Determination of Causality in Carbon Emission with respect to Economic Growth and Education
Yıl 2017,
Cilt: 30 Sayı: 3, 161 - 179, 20.09.2017
A. Sevtap Selcuk-kestel
,
K. Demirberk Unlu
Öz
This paper investigates
the association between the level of carbon emission (CO2), economic growth and scholarly education
levels in selected countries using multivariate time series approach. It
considers the impact of GDP and education enrollment, as a proxy of human
capital, on the level of CO2
for
the countries classified according to their economic developments and regional
distribution. The analyses are assessed in three different cases two of which
consider the structural breaks for certain periods. The paper enables policy
makers to consider the influence of education level and GDP in CO2 issues.
Kaynakça
- 1. Asteriou, D. and Agiomirgianakis, G. M., “Human capital and economic growth: Time series evidence from Greece”, Journal of Policy Modeling, 23, 481-489, (2001).
- 2 Ang, J. B. “CO2 emissions, energy consumption, and output in France”, Energy Policy, 35(10), 4772-4778, (2007).
- 3 Ángel Tarancón, M. A., Del Río, P. “CO2 emissions and intersectoral linkages”, The case of Spain, Energy Policy, 35(2), 1100-1116, (2007)..
- 4. Chang, C. C., “A multivariate causality test of carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in China”, Applied Energy, 87(11), 3533-3537, (2010)..
- 5. Chen, B. and Feng, Y., “Determinants of economic growth in China: Private enterprise, education, and openness”, China Economic Review, 11, 1 -15, (2000).
- 6. European Environment Agency (EEA), Available at: http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/data-viewers, (Accessed: (December, 2016).
- 7. Engle, R. F. and Granger C. W. J., “Contegration and error correction: representation, estimation and testing, Econometrica”, 55, 55-63, (1987).
- 8. Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A., “Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root”, Journal of the American statistical association, 74(366a), 427-431, (1979).
- 9. Galeotti, M. and Lanza A., “Richer and cleaner? A study on carbon dioxide emissions developing countries”, Energy Policy, 27(10), 565-573, (1999).
- 10. Giles, D. E. and Godwin, R. T., “Testing for multivariate cointegration in the presence of structural breaks: p-values and critical values”, Applied Economics Letters, 19, 1561-1565, (2012).
- 11. Glewwe, P. and Jacoby, H. G., “Economic growth and the demand for education: Is there a wealth effect? Journal of Development Economics, 74, 33-51, (2004).
- 12. Granger, C. W. J., “Causality cointegration, and control”, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12, 551-559, (1988).
- 13. Halicioglu, F., “An econometric study of CO2 emissions, energy consumption, income and foreign trade in Turkey”, Energy Policy, 37, 1156-1164, (2009).
- 14. Heil, M. T. and Selden, T. M.,“ Panel stationarity with structural breaks: Carbon emissions and GDP”, Applied Economics Letters, 6(4), 223-225, (2010).
- 15 Hertwich, E.G. and Peter, G. P., “Carbon Footprint of Nations: A Global, Trade-Linked Analysis, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43 (16), 6414–6420, (2009).
- 16 Hossain, Md. S., “Panel estimation for CO2 emissions, energy consumption, economic growth, trade openness and urbanization of newly industrialized countries”, Energy Policy, 39(11), 6991-6999, (2011).
- 17. Johansen, S. and Juselius, K.,“Maximum likelihood estimation and inference on cointegration with applications to the demand for money”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52, 169-210, (1990).
- 18. Juselis, K., The cointegrated VAR model, Oxford University Press, Oxford, (2006).
- 19. Kirchgassner, G. and Wolters, J., Introduction to Modern Time Series Analysis. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, (2012).
- 20. Kwiatkowski, D., Phillips, P. C., Schmidt, P., & Shin, Y., “Testing the null hypothesis of stationarity against the alternative of a unit root: How sure are we that economic time series have a unit root?” Journal of Econometrics, 54(1-3), 159-178, (1992).
- 21. Lin, T. C. (2003). Education, technical progress, and economic growth: the case of Taiwan, Economics of Education Review, 22, 213-220.
- 22. McMahon, W. W., “Education and growth in East Asia”, Economics of Education Review, 17(2), 169-172, (1997).
- 23. Meulemeester, D. J. L. and Rochat, D., “A causality analysis of the link between higher education and economic development”, Economics of Education Review, 14(4), 351-361, (1995).
