gusbid Gümüşhane University Journal of Social Sciences 1309-7423 1309-7423 Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Attitudes Toward Peace: The Role of Personality Traits, Perspective Taking and Gender Barışa Yönelik Tutumlar: Kişilik Özelliklerinin, Perspektif Almanın ve Cinsiyetin Rolü https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3087-4599 İçin Ayşe Gül GİRESUN ÜNİVERSİTESİ 10 17 2022 13 3 887 898 10 27 2021 08 17 2022 Copyright © 2010, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 2010 Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between university students' attitudes toward peace, and their level of perspective taking, gender, and personality traits. It also aimed to determine to what extent these variables predict attitudes toward peace. The research was conducted in predictive correlational research model from quantitative methods. 326 university students participated in the study and data was collected in December 2018. Instruments included Demographical Information Form, Big Five Personality Test, Interpersonal Reactivity Index, and Attitudes Toward War and Peace Scale. Results showed that peace attitudes were positively correlated with perspective taking. Attitudes toward peace have differentiated significantly in terms of gender resulting in females having more positive attitudes than males. In addition, agreeableness, openness, and conscientiousness were significantly and positively found to correlate with attitudes toward peace. Future studies should consider examining peace attitudes based on ethnic groups in conflict and non-conflict settings. Promoting perspective taking strategies also seems to be a promising direction for peace psychology research.

Bu çalışma üniversite öğrencilerinin barışa yönelik tutumları ile cinsiyetleri, kişilik özellikleri ve bakış açısı alma düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkiyi ve bu değişkenlerin barışa yönelik tutumları ne düzeyde yordadığını araştırmaktadır. Araştırma, nicel yöntemlerden biri olan yordayıcı ilişkisel araştırma modelinde yürütülmüştür. Araştırmaya 326 üniversite öğrencisi katılmış ve veriler Aralık 2018’de toplanmıştır. Ölçme araçları Demografik Bilgi Formu, Beş Faktör Kişilik Testi, Kişilerarası Reaktivite Indeksi ve Savaş ve Barışa Yönelik Tutumlar Ölçeğinden oluşmaktadır. Sonuçlar, barışa yönelik tutumların bakış açısı alma düzeyi ile pozitif yönde ilişkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Barışa yönelik tutumların cinsiyete göre anlamlı şekilde farklılaştığı, kadınların barışa yönelik tutumlarının erkeklerden daha olumlu olduğu saptanmıştır. Ek olarak, yumuşak başlılık, deneyime açıklık ve özdenetim ile barışa yönelik tutumlar arasında anlamlı bir ilişkili olduğu görülmüştür. Gelecekteki çalışmalar, çatışma ortamlarında ve çatışma dışı ortamlarda etnik gruplara dayalı barış tutumlarını incelemeyi göz önünde bulundurmalıdır. Bakış açısı alma stratejilerini desteklemek, barış psikolojisi araştırmaları için umut verici bir alan olarak gözükmektedir.

 attitudes toward peace perspective taking gender big five personality traits barışa yönelik tutumlar bakış açısı alma kişilik özellikleri beş faktör cinsiyet Bacanlı, H., İlhan, T., & Aslan, S. (2009). Beş Faktör Kuramına Dayalı Bir Kişilik Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi: Sıfatlara Dayalı Kişilik Testi (Sdkt). Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 7 (2), 261-279. Bizumic, B., Stubager, R., Mellon, S., Linden, N., Iyer, R., & Jones, B. (2013). On the (in)compatibility of attitudes toward peace and war. Political Psychology, 34 (5), 673-693. Cairns, E., & Darby, J. (1998). The conflict in Northern Ireland: Causes, cocnsequences, and controls. American Psychologist, 53 (7), 754-760. Christie. D. J. (2001). Peace, conflict and violence. In Christie, Wagner and Winter (Ed.), Peace building: approaches to social justice (pp. 277-281). Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Christie, D. J., Tint, B. S., Wagner, R. V. & Winter, D. D. (2008). Peace psychology for a peaceful world. American Psychologist, 63 (6), 540. Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2007). Personality and individual differences. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell. Davis, M. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44 (1), 113-126. Demir, S. (2011). "An overview of peace education in Turkey: Definitions, difficulties, and suggestions: A qualitative analysis." Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 11 (4), 1739-1745. Deveci, H., Yilmaz, F., & Karadag, R. (2008). Pre-service teachers' perceptions of peace education. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 30, 63-80. Duckitt, J., & Sibley, C. G. (2010). Personality, ideology, prejudice, and politics: A dual pro- cess motivational model. Journal of Personality, 78, 1861–18. Engeler, A., & Yargıç, İ. (2007). Interpersonal reactivity index: Multidimensional measurement of empathy. Yeni Sempozyum Dergisi, 45 (3):119-127. Eryılmaz, A. (2009). Investigating the peace attitudes with respect to self-esteem and gender. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12 (21): 23-31. Eryılmaz, A. (2014) Relationship of peace attitudes with personality traits, gender and age groups. Dusunen Adam: The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 27, 138-146. Funder, D.C. (2008). Persons, situations, and person-situation interactions. In O.P. John, R.W. Robins, & L.A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research (3rd ed., pp. 568–580). New York: Guilford. Galinsky, A.D., & Moskowitz, G.B. (2000). Perspective-taking: Decreasing stereotype expression, stereotype accessibility, and in-group favoritism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78 (4), 708–724. Galinsky, A.D., Maddux, W.W., Gilin, D., & White, J.B. (2008). Why it pays to get inside the head of your opponent - The differential effects of perspective taking and empathy in negotiations. Psychological Science, 19 (4), 378–384. Galinsky, A.D., Wang, C.S., & Ku, G. (2008). Perspective-takers behave more stereotypically. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95 (2), 404–419. Galtung, J. (1969). Violence, peace, and peace research. Journal of Peace Research, 6 (3), 167–191. Glass, R., Prichard, J., Lafortune, A., & Schwab, N. (2013). The Influence of personality and facebook use on student academic performance. Issues in Information Systems, 14 (2), 119-126. Güler, E. (2014). Attitudes toward peace: An examination of Terror Management Theory and Some Socio-political Variables. Unpublished Master Thesis, Ankara University, Ankara. Goldberg, L. R. (1990). An alternative "description of personality": The Big-Five factor structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59 (6), 1216-1229. Graziano, W. G., & Tobin, R. M. (2009). Agreeableness. In M. R. Leary & R. H. Hoyle (Eds.), Handbook of individual differences in social behavior (pp. 46-61). New York, NY, US: Guilford Press. Ha, S. (2013). Personality Traits and South Koreans' Attitudes Toward North Korea. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 7. Hall, J. A. (1984). Nonverbal sex differences: communication accuracy and expressive style. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Harris, I. (2004). Peace education theory. Journal of Peace Education, 1 (1), 5-20. Heaven, P. C. L., & Connors, J. R. (2001). A note on the value correlates of social dominance orientation and right-wing authoritarianism. Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 925–930. Heaven, P. C. L., Organ, L.-A., Supavadeeprasit, S., & Leeson, P. (2006). War and prejudice: A study of social values, right-wing authoritarianism, and social dominance orientation. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 599–608. Hodges, S. D., Clark, B. A.M., & Myers, M. W. (2011). Better living through perspective taking. In R. Biswas-Diener (Ed.), Positive psychology as social change (pp. 193-218). New York, NY, US: Springer Science + Business Media. Horzum, M. B., Ayas, T., & Padır, M. A. (2017). Beş Faktör Kişilik Ölçeğinin Türk Kültürüne Uyarlanması. Sakarya University Journal of Education, 7 (2), 398-408. Karasu, M., Solak, Ç., Tuzkaya, F., Peker-Dural, H., Soylu, E., Mehmetoğlu, E. & Göregenli, M. (2016) Retinking Peace: Obstacles and Opportunities. 1st International Conference in Contemporary Social Sciences Crisis and the Social Sciences: New Challenges and Perspectives Proceedings. At: University of Crete / Rethymno / Crete. Levant, R., Smalley, K., Aupont, M., House, A., Richmond, K., & Noronha, D. (2007). Initial validation of the male role norms inventory-revised (MRNI- R). The Journal of Men’s Studies, 15 (1), 83–100. Lippa, R. A. (2005). Gender, nature and nurture. Routledge. Lueptow, L.B. (1984). Adolescent sex roles and social change. New York: Columbia University Press. Lueptow, L.B. & Garovich, L. (1995). The Persistence of Gender Stereotypes in the Face of Changing Sex Roles: Evidence Contrary to the Sociocultural Model. Ethology and Sociobiology, 16, 509-530. MacNair, R. M. (2015). Causing trauma as a form of trauma. Peace and Conflict Journal of Peace Psychology, 21 (3), 313-321. McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. (1989). The Structure of Interpersonal Traits: Wiggins's Circumplex and the Five-Factor Model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56 (4), 586-95. Mills, J., Robey, D., & Smith, L. (1985). Conflict-Handling and Personality Dimensions of Project-Management Personnel. Psychological Reports, 57 (3), 1135–1143. Okumuşoğlu, S. (2017). The relationship of attitudes towards peace with attitudes towards war, social dominance orientation and gender. Ulakbilge, 5 (17), 1821-1833. Prentice, D. A., & Carranza, E. (2002). What women and men should be, shouldn’t be, are allowed to be, and don’t have to be: The contents of prescriptive gender stereotypes. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26 (4), 269–281. Rammstedt, B., & John, O. P. (2007). Measuring personality in one minute or less: A 10-item short version of the Big Five Inventory in English and German. Journal of Research in Personality, 41 (1), 203-212. Rubin, J. Z., & Brown, B. R. (1975). The Social psychology of bargaining and negotiation. New York: Academic Press. Sarı, T., & Kermen, U. (2015). Subjective well-being as a predictor of peace attitudes in adolescents. International Journal of Human Sciences, 12 (2), 532-546. Sibley, C. G., & Duckitt, J. (2008). Personality and prejudice: A meta-analysis and theoretical review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3, 248–279. Somer, O. (1998). Beş faktör kişilik modeli. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 1, 35-62. Suffla, S. & Seedat. M. (2001). The role of political leadership and organised psychology in South African reconciliation: echoes of accommodation and dissent. Institute for Social and Health Sciences Monograph Series, 2 (2), 321. Suffla, S., Van Niekerk, A. (Eds.) & N. Duncan (Consulting Ed.) (2004). Crime, violence and injury prevention in South Africa: developments and challenges. Tygerberg: MRC-UNISA Crime, Violence and Injury Lead Programme. Tessler, M., Nachtwey, J., & Grant, A. (1999). Further Tests of the Women and Peace Hypothesis: Evidence from Cross-National Survey Research in the Middle East. International Studies Quarterly, 43 (3), 519-531. Thompson, E. H., & Bennett, K. M. (2015). Measurement of masculinity ideologies: A (critical) review. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 16 (2), 1–19. Tibon, S., & Blumberg, H. H. (1999). Authoritarianism and political socialization in the context of the Arab–Israeli conflict. Political Psychology, 20 (3), 581–591. Todd, A., & Galinsky, A. (2014). Perspective‐Taking as a strategy for improving intergroup relations: evidence, mechanisms, and qualifications. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 8 (7), 374-387. Turner, R.N., Dhont, K., Hewstone, M., Prestwich, A. & Vonofakou, C. (2014) The role of personality factors in the reduction of intergroup anxiety and amelioration of outgroup attitudes via intergroup contact. European Journal of Personality, 28(2), 180–192. Van der Linden, N., Bizumic, B., Stubager, R., & Mellon, S. (2011). Social representational correlates of attitudes toward peace and war: A cross-cultural analysis in the United States and Denmark. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 17 (3), 217. Van der Linden, N., & Licata, L. (2012). Social representations of war and peace. In D. J. Christie (Ed.), The encyclopaedia of peace psychology (pp. 1053–1057). London: Wiley-Blackwell. Van de Pieterman, F. G. (2015). The role of perspective taking on prosocial behaviour (Bachelor’s thesis, University of Twente, the Netharlands). Vescio, T.K., Sechrist, G.B., & Paolucci, M.P. (2003). Perspective taking and prejudice reduction: the mediational role of empathy arousal and situational attributions. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33 (4), 455–472. Wagner, R. V. (1988). Distinguishing between positive and negative approaches to peace. Journal of Social Issues, 44 (2), 1-15. Wharton, A. S. (2005). The Sociology of Gender: An Introduction to Theory and Research. John Wiley & Sons. Zeigler-Hill, V., Besser, A. & Marcus, D. (2017). The roles of personality traits and perceived threat in the attitudes of Israelis toward peace with the Palestinians. Personality and Individual Differences, 116, 296-300.