Araştırma Makalesi
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ABD HUKUKU UYARINCA OTONOM ARAÇLAR ÇAĞINDA TEKEFFÜLLER VE FEDERAL HUKUKUN ÜSTÜNLÜĞÜ

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 1510 - 1538, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.32957/hacettepehdf.1168948

Öz

Otonom araç (OA) teknolojisi topluma birçok sosyal, ekonomik ve çevresel faydayı vaat etmektedir. İnovasyonun sürekliliğinin önünü açmak için bu çığır açacak teknolojiyi düzenleyen hukuki çerçeveyi incelemek önem arz etmektedir. Bu makale, OA teknolojisinin en çok düzenlendiği yer olan ABD hukuku uyarınca, OA’ların karşılaşacağı i) tekeffüller hukuku, ii) federal hukukun eyalet içtihat hukukuna üstünlüğü ve iii) federal model kurumların rolü şeklindeki üç hukuki sorunu incelemektedir. OA’ların çoğunun ilk yıllarda halka satılmayacağı ve bu nedenle açık veya zımni tekeffül oluşmayacağını tahmin ederek bu makale OA’ların sebep olacağı kazalarda tekeffül hukukuna ilişkin taleplerin rolünün sınırlı olacağını öngörmektedir. Motorlu araçlarla ilgili önceki federal hukukun üstünlüğüne ilişkin davalar spesifik tasarımları içerdiğinden, bu makale bir OA’nın geleneksel bir araçtan daha güvenli sürüp sürmediğini değerlendiren performans odaklı standartların getirilmesinin federal hukukun üstünlüğü ile ilgili öngörülemeyen hukuki sorunları çözebileceğini tartışmaktadır. Ayrıca, OA üreticileri için gelecekte karşılaşacakları dava tehdidi çok büyük olursa, federal hukukun üstünlüğü OA üreticilerinin zarara uğrayan davacılara olan tazminat yükümlülüğünü sınırlayabilir. Son olarak, sınırlı bütçeleri ve personel sayısı, federal model kurumların OA’ların regülasyonuna ilişkin bugüne kadarki eylemsizliğini anlaşılır kılsa da, bu makale federal model kurumlardaki halihazırdaki araştırma fazının çok uzun sürmemesi gerektiğini belirtmektedir. Aksi takdirde, federal model kurumların eylemsizliği OA’ların güvenli bir şekilde trafiğe entegre olmasını engelleyebilecektir.

Kaynakça

  • ABRAHAM, Kenneth S. & RABIN, Robert L., “Automated Vehicles and Manufacturer Responsibility for Accidents: A New Legal Regime for a New Era”, Virginia Law Review, Year: 2019, Vol: 105, Issue:1
  • ANDERSON, James M. / KALRA, Nidhi / STANLEY, Karlyn D. et al., Autonomous Vehicle Technology: A Guide for Policymakers, RAND Corporation, California, United States, 2016.
  • ATWELL, Barbara L., “Products Liability and Preemption: A Judicial Framework”, Buffalo Law Review, Year: 1991, Vol: 39, Issue:1.
  • AUSNESS, Richard C., “Preemption of State Tort Law by Federal Safety Statutes: Supreme Court Preemption Jurisprudence Since Cipollone”, Kentucky Law Journal, Year: 2003, Vol: 92, No: 4.
  • BROCK, Caitlin, “Where We’re Going, We Don’t Need Drivers: The Legal Issues and Liability Implications of Automated Vehicle Technology”, University of Missouri-Kansas City Law Review, Year: 2015, Vol:83, Issue:3.
  • CALO, Ryan, Open Robotics, Maryland Law Review, Year: 2011, Vol: 70, No: 3
  • EGGEN, Jean Macchiaroli, “The Normalization of Product Preemption Doctrine”, Alabama Law Review, Year: 2006, Vol:57, Issue:3
  • GLANCY, Dorothy J. / PETERSON, Robert W. / GRAHAM, Kyle F. et al.; “A Look at the Legal Environment for Driverless Vehicles – Chapter II: New Technologies and Legal Change: A Brief History,” NCHRP Legal Research Digest, Year: 2016, p. 74, https://ssrn.com/abstract=2722236
  • GOODRICH, Julie, “Driving Miss Daisy: An Autonomous Chauffeur System”, Houston Law Review, Year: 2013, Vol: 51, No:1.
  • HAAS, Alexander K. “Chipping Away at State Tort Remedies through Pre-Emption Jurisprudence: Geier v. American Honda Motor Co.” California Law Review, Year: 2001, Vol: 89, No: 6.
  • KALRA, Nidhi / ANDERSON, James / WACHS, Martin, Liability and Regulation of Autonomous Vehicle Technologies, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States, 2009.
  • KASAP, Atilla, Autonomous Vehicles: Tracing the Locus of Regulation and Liability, Edward Elgar, Massachusetts, United States, 2022.
  • MARCHANT, Gary E. / LINDOR, Rachel A., “The Coming Collision Between Autonomous Vehicles and the Liability System”, Santa Clara Law Review, Year: 2012, Vol: 52, Issue:4
  • MCCORMICK, Lucy, “Product Liability” The Law and Autonomous Vehicles (Matthew Channon et al. eds.,) Routledge, Milton Park, Oxfordshire, 2019
  • OSHINSKY, David M., Polio: An American Story, Oxford University Press, Oxfordshire, 2006.
  • OWEN, David G. / DAVIS, Mary J., Owen & Davis on Product Liability, 4th ed., Thomson Reuters, St. Paul, Missouri, United States, 2020.
  • ROTHSCHILD, Donald P., “Magnuson––Moss Warranty Act: Does It Balance Warrantor and Consumer Interests”, George Washington Law Review, Year: 1976, Vol:44, No:3.
  • SHARKEY, Catherine M., “Preemption by Preamble: