicine, 2012. doi: 10.5402/2012/190869
  • Baumann, K., Münter, K., & Faulstich, H. (1993). Identification of structural features involved in binding of. alpha.-amanitin to a monoclonal antibody. Biochemistry, 32(15), 4043-4050.
  • Berger, K. J., & Guss, D. A. (2005). Mycotoxins revisited: Part I. Journal of Emergency Medicine, 28(1), 53-62. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2004.08.013
  • Bergis, D., Friedrich-Rust, M., Zeuzem, S., Betz, C., Sarrazin, C., & Bojunga, J. (2012). Treatment of Amanita phalloides intoxication by fractionated plasma separation and adsorption (Prometheus®). Journal Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, 21(2), 171-176.
  • Beug, W., Shaw, M., & Cochran, K. W. (2006). Thirty plus years of mushroom poisoning: summary of the approximately 2,000 reports in the NAMA case registry. McIlvainea, 16, 47-68
  • Brayer, A. F., & Froula, L. (2016). Mushroom Poisoning. In J. E. Tintinalli, J. S. Stapczynski, O. J. Ma, D. M. Yealy, G. D. Meckler & D. M. Cline (Eds.), Tintinalli’s Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide, 8e. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
  • Butera, R., Locatelli, C., Coccini, T., & Manzo, L. (2004). Diagnostic accuracy of urinary amanitin in suspected mushroom poisoning: a pilot study. Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology, 42(6), 901-912.
  • BVV., J., & LF., D. (1935). Mushroom Poisoning (Mycetismus): Report of four cases. Archives of Internal Medicine, 55(5), 773-791. doi: 10.1001/archinte.1935.00160230066005
  • Daoudal, P., Noirot, A., Wagschal, G., Neftel, K., Hany, M., Clément, D., . . . Delacour, J. (1989). Traitement de l’intoxication Phalloidienne par Silymarine et Ceftazidime. Presse Medicale, 18, 1341-1342.
  • Diaz, J. H. (2005). Syndromic diagnosis and management of confirmed mushroom poisonings. Critical Care Medicine, 33(2), 427-436. doi: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000153531.69448.49
  • Diaz, J. H. (2018). Amatoxin-Containing Mushroom Poisonings: Species, Toxidromes, Treatments, and Outcomes. Wilderness Environmental Medicine, 29(1), 111-118. doi: 10.1016/j.wem.2017.10.002
  • Enjalbert, F., Rapior, S., Nouguier-Soulé, J., Guillon, S., Amouroux, N., & Cabot, C. (2002). Treatment of amatoxin poisoning: 20-year retrospective analysis. Journal of Toxicology, Clinical Toxicology, 40(6), 715-757. doi: 10.1081/clt-120014646
  • Eren, S. H., Demirel, Y., Ugurlu, S., Korkmaz, I., Aktas, C., & Güven, F. M. (2010). Mushroom poisoning: retrospective analysis of 294 cases. Clinics (Sao Paulo), 65(5), 491-496. doi: 10.1590/s1807-59322010000500006
  • Faulstich, H. (1979). New aspects of Amanita poisoning. Klinische Wochenschrift, 57(21), 1143-1152. doi: 10.1007/BF01491754
  • Faulstich, H., Talas, A., & Wellhöner, H. H. (1985). Toxicokinetics of labeled amatoxins in the dog. Archives of Toxicology, 56(3), 190-194. doi: 10.1007/bf00333425
  • Garcia, J., Costa, V. M., Carvalho, A., Baptista, P., de Pinho, P. G., de Lourdes Bastos, M., & Carvalho, F. (2015). Amanita phalloides poisoning: Mechanisms of toxicity and treatment. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 86, 41-55. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.09.008
  • Garcia, J., Costa, V. M., Carvalho, A. T., Silvestre, R., Duarte, J. A., Dourado, D. F., . . . Carvalho, F. (2015). A breakthrough on Amanita phalloides poisoning: an effective antidotal effect by polymyxin B. Archives of Toxicology, 89(12), 2305-2323. doi: 10.1007/s00204-015-1582-x
  • Germani, G., Theocharidou, E., Adam, R., Karam, V., Wendon, J., O'Grady, J., . . . Burroughs, A. K. (2012). Liver transplantation for acute liver failure in Europe: outcomes over 20 years from the ELTR database. Journal of Hepatology, 57(2), 288-296. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.03.017
  • Gonmori, K., & Yoshioka, N. (2003). The examination of mushroom poisonings at Akita University. Legal Medicine (Tokyo), 5 Suppl 1, S83-86. doi: 10.1016/s1344-6223(02)00127-x
  • Grabhorn, E., Nielsen, D., Hillebrand, G., Brinkert, F., Herden, U., Fischer, L., & Ganschow, R. (2013). Successful outcome of severe Amanita phalloides poisoning in children. Pediatric Transplantation, 17(6), 550-555. doi: 10.1111/petr.12108
  • Gummin, D. D., Mowry, J. B., Beuhler, M. C., Spyker, D. A., Brooks, D. E., Dibert, K. W., . . . Ryan, M. L. (2020). 2019 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 37th Annual Report. Clinical Toxicology (Phila), 58(12), 1360-1541. doi: 10.1080/15563650.2020.1834219
  • Gürpınar, T., & Aşırdizer, M. (2006). Zehirlenmelerde Hekim Sorumluluğu. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Surgical Medicine Sciences, 2(50), 56-62.
