Araştırma Makalesi
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Bölgesel Güvenlik Kompleksi Teorisi Kapsamında Somali ve Afrika Boynuzu’nun Güvenliği; Aktörler, Tehditler ve Riskler

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 36, 873 - 914, 28.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.847722

Öz

Afrika Boynuzu ve Somali; Soğuk Savaş sonrasından günümüze iç savaş, terörizm, deniz haydutluğu, klan/kabile sorunu, kuraklık ve kıtlık gibi konular ile dünya gündemini meşgul etmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı, Bölgesel Güvenlik Kompleksi Teorisi kapsamında uluslararası deniz ticaretinin ana güzergâhlarından Aden Körfezi’ni kontrol eden Somali ve Afrika Boynuzu’ndaki güvenlik sorunlarının sebeplerini, bölge ülkelerinin ve uluslararası aktörlerin sorunlar karşısındaki rollerini incelemektir. Belirli bir coğrafi bölgedeki devletlerin aralarındaki tarihsel dostluk ve düşmanlıktan kaynaklı bölgesel güç dengesini korumaya yönelik faaliyetler sonucu ortaya çıkan bölgesel krizlerin, küresel krizlere evrilme potansiyeli bulunmaktadır. Çalışma, bölgesel sorunlar karşısında, bölgesel ve uluslararası aktörlerin farklı insiyatifler alarak geliştirdikleri kapsamlı güvenlik yaklaşımının anlaşılması açısından önem arz etmektedir. Nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden içerik analizi kullanılarak bölge sorunlarının kaynağının kavramsal ve kuramsal çerçevesinin oluşturulması, son dönemlerde bölgeye daha yakından ilgi göstermeye başlayan Türkiye gibi ülkeler ve uluslararası kuruluşların bölgenin güvenlik sorunlarını doğru tanımlaması, gelecekteki olası tehdit ve risklerin bertaraf edilmesi için gerekli görülmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • ARMAOĞLU, Fahir, 20. Yüzyıl Siyasi Tarihi, Alkım Yayınevi, İstanbul, 2012.
  • BUZAN, Barry, People, States and Fear: The National Security Problem in International Relations, Wheatsheaf Books Ltd., Brighton, Sussex, 1983.
  • BUZAN, Barry and WAEVER, Ole, Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2003.
  • CAMPBELL, Kurt M. et al, The Age of Consequences: The Foreign Policy and National Security Implications of Global Climate Change, Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), ABD, November 2007, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 235149499_The_Age_of_Consequences_The_Foreign_Policy_and_National_Security_ Implications_of_Global_Climate_Change (Erişim Tarihi: 21.11.2020).
  • CHRISTENSEN, Jens Hesselbjerg et al, Regional climate projections, Climate change 2007: The physical science basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 847-940, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284652431_Regional_climate_projections_Clima te_change_2007_The_ physical_science_basis (Erişim Tarihi: 21.11.2020).
  • DOBBİNS, James et al, Choices for America in a Turbulent World: Strategic Rethink, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, 2015, https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports /RR1114.html (Erişim Tarihi: 21.11.2020).
  • HANSEN, Stig Jarle, Al-Shabaab in Somalia: The History and Ideology of a Militant Islamist Group, Oxford University Press, 1st Edition, 15 Ocak 2013.
  • ÖKTEM, Akif Emre ve KURTDARCAN, Bleda R. Deniz Haydutluğu ve Korsanlık: Tarihi ve Hukuki Boyutlarıyla, Denizler Kitabevi, Birinci Baskı, İstanbul, 2011.
  • PARKER, Geoffrey, Cambridge Savaş Tarihi, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2’nci Basım, İstanbul.
  • ŞAHİN, Güngör (Ed.), Somali Barış, İstikrar ve Kurumsallaşma, Milli Savunma Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul, 2019.
  • WOLFERS, Arnold, Discord and Collaboration: Essays on International Politics, The John Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 1962.
  • Arslan, İbrahim, “21. Yüzyılda Afrika-Avrupa Birliği İlişkileri: İki Birlik, Tek Vizyon”, Marmara Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2015, Sayı 1, 109-135.
  • BAHAR, Michael, “Attaining Optimal Deterrence at Sea: A Legal and Strategic Theory for Naval Anti-Piracy Operations”, Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, Volume 40, Number 1, 2007, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=982679 (Erişim Tarihi: 21.11.2020).
  • BAYSAL, Başar, “20 Years of Securitization: Strengths, Limitations and A New Dual Framework”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, 2020, No 67, 3-20.
  • BİNGÖL, Oktay, “ABD Ulusal Güvenlik Stratejisinin Küresel Uygulayıcıları: Coğrafi Muharip Komutanlıklar”, Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, 2014, Sayı 19, 133-166.
  • BİNGÖL, Oktay, “Somali’de Barış ve Kalkınma Sürecinde Türkiye’nin Rolü”, Gazi Akademik Bakış, Cilt 7, Sayı 13, Kış 2013, 81-106.
  • KAPUR, Saloni and MABON, Simon, “The Copenhagen School Goes Global: Securitization in the Non-West”, Global Discourse, 2019, No 1, 1-4.
  • KARAGUL, Soner, ve ARSLAN, İbrahim, “Afrika’da Barış ve Güvenliğin İnşasında Kıtasal Yaklaşım: Afrika Barış ve Güvenlik Mimarisi”, Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, 2014, sayı:19, 57-98.
  • STARR, Joyce R., “Water Wars”, Foreign Policy, No. 82 (Spring, 1991), 17-36 82, https://www.jstor.org/stable/1148639?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents (Erişim Tarihi: 21.11.2020).
  • WILLIAMS, Paul D. “After Westgate: Opportunities and Challenges in the War Against Al-Shabaab”, International Affairs, The Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2014,. https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/journals/riia/v90i4/f_0032208_26204.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 21.11.2020).
  • African Union Website, “Constitutive Act of the African Union”, https://au.int/sites/ default/files/pages/34873-file-constitutiveact_en.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2020).
  • AMISOM Website, “Al Shabaab Using Child Soldiers in Desperate Effort to Control Somalia”, http://amisom-au.org/2016/03/al-shabaab-using-child-soldiers-in-desperate-effort-to-control-somalia/ (Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2020).
  • AMISOM Website, “BBC’s Tomi Oladipo Interviews SRCC Madeira”, http://amisom-au.org/2016/03/8157, (Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2020).
  • AYBAR, SEDAT, “Afrika Boynuzu’nun Kapasite İnşasında Türkiye’nin Rolü”, TASAM, https://tasam.org/tr-TR/Icerik/39026/afrika_boynuzunun_kapasite_insasinda_ turkiyenin_rolu (Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2020)
  • Council of the European Union, The Africa-EU Strategic Partnership-A Joint Africa-EU Strategy, Lisbon, 9 December 2007, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/ cms_data/docs/pressdata /en/er/97496.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 08.06.2020).
  • Critical Threats Sitesi, “Al Shabaab Leadership Profiles”, http://www.criticalthreats.org/ somalia/al-shabaab-leadership (Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2020).
  • Encyclopedia Britannica, “Horn of Africa”, http://global.britannica.com/place/Horn-of-Africa (Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2020).
  • Fund for Peace, “Fragile States Index 2020”, https://fragilestatesindex.org/ (Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2020).
  • EU Naval Force-Somalia Operation ATALANTA Website, “Mission”, https://eunavfor.eu/mission/ (Erişim Tarihi: 09.06.2020).
  • EU Naval Force-Somalia Operation ATALANTA Website, “MSCHOA”, https://eunavfor.eu/mschoa/ (Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2020).
  • EUCAP Somalia Website, “Mission Background”, https://www.eucap-som.eu/about-us/ Erişim Tarihi: 18 Aralık 2015.
  • European Commission, African Peace Facility Annual Report 2014, 2015, https://africa-eu-partnership.org/sites/default/files/documents/african_peace_facility_ annual_report_2014_en.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 08.06.2020).
  • European Council and Council of the European Union Website, “EU-Africa Relations”, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eu-africa (Erişim Tarihi: 08.06.2020).
  • European Council and Council of the European Union Website, “Somalia: EU Extends Training Mission”, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2015/ 03/16/eutm-somalia-training-mission/ (Erişim Tarihi: 09.06.2020).
  • European External Action Service Website (EEAS), “Common Security And Defence Policy European Union Training Mission - Somalia”, http://www.eeas.europa.eu/archives/ docs/csdp/missions-and-operations/eutm-somalia/docs/factsheet_eutm_somalia_en.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 08.06.2020).
  • European External Action Service Website (EEAS), “HQ Organisation Chart”, 1 October 2020, https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/eeas/files/2020-01-10-eeas_2.0_orgchart.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 23.11.2020).
  • European Union European External Action Service Website (EEAS), “Military and Civilian Missions and Operations”, https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/area/geo_en (Erişim Tarihi: 08.06.2020).
  • European External Action Service Website (EEAS), “The Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP)”, https://eeas.europa.eu/topics/common-security-and-defence-policy-csdp_en (Erişim Tarihi: 08.06.2020).
  • Website, “About the European External Action Service (EEAS)”, https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/82/about-european-external-action-service-eeas_en (Erişim Tarihi: 09.06.2020).
  • Hiiraan Online, “Drought-hit Somalia at ‘Tipping Point’: UN”, 31 March 2016, http://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2016/Mar/104812/drought_hit_somalia_at_tipping_point_un.aspx (Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2020).
  • Home Office, “Country Policy and Information Note Somalia: Al Shabaab”, Version 3.0, November 2020, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/ system/uploads/attachment_data/file/933800/Somalia-_Al_Shabaab_-_CPIN_-_V3.0e.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2020).
  • JENKİNS, Orville Boyd, “Race and Ethnicity in the Horn of Africa”, 25 January 2006, http://strategyleader.org/peopledefinitions/raceandethnicity.html (Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2020
  • Marine Insight, “18 Anti-Piracy Weapons for Ships to Fight Pirates”, 25 October 2019, https://www..com/marine-piracy-marine/18-anti-piracy-weapons-for-ships-to-fight-pirates/ (Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2020).
  • New World Encyclopedia, “Horn of Africa”, http://newworld encyclopedia.org/entry/Horn_of_Africa (Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2020).
  • North Atlantic Treaty Organization Website, “Cooperation with the African Union”, 16 November 2020, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_8191.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 22.11.2020).
  • North Atlantic Treaty Organization Website, “NATO and the Republic of Djibouti consolidate their cooperation”, www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_118880.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2020).
  • OCHA, “Somalia: Floods force thousands from their homes”, 23 October 2019, https://www.unocha.org/story/somalia-floods-force-thousands-their-homes (Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2020).
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Security of Somalia and Horn of Africa within the Framework of Regional Security Complex; Actors, Threats, and Risks

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 36, 873 - 914, 28.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.847722

Öz

Horn of Africa and Somalia has been occupying the world agenda with issues such as civil war, terrorism, piracy, clan/tribe problems, drought, and famine since the end of the Cold War. This study aims to explore the reasons of the security problems in Somalia and Horn of Africa both of which control the Gulf of Aden, one of the main routes of the international maritime trade, and the roles of the regional states and international actors in the face of these problems within the framework of Regional Security Complex Theory. The regional crises, occurring as a result of military the activities to protect the regional balance of power emerging from the historical friendships of hostilities between the states in a specific geographical region, have the potential to evolve into global crises. This study is important helping to understand the comprehensive security approaches developed by the regional and international actors against the regional problems by taking different initiatives. In order to overcome possible future threats and risks, it is considered necessary to put forth the conceptual and theoretical framework of the regional problems by using content analysis, a qualitative research method, and to correctly identify the regional security problems by the international organization and by the states like Turkey which has started to show a closer interest to the region recently.

Kaynakça

  • ARMAOĞLU, Fahir, 20. Yüzyıl Siyasi Tarihi, Alkım Yayınevi, İstanbul, 2012.
  • BUZAN, Barry, People, States and Fear: The National Security Problem in International Relations, Wheatsheaf Books Ltd., Brighton, Sussex, 1983.
  • BUZAN, Barry and WAEVER, Ole, Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2003.
  • CAMPBELL, Kurt M. et al, The Age of Consequences: The Foreign Policy and National Security Implications of Global Climate Change, Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), ABD, November 2007, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 235149499_The_Age_of_Consequences_The_Foreign_Policy_and_National_Security_ Implications_of_Global_Climate_Change (Erişim Tarihi: 21.11.2020).
  • CHRISTENSEN, Jens Hesselbjerg et al, Regional climate projections, Climate change 2007: The physical science basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 847-940, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284652431_Regional_climate_projections_Clima te_change_2007_The_ physical_science_basis (Erişim Tarihi: 21.11.2020).
  • DOBBİNS, James et al, Choices for America in a Turbulent World: Strategic Rethink, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, 2015, https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports /RR1114.html (Erişim Tarihi: 21.11.2020).
  • HANSEN, Stig Jarle, Al-Shabaab in Somalia: The History and Ideology of a Militant Islamist Group, Oxford University Press, 1st Edition, 15 Ocak 2013.
  • ÖKTEM, Akif Emre ve KURTDARCAN, Bleda R. Deniz Haydutluğu ve Korsanlık: Tarihi ve Hukuki Boyutlarıyla, Denizler Kitabevi, Birinci Baskı, İstanbul, 2011.
  • PARKER, Geoffrey, Cambridge Savaş Tarihi, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2’nci Basım, İstanbul.
  • ŞAHİN, Güngör (Ed.), Somali Barış, İstikrar ve Kurumsallaşma, Milli Savunma Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul, 2019.
  • WOLFERS, Arnold, Discord and Collaboration: Essays on International Politics, The John Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 1962.
  • Arslan, İbrahim, “21. Yüzyılda Afrika-Avrupa Birliği İlişkileri: İki Birlik, Tek Vizyon”, Marmara Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2015, Sayı 1, 109-135.
  • BAHAR, Michael, “Attaining Optimal Deterrence at Sea: A Legal and Strategic Theory for Naval Anti-Piracy Operations”, Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, Volume 40, Number 1, 2007, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=982679 (Erişim Tarihi: 21.11.2020).
  • BAYSAL, Başar, “20 Years of Securitization: Strengths, Limitations and A New Dual Framework”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, 2020, No 67, 3-20.
  • BİNGÖL, Oktay, “ABD Ulusal Güvenlik Stratejisinin Küresel Uygulayıcıları: Coğrafi Muharip Komutanlıklar”, Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, 2014, Sayı 19, 133-166.
  • BİNGÖL, Oktay, “Somali’de Barış ve Kalkınma Sürecinde Türkiye’nin Rolü”, Gazi Akademik Bakış, Cilt 7, Sayı 13, Kış 2013, 81-106.
  • KAPUR, Saloni and MABON, Simon, “The Copenhagen School Goes Global: Securitization in the Non-West”, Global Discourse, 2019, No 1, 1-4.
  • KARAGUL, Soner, ve ARSLAN, İbrahim, “Afrika’da Barış ve Güvenliğin İnşasında Kıtasal Yaklaşım: Afrika Barış ve Güvenlik Mimarisi”, Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, 2014, sayı:19, 57-98.
  • STARR, Joyce R., “Water Wars”, Foreign Policy, No. 82 (Spring, 1991), 17-36 82, https://www.jstor.org/stable/1148639?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents (Erişim Tarihi: 21.11.2020).