- 24. Oketch, M. O., “Determinants of human capital formation and economic growth of African countries,” Economics of Education Review, 25, 554-564, (2006).
- 25. Pereira, J. and Aubuyn M. S., “What level of education matters most for growth? Evidence from Portugal”, Economics of Education Review, 28, 67-73, (2007).
- 26. Perron, P., “Further evidence on breaking trend functions in macroeconomic variables”, Journal of Econometrics, 80, 355-385, (1997).
- 27. Petrakis, P. E. and Stamatakis, D., “Growth and educational levels: a comparative analysis”, Economics of Education Review, 21, 513-521, (2002).
- 28 Peter, G. P., Weber, C.L., Guan, D., Hubacek, K., “China's Growing CO2 Emissions:A Race between Increasing Consumption and Efficiency Gains”, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41 (17), 5939–5944, (2007).
- 29. Phillips, P. C., & Perron, P., “Testing for a unit root in time series regression”, Biometrika, 335-346, (1988).
- 30. Sari, R. and Soytas, U., “Income and education in Turkey: A multivariate analysis”, Education Economics, 14(2), 181-196, (2006).
- 31. Self, S. and Grabowski, R., “Education and long-run development in Japan”, Journal of Asian Economics, 14, 565- 580, (2003).
- 32. Self, S. and Grabowski, R., “Does education at all levels cause growth? India, a case study”, Economics of Education Review, 23, 47-55, (2004).
- 33 Sharma, S. S., “Determinants of carbon dioxide emissions: Empirical evidence from 69 countries”, Applied Energy, 88(1), pp. 376-382, (2011).
- 34. Soytas, U. and Sari, R., “Energy consumption, economic growth, and carbon emissions: Challenges faced by an EU candidate member”, Ecological Economics, 68(6), 1667-1675, (2009).
- 35. Tucker, M., “Carbon dioxide emissions and global GDP”, Ecological Economics, 15(3), 215-223, (1995).
- 36. Turkish Statistics Institute (TUIK), Available at: www.tuik.gov.tr (Accessed: December, 2016).
- 37. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Available at: www.unfccc.int (Accessed: (December, 2016)).
- 38. World Bank Statistics Service (data resource). Available at: http://data.worldbank.org/ (Accessed: (December, 2016).
- 39. Zivot, E. and Andrews, D. W. K., “Further evidence on the great crash, the oil price shock, and the unit root hypothesis”, Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 10, 251-270, (1992).
Yıl 2017,
Cilt: 30 Sayı: 3, 161 - 179, 20.09.2017
A. Sevtap Selcuk-kestel
,
K. Demirberk Unlu
Kaynakça
- 1. Asteriou, D. and Agiomirgianakis, G. M., “Human capital and economic growth: Time series evidence from Greece”, Journal of Policy Modeling, 23, 481-489, (2001).
- 2 Ang, J. B. “CO2 emissions, energy consumption, and output in France”, Energy Policy, 35(10), 4772-4778, (2007).
- 3 Ángel Tarancón, M. A., Del Río, P. “CO2 emissions and intersectoral linkages”, The case of Spain, Energy Policy, 35(2), 1100-1116, (2007)..
- 4. Chang, C. C., “A multivariate causality test of carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in China”, Applied Energy, 87(11), 3533-3537, (2010)..
- 5. Chen, B. and Feng, Y., “Determinants of economic growth in China: Private enterprise, education, and openness”, China Economic Review, 11, 1 -15, (2000).
- 6. European Environment Agency (EEA), Available at: http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/data-viewers, (Accessed: (December, 2016).
- 7. Engle, R. F. and Granger C. W. J., “Contegration and error correction: representation, estimation and testing, Econometrica”, 55, 55-63, (1987).
- 8. Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A., “Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root”, Journal of the American statistical association, 74(366a), 427-431, (1979).
- 9. Galeotti, M. and Lanza A., “Richer and cleaner? A study on carbon dioxide emissions developing countries”, Energy Policy, 27(10), 565-573, (1999).
- 10. Giles, D. E. and Godwin, R. T., “Testing for multivariate cointegration in the presence of structural breaks: p-values and critical values”, Applied Economics Letters, 19, 1561-1565, (2012).
- 11. Glewwe, P. and Jacoby, H. G., “Economic growth and the demand for education: Is there a wealth effect? Journal of Development Economics, 74, 33-51, (2004).
