Geochemical and Mineralogical Differentiation of Tepekent Basalts: A Multivariate Analysis Approach (NW of Konya-Central Anatolia)

Abstract

This study investigates the mineralogical, petrographic, and geochemical characteristics of Miocene-aged basaltic rocks from the Tepekent region to distinguish and correlate them with other members of the Sulutus Volcanic Complex (SVC), particularly the Ulumuhsine and Yükselen basalts. Advanced geostatistical methods such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP), and k-medoids clustering analysis were applied to correlate the basaltic lava flows. While some overlaps were identified in whole-rock compositions, significant differences were observed in the mineral chemistry. The investigated basalts are primarily composed of plagioclase, with lesser amounts of olivine, pyroxene, and Fe-Ti oxides. Clinopyroxenes from the Tepekent basalts exhibit oscillatory zoning in MgO, CaO, Cr2O3, and TiO2 contents, indicating magma recharge from a more mafic mantle source. Olivine phenocrysts show disequilibrium with their host magma but are in equilibrium with the most mafic Ulumuhsine basalt, suggesting they were derived from earlier solidified phases and subsequently incorporated into the system during magma ascent or convective processes within the magma chamber. Irregular An fluctuations and sieve textures in plagioclase crystals further support the presence of magma replenishment processes. Although isotopic data are indispensable in provenance studies to definitively identify magma sources and establish genetic relationships in greater detail, this study demonstrates how mineral chemistry and geostatistical analyses can effectively differentiate basaltic lava flows and elucidate complex magma chamber processes. The findings highlight the interplay between crustal contamination, mantle-derived magma replenishment, and multi-stage magmatic evolution, providing valuable insights into the volcanic history of Central Anatolia.

Keywords

• Basalt
• olivine
• PCA
• Pyroxene
• Replenishment
• UMAP

References

1. Asan, K., Kurt, H., Gündüz, M., Gençoğlu Korkmaz, G., & Morgan, G. (2021) Geology, geochronology, and geochemistry of the Miocene Sulutas volcanic complex, Konya-Central Anatolia: genesis of orogenic and anorogenic rock associations in an extensional geodynamic setting. International Geology Review, 1-32.
2. Aydar, E., & Gourgaud, A. (1998) The geology of Mount Hasan stratovolcano, central Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 85, 129-152.
3. Becht, E., McInnes, L., Healy, J., Dutertre, C.-A., Kwok, I.W., Ng, L.G., Ginhoux, F., & Newell, E.W. (2019) Dimensionality reduction for visualizing single-cell data using UMAP. Nature biotechnology 37, 38-44.
4. Best, M.G. (2003) Igneous and metamorphic petrology, 2 ed. John Wiley & Sons.
5. Biryol, C.B., Beck, S.L., Zandt, G., & Özacar, A.A. (2011) Segmented African lithosphere beneath the Anatolian region inferred from teleseismic P-wave tomography. Geophysical Journal International 184, 1037-1057.
6. Carr, M. (1990) IGPET 3.0. Unpublished manual.—Terra Sofia, Somerset, New Jersey.
7. Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., & Zussman, J. (1963) Rock-forming Minerals: Vol. 4: Framework Silicates. Longman.
8. Delph, J.R., Biryol, C.B., Beck, S.L., Zandt, G., & Ward, K.M. (2015) Shear wave velocity structure of the Anatolian Plate: anomalously slow crust in southwestern Turkey. Geophysical Journal International 202, 261-276.

9. Demšar, U., Harris, P., Brunsdon, C., Fotheringham, A.S., & McLoone, S. (2013) Principal component analysis on spatial data: an overview. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 103, 106-128.
10. Deniel, C., Aydar, E., & Gourgaud, A. (1998) The Hasan Dagi stratovolcano Central Anatolia, Turkey evolution from calc-alkaline to alkaline magmatism in a collision zone. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 87 275-302.
11. Deniz, K., & Kadıoğlu, Y.K. (2019) Investigation of feldspar raw material potential of alkali feldspar granites and alkali feldspar syenites within Central Anatolia. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi 158, 265-289.
12. Eryiğit, B., Kurt, H., Asan, K., & Korkmaz, G.G. (2022) Petrography, Geochemistry, and Petrology of Volcanic Rocks in the Tepekent Region (Konya-Central Anatolia). Konya Journal of Engineering Sciences 10, 1002-1018.
13. Gençoğlu Korkmaz, G. (2019) The Origin of the Enclaves in Emirgazi (Konya) and its Surrounding Volcanites and Their Petrological Importance in the Genesis of the Regional Volcanism Konya Technical University Graduate Education Institute. Konya Technical University (in Turkish), p. 321.
14. Gençoğlu Korkmaz, G., Asan, K., Kurt, H., & Morgan, G. (2017) 40Ar/39Ar geochronology, elemental and Sr-Nd-Pb isotope geochemistry of the Neogene bimodal volcanism in the Yükselen area, NW Konya (Central Anatolia, Turkey). Journal of African Earth Sciences 129, 427-444.
15. Gencoglu Korkmaz, G., & Kurt, H. (2024) Complex Magma Chamber Dynamics and Volcanic Activity in the Karapınar Volcanic Field: Insights from Mineral and Whole-Rock Chemistry – A Review, in: Dr. Károly, N. (Ed.), A Comprehensive Study of Volcanic Phenomena. IntechOpen, Rijeka, p. Ch. 0.
16. Gençoğlu Korkmaz, G., & Kurt, H. (2021) Interpretation of the Magma Chamber Processes with the help of Textural Stratigraphy of the Plagioclases (Konya-Central Anatolia). European Journal of Science and Technology, 222-237.
17. Gencoglu Korkmaz, G., Kurt, H., & Asan, K. (2019) Origin Of Olivines From The Karapınar-Karacadağ Volcanic Complex (Central Anatolia), in: KALIPCI, A.P.D.E. (Ed.), 4. International Conference on Civil, Environmental, Geology and Mining Engineering, Nevşehir, pp. 269-275.
18. Gencoğlu Korkmaz, G., Kurt, H., Asan, K., & Leybourne, M. (2022) Ar-Ar Geochronology and Sr-Nd-Pb-O Isotopic Systematics of the Post-collisional Volcanic Rocks from the Karapinar-Karacadag Area (Central Anatolia, Turkey): An Alternative Model for Orogenic Geochemical Signature in Sodic Alkali Basalts. Journal of Geosciences 67, 53-69.
19. Ginibre, C., & Wörner, G. (2007) Variable parent magmas and recharge regimes of the Parinacota magma system (N. Chile) revealed by Fe, Mg and Sr zoning in plagioclase. Lithos 98, 118-140.
20. Irvine, T., & Baragar, W.R.A. (1971) A Guide to the Chemical Classification of the Common Volcanic Rocks. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 8, 523-548.
21. Jolliffe, I.T. (2002) Principal component analysis for special types of data. Springer.
22. Lindsley, D.H., & Andersen, D.J. (1983) A two‐pyroxene thermometer. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 88, A887-A906.
23. Lowe, D.J. (2011) Tephrochronology and its application: a review. Quaternary Geochronology 6, 107-153.
24. Matzen, A.K., Baker, M.B., Beckett, J.R., & Stolper, E.M. (2011) Fe–Mg partitioning between olivine and high-magnesian melts and the nature of Hawaiian parental liquids. Journal of Petrology 52, 1243-1263.
25. Mazzarini, F., Le Corvec, N., Isola, I., & Favalli, M. (2016) Volcanic field elongation, vent distribution, and tectonic evolution of a continental rift: The Main Ethiopian Rift example. Geosphere 12, 706-720.
26. McInnes, L., Healy, J., & Melville, J. (2018) Umap: Uniform manifold approximation and projection for dimension reduction. arXiv preprint arXiv:1802.03426.
27. Morimoto, N., Fabries, J., Ferguson, A.K., Ginzburg, I.V., Ross, M., Seifert, F.A., Zussman, J., Aoki, K., & Gottardi, G. (1988) Nomenclature of pyroxenes. American Mineralogist 73, 1123-1133.
28. Neave, D.A., & Putirka, K.D. (2017) A new clinopyroxene-liquid barometer, and implications for magma storage pressures under Icelandic rift zones. American Mineralogist 102, 777-794.
29. Pearce, J.A. (1983) Role of the sub-continental lithosphere in magma genesis at active continental margin. Continental Basalts and Mantle Xenoliths, 230-249.
30. Pearce, J.A. (2008) Geochemical fingerprinting of oceanic basalts with applications to ophiolite classification and the search for Archean oceanic crust. Lithos 100, 14-48.
31. Pecerillo, A. (2005) Plio-Quaternary Volcanism in Italy: Petrology, Geochemistry, Geodynamics. . 370.
32. Petrelli, M. (2021) Introduction to python in earth science data analysis: from descriptive statistics to machine learning. Springer Nature.
33. Prima, O.D.A., & Yoshida, T. (2010) Characterization of volcanic geomorphology and geology by slope and topographic openness. Geomorphology 118, 22-32.
34. Putirka, K.D. (2008a) Clinopyroxene thermobarometers.
35. Putirka, K.D. (2008b) Thermometers and Barometers for Volcanic Systems. Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry 69, 61-120.
36. Putirka, K.D. (2016) Special Collection: Olivine: Rates and styles of planetary cooling on Earth, Moon, Mars, and Vesta, using new models for oxygen fugacity, ferric-ferrous ratios, olivine-liquid Fe-Mg exchange, and mantle potential temperature. American Mineralogist 101, 819-840.
37. Ren, J., Hua, K., & Cao, Y. (2022) Global optimal k-medoids clustering of one million samples. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 35, 982-994.
38. Şengör, A.C. (1979) Mid-Mesozoic closure of Permo–Triassic Tethys and its implications. Nature 279, 590-593.
39. Şengör, A.M.C., & Yılmaz, Y. (1981) Tethyan evolution of Turkey: A plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics 75, 181-241.
40. Streck, M.J., Dungan, M.A., Malavassi, E., Reagan, M.K., & Bussy, F. (2002) The role of basalt replenishment in the generation of basaltic andesites of the ongoing activity at Arenal volcano, Costa Rica: evidence from clinopyroxene and spinel. Bulletin of Volcanology 64, 316-327.
41. Streck, M.J., Dungan, M.A., Bussy, F., & Malavassi, E. (2005) Mineral inventory of continuously erupting basaltic andesites at Arenal volcano, Costa Rica: implications for interpreting monotonous, crystal-rich, mafic arc stratigraphies. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 140, 133-155.
42. Streck, M.J. (2008) Mineral Textures and Zoning as Evidence for Open System Processes. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 69, 595-622.
43. Sun, S., & McDonough, W. (1989) Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 42, 313-345.
44. Thompson, R.N., & Gibson, S.A. (2000) Transient high temperatures in mantle plume heads inferred from magnesian olivines in Phanerozoic picrites. Nature 407, 502.
45. Ubide, T., Galé, C., Arranz, E., Lago, M., & Larrea, P. (2014a) Clinopyroxene and amphibole crystal populations in a lamprophyre sill from the Catalonian Coastal Ranges (NE Spain): A record of magma history and a window to mineral-melt partitioning. Lithos 184-187, 225-242.
46. Ubide, T., Galé, C., Larrea, P., Arranz, E., & Lago, M. (2014b) Antecrysts and their effect on rock compositions: The Cretaceous lamprophyre suite in the Catalonian Coastal Ranges (NE Spain). Lithos 206-207, 214-233.
47. Ubide, T., Galé, C., Larrea, P., Arranz, E., Lago, M., & Tierz, P. (2014c) The Relevance of Crystal Transfer to Magma Mixing: a Case Study in Composite Dykes from the Central Pyrenees. Journal of Petrology 55, 1535-1559.
48. Uslular, G., & Gençalioğlu-Kuşcu, G. (2019) Mantle source heterogeneity in monogenetic basaltic systems: A case study of Eğrikuyu monogenetic field (Central Anatolia, Turkey). Geosphere 15, 29.
49. Uslular, G., Le Corvec, N., Mazzarini, F., Legrand, D., & Gençalioğlu-Kuşcu, G. (2021) Morphological and multivariate statistical analysis of quaternary monogenetic vents in the Central Anatolian Volcanic Province (Turkey): Implications for the volcano-tectonic evolution. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 107280.
50. Van Hinsbergen, D.J., Maffione, M., Plunder, A., Kaymakcı, N., Ganerød, M., Hendriks, B.W., Corfu, F., Gürer, D., de Gelder, G.I., & Peters, K. (2016) Tectonic evolution and paleogeography of the Kırşehir Block and the Central Anatolian Ophiolites, Turkey. Tectonics 35, 983-1014.
51. Weaver, B.L. (1991) Trace element evidence for the origin of ocean-island basalts. Geology 19, 123-126.
52. Whitney, D.L., & Evans, B.W. (2009) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist 95, 185-187.
53. Wood, D.A. (1980) The application of a ThHfTa diagram to problems of tectonomagmatic classification and to establishing the nature of crustal contamination of basaltic lavas of the British Tertiary Volcanic Province. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 50, 11-30.
54. Yavuz, F. (2013) WinPyrox: A Windows program for pyroxene calculation classification and thermobarometry†. American Mineralogist 98, 1338-1359.
55. Yavuz, F., & Yıldırım, D.K. (2018) A Windows program for pyroxene-liquid thermobarometry. Periodico di Mineralogia 87.
56. Yousif, S., & Yan, W. (2021) Application and evaluation of a K-Medoids-based shape clustering method for an articulated design space. Journal of Computational Design and Engineering 8, 935-948.