  • Hall, A., Spoerke, D., & Rumack, B. (1987). Mushroom Poisoning: Identification, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Pediatrics in review / American Academy of Pediatrics, 8, 291-298. doi: 10.1542/pir.8-10-291
  • Hocaoğlu, N., Kalkan, Ş., & Tunçok, Y. (2010). Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi İlaç ve Zehir Danışma Merkezine Bildirilen Mantar Zehirlenmeleri. Türkiye Acil Tıp Dergisi, 10, 119-125.
  • Horowitz, B. Z., & Moss, M. J. (2020). Amatoxin Mushroom Toxicity StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
  • Jaeger, A., Jehl, F., Flesch, F., Sauder, P., & Kopferschmitt, J. (1993). Kinetics of amatoxins in human poisoning: Therapeutic implications. Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology, 31(1), 63-80. doi: 10.3109/15563659309000374
  • Jander, S., Bischoff, J., & Woodcock, B. G. (2000). Plasmapheresis in the treatment of Amanita phalloides poisoning: II. A review and recommendations. Therapeutic Apheresis, 4(4), 308-312. doi: 10.1046/j.1526-0968.2000.004004308.x
  • Jo, W. S., Hossain, M. A., & Park, S. C. (2014). Toxicological profiles of poisonous, edible, and medicinal mushrooms. Mycobiology, 42(3), 215-220. doi: 10.5941/myco.2014.42.3.215
  • Karlson-Stiber, C., & Persson, H. (2003). Cytotoxic fungi--an overview. Toxicon, 42(4), 339-349. doi: 10.1016/s0041-0101(03)00238-1
  • Kaya, E., Karahan, S., Bayram, R., Yaykasli, K. O., Colakoglu, S., & Saritas, A. (2015). Amatoxin and phallotoxin concentration in Amanita phalloides spores and tissues. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 31(12), 1172-1177. doi: 10.1177/0748233713491809
  • Letschert, K., Faulstich, H., Keller, D., & Keppler, D. (2006). Molecular characterization and inhibition of amanitin uptake into human hepatocytes. Toxicological Sciences, 91(1), 140-149. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfj141
  • Lin, Y.-M., & Wang, T.-L. (2004). Mushroom poisoning. Ann Disaster Medicine Vol, 3, 8-11.
  • Liu, J., Chen, Y., Gao, Y., Walline, J. H., Lu, X., Yu, S., . . . Li, Y. (2020). N-acetylcysteine as a treatment for amatoxin poisoning: a systematic review. Clinical Toxicology (Phila), 58(11), 1015-1022. doi: 10.1080/15563650.2020.1784428
  • Magdalan, J., Ostrowska, A., Piotrowska, A., Gomułkiewicz, A., Podhorska-Okołów, M., Patrzałek, D., . . . Dziegiel, P. (2010). Benzylpenicillin, acetylcysteine and silibinin as antidotes in human hepatocytes intoxicated with alpha-amanitin. Experimental and Toxicological Pathology, 62(4), 367-373. doi: 10.1016/j.etp.2009.05.003
  • Mengs, U., Pohl, R. T., & Mitchell, T. (2012). Legalon® SIL: the antidote of choice in patients with acute hepatotoxicity from amatoxin poisoning. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 13(10), 1964-1970. doi: 10.2174/138920112802273353
  • Nguyen, V. T., Giannoni, F., Dubois, M. F., Seo, S. J., Vigneron, M., Kédinger, C., & Bensaude, O. (1996). In vivo degradation of RNA polymerase II largest subunit triggered by alpha-amanitin. Nucleic Acids Research, 24(15), 2924-2929. doi: 10.1093/nar/24.15.2924
  • Olson, K. R., Pond, S. M., Seward, J., Healey, K., Woo, O. F., & Becker, C. E. (1982). Amanita phalloides-type mushroom poisoning. Western Journal of Medicine, 137(4), 282-289.