  • WILLIAMS, Paul D. “After Westgate: Opportunities and Challenges in the War Against Al-Shabaab”, International Affairs, The Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2014,. https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/journals/riia/v90i4/f_0032208_26204.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 21.11.2020).
  • African Union Website, “Constitutive Act of the African Union”, https://au.int/sites/ default/files/pages/34873-file-constitutiveact_en.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2020).
  • AMISOM Website, “Al Shabaab Using Child Soldiers in Desperate Effort to Control Somalia”, http://amisom-au.org/2016/03/al-shabaab-using-child-soldiers-in-desperate-effort-to-control-somalia/ (Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2020).
  • AMISOM Website, “BBC’s Tomi Oladipo Interviews SRCC Madeira”, http://amisom-au.org/2016/03/8157, (Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2020).
  • AYBAR, SEDAT, “Afrika Boynuzu’nun Kapasite İnşasında Türkiye’nin Rolü”, TASAM, https://tasam.org/tr-TR/Icerik/39026/afrika_boynuzunun_kapasite_insasinda_ turkiyenin_rolu (Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2020)
  • Council of the European Union, The Africa-EU Strategic Partnership-A Joint Africa-EU Strategy, Lisbon, 9 December 2007, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/ cms_data/docs/pressdata /en/er/97496.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 08.06.2020).
  • Critical Threats Sitesi, “Al Shabaab Leadership Profiles”, http://www.criticalthreats.org/ somalia/al-shabaab-leadership (Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2020).
  • Encyclopedia Britannica, “Horn of Africa”, http://global.britannica.com/place/Horn-of-Africa (Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2020).
  • Fund for Peace, “Fragile States Index 2020”, https://fragilestatesindex.org/ (Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2020).
  • EU Naval Force-Somalia Operation ATALANTA Website, “Mission”, https://eunavfor.eu/mission/ (Erişim Tarihi: 09.06.2020).
  • EU Naval Force-Somalia Operation ATALANTA Website, “MSCHOA”, https://eunavfor.eu/mschoa/ (Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2020).
  • EUCAP Somalia Website, “Mission Background”, https://www.eucap-som.eu/about-us/ Erişim Tarihi: 18 Aralık 2015.
  • European Commission, African Peace Facility Annual Report 2014, 2015, https://africa-eu-partnership.org/sites/default/files/documents/african_peace_facility_ annual_report_2014_en.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 08.06.2020).
  • European Council and Council of the European Union Website, “EU-Africa Relations”, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eu-africa (Erişim Tarihi: 08.06.2020).
  • European Council and Council of the European Union Website, “Somalia: EU Extends Training Mission”, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2015/ 03/16/eutm-somalia-training-mission/ (Erişim Tarihi: 09.06.2020).
  • European External Action Service Website (EEAS), “Common Security And Defence Policy European Union Training Mission - Somalia”, http://www.eeas.europa.eu/archives/ docs/csdp/missions-and-operations/eutm-somalia/docs/factsheet_eutm_somalia_en.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 08.06.2020).
  • European External Action Service Website (EEAS), “HQ Organisation Chart”, 1 October 2020, https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/eeas/files/2020-01-10-eeas_2.0_orgchart.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 23.11.2020).
  • European Union European External Action Service Website (EEAS), “Military and Civilian Missions and Operations”, https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/area/geo_en (Erişim Tarihi: 08.06.2020).
  • European External Action Service Website (EEAS), “The Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP)”, https://eeas.europa.eu/topics/common-security-and-defence-policy-csdp_en (Erişim Tarihi: 08.06.2020).
  • Website, “About the European External Action Service (EEAS)”, https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/82/about-european-external-action-service-eeas_en (Erişim Tarihi: 09.06.2020).
  • Hiiraan Online, “Drought-hit Somalia at ‘Tipping Point’: UN”, 31 March 2016, http://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2016/Mar/104812/drought_hit_somalia_at_tipping_point_un.aspx (Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2020).