- 12. Granger, C. W. J., “Causality cointegration, and control”, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12, 551-559, (1988).
- 13. Halicioglu, F., “An econometric study of CO2 emissions, energy consumption, income and foreign trade in Turkey”, Energy Policy, 37, 1156-1164, (2009).
- 14. Heil, M. T. and Selden, T. M.,“ Panel stationarity with structural breaks: Carbon emissions and GDP”, Applied Economics Letters, 6(4), 223-225, (2010).
- 15 Hertwich, E.G. and Peter, G. P., “Carbon Footprint of Nations: A Global, Trade-Linked Analysis, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43 (16), 6414–6420, (2009).
- 16 Hossain, Md. S., “Panel estimation for CO2 emissions, energy consumption, economic growth, trade openness and urbanization of newly industrialized countries”, Energy Policy, 39(11), 6991-6999, (2011).
- 17. Johansen, S. and Juselius, K.,“Maximum likelihood estimation and inference on cointegration with applications to the demand for money”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52, 169-210, (1990).
- 18. Juselis, K., The cointegrated VAR model, Oxford University Press, Oxford, (2006).
- 19. Kirchgassner, G. and Wolters, J., Introduction to Modern Time Series Analysis. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, (2012).
- 20. Kwiatkowski, D., Phillips, P. C., Schmidt, P., & Shin, Y., “Testing the null hypothesis of stationarity against the alternative of a unit root: How sure are we that economic time series have a unit root?” Journal of Econometrics, 54(1-3), 159-178, (1992).
- 21. Lin, T. C. (2003). Education, technical progress, and economic growth: the case of Taiwan, Economics of Education Review, 22, 213-220.
- 22. McMahon, W. W., “Education and growth in East Asia”, Economics of Education Review, 17(2), 169-172, (1997).
- 23. Meulemeester, D. J. L. and Rochat, D., “A causality analysis of the link between higher education and economic development”, Economics of Education Review, 14(4), 351-361, (1995).
- 24. Oketch, M. O., “Determinants of human capital formation and economic growth of African countries,” Economics of Education Review, 25, 554-564, (2006).
- 25. Pereira, J. and Aubuyn M. S., “What level of education matters most for growth? Evidence from Portugal”, Economics of Education Review, 28, 67-73, (2007).
- 26. Perron, P., “Further evidence on breaking trend functions in macroeconomic variables”, Journal of Econometrics, 80, 355-385, (1997).
- 27. Petrakis, P. E. and Stamatakis, D., “Growth and educational levels: a comparative analysis”, Economics of Education Review, 21, 513-521, (2002).
- 28 Peter, G. P., Weber, C.L., Guan, D., Hubacek, K., “China's Growing CO2 Emissions:A Race between Increasing Consumption and Efficiency Gains”, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41 (17), 5939–5944, (2007).
- 29. Phillips, P. C., & Perron, P., “Testing for a unit root in time series regression”, Biometrika, 335-346, (1988).
- 30. Sari, R. and Soytas, U., “Income and education in Turkey: A multivariate analysis”, Education Economics, 14(2), 181-196, (2006).
- 31. Self, S. and Grabowski, R., “Education and long-run development in Japan”, Journal of Asian Economics, 14, 565- 580, (2003).
- 32. Self, S. and Grabowski, R., “Does education at all levels cause growth? India, a case study”, Economics of Education Review, 23, 47-55, (2004).
- 33 Sharma, S. S., “Determinants of carbon dioxide emissions: Empirical evidence from 69 countries”, Applied Energy, 88(1), pp. 376-382, (2011).
- 34. Soytas, U. and Sari, R., “Energy consumption, economic growth, and carbon emissions: Challenges faced by an EU candidate member”, Ecological Economics, 68(6), 1667-1675, (2009).
- 35. Tucker, M., “Carbon dioxide emissions and global GDP”, Ecological Economics, 15(3), 215-223, (1995).
- 36. Turkish Statistics Institute (TUIK), Available at: www.tuik.gov.tr (Accessed: December, 2016).
- 37. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Available at: www.unfccc.int (Accessed: (December, 2016)).
- 38. World Bank Statistics Service (data resource). Available at: http://data.worldbank.org/ (Accessed: (December, 2016).
- 39. Zivot, E. and Andrews, D. W. K., “Further evidence on the great crash, the oil price shock, and the unit root hypothesis”, Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 10, 251-270, (1992).