  • Pekşen, A. (2015). Mantar zehirlenmeleri ve başlıca zehirli mantarlar. Ordu’da Gıda Güvenliği Dergisi, 25, 11-17.
  • Piqueras, J. (1989). Hepatotoxic mushroom poisoning: diagnosis and management. Mycopathologia, 105(2), 99-110.
  • Poucheret, P., Fons, F., Doré, J. C., Michelot, D., & Rapior, S. (2010). Amatoxin poisoning treatment decision-making: pharmaco-therapeutic clinical strategy assessment using multidimensional multivariate statistic analysis. Toxicon, 55(7), 1338-1345. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.02.005
  • Saller, R., Meier, R., & Brignoli, R. (2001). The use of silymarin in the treatment of liver diseases. Drugs, 61(14), 2035-2063. doi: 10.2165/00003495-200161140-00003
  • Santi, L., Maggioli, C., Mastroroberto, M., Tufoni, M., Napoli, L., & Caraceni, P. (2012). Acute Liver Failure Caused by Amanita phalloides Poisoning. International Journal of Hepatology, 2012, 1-6. doi: 10.1155/2012/487480
  • Schenk-Jaeger, K. M., Rauber-Lüthy, C., Bodmer, M., Kupferschmidt, H., Kullak-Ublick, G. A., & Ceschi, A. (2012). Mushroom poisoning: a study on circumstances of exposure and patterns of toxicity. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 23(4), e85-91. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2012.03.014
  • Schmutz, M., Carron, P.-N., Yersin, B., & Trueb, L. (2018). Mushroom poisoning: a retrospective study concerning 11-years of admissions in a Swiss Emergency Department. Internal and Emergency Medicine, 13(1), 59-67. doi: 10.1007/s11739-016-1585-5
  • Smith, M. R., & Davis, R. L. (2016). Mycetismus: a review. Gastroenterology Report (Oxf), 4(2), 107-112. doi: 10.1093/gastro/gov062
  • Vetter, J. (1998). Toxins of Amanita phalloides. Toxicon, 36(1), 13-24. doi: 10.1016/s0041-0101(97)00074-3
  • Ward, J., Kapadia, K., Brush, E., & Salhanick, S. D. (2013). Amatoxin poisoning: case reports and review of current therapies. Journal of Emergency Medicine, 44(1), 116-121. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2012.02.020
  • Wong, J., & Ng, T. (2006). Toxins from basidiomycete fungi (mushroom): amatoxins, phallotoxins, and virotoxins Handbook of Biologically Active Peptides (pp. 131-135): Elsevier.
  • Ye, Y., & Liu, Z. (2018). Management of Amanita phalloides poisoning: A literature review and update. Journal of Critical Care, 46, 17-22. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2018.03.028
  • Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., Peng, Z., Maberry, D., Feng, X., Bian, P., . . . Qin, C. (2014). Experience of Treatments of Amanita phalloides-Induced Fulminant Liver Failure with Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System and Therapeutic Plasma Exchange. American Society for Artificial Internal Organs Journal, 60(4), 407-412. doi: 10.1097/mat.0000000000000083
  • Zhang, P., Tang, L.-P., Cai, Q., & Xu, J.-P. (2015). A review on the diversity, phylogeography and population genetics of Amanita mushrooms. Mycology, 6(2), 86-93. doi: 10.1080/21501203.2015.1042536
  • Zuker-Herman, R., Tong, R., & Wong, A. (2021). Intravenous rifampicin use in the management of amanita phalloides toxicity. Clinical Toxicology, 59(9), 843-845. doi: 10.1080/15563650.2021.1887492
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Klinik Tıp Bilimleri
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Fatih Sezer 0000-0002-6035-9475

Sevil Özger İlhan 0000-0003-2805-5145

Yayımlanma Tarihi 10 Eylül 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Sezer, F., & Özger İlhan, S. (2021). Amanita phalloides Poisoning and Treatment Approaches. Journal of Gazi University Health Sciences Institute, 3(2), 70-79.