  • Home Office, “Country Policy and Information Note Somalia: Al Shabaab”, Version 3.0, November 2020, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/ system/uploads/attachment_data/file/933800/Somalia-_Al_Shabaab_-_CPIN_-_V3.0e.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2020).
  • JENKİNS, Orville Boyd, “Race and Ethnicity in the Horn of Africa”, 25 January 2006, http://strategyleader.org/peopledefinitions/raceandethnicity.html (Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2020
  • Marine Insight, “18 Anti-Piracy Weapons for Ships to Fight Pirates”, 25 October 2019, https://www..com/marine-piracy-marine/18-anti-piracy-weapons-for-ships-to-fight-pirates/ (Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2020).
  • New World Encyclopedia, “Horn of Africa”, http://newworld encyclopedia.org/entry/Horn_of_Africa (Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2020).
  • North Atlantic Treaty Organization Website, “Cooperation with the African Union”, 16 November 2020, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_8191.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 22.11.2020).
  • North Atlantic Treaty Organization Website, “NATO and the Republic of Djibouti consolidate their cooperation”, www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_118880.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2020).
  • OCHA, “Somalia: Floods force thousands from their homes”, 23 October 2019, https://www.unocha.org/story/somalia-floods-force-thousands-their-homes (Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2020).
  • Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection, “Clan Distribution”, University of Texas Libraries, https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/txu-pclmaps-oclc-795784383-somalia_2012.jpg (Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2020).
  • Saylor Academy, “Ethnic Groups in Africa”, 2011, http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/ Ethnic-groups-in-Africa.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2020).
  • The African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) Website, “AMISOM Background”, https://amisom-au.org/amisom-background/ (Erişim Tarihi: 08.06.2020).
  • The African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) Website, “AMISOM Mandate”, https://amisom-au.org/amisom-mandate/ (Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2020).
  • TSK Gnkur.Bşk.lığı Resmî Sitesi, “Türkiye’nin Barışı Destekleme Harekâtına Katkıları”, https://www.tsk.tr/Sayfalar?viewName=BarisiDestekleme (Erişim Tarihi: 08.06.2020).
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Dışişleri Bakanlığı, “2015 Yılına Girerken Dış Politikamız”, s. 107, http://www.mfa.gov.tr/site_media/html/2015-yilina-girerken-dis-politikamiz.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2020).
  • United Nations, The United Nations and Somalia (1992-1996), The United Nations Blue Books Series, Volume VIII, Department of Public Information, New York, 1996, p. 3-4, https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/205118 (Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2020).
  • UN High Commissioner for Refugees, “Somalia March 2016: Total Internally Displaced Persons”, 12 March 2016, http://reliefweb.int/map/somalia/somalia-march-2016-total-internally-displaced-persons (Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2020).
  • United Nations Peacekeeping, “Where We Operate”, https://peacekeeping.un.org/ en/where-we-operate (Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2020).
  • UNOSOM I (United Nations Operation in Somalia I), April 1992-March 1993, https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosomi.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2020).
  • UNOSOM II (United Nations Operation in Somalia II), Mart 1993-Mart 1995, https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2020).
  • Wikipedia, “Camp Lemonnier”, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Lemonnier (Erişim Tarihi: 20.11.2020).
  • YAN, Holly, “What is Al-Shabaab, and What does It Want?”, CNN, 22 February 2015, http://edition.cnn.com/2014/12/02/world/africa/al-shabaab-explainer/ (Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2020).
Toplam 60 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Güngör Şahin Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-6296-8568

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Aralık 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 10 Haziran 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 36

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Şahin, Güngör. “Bölgesel Güvenlik Kompleksi Teorisi Kapsamında Somali Ve Afrika Boynuzu’nun Güvenliği; Aktörler, Tehditler Ve Riskler”. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi 16, sy. 36 (Aralık 2020): 873-914. https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.847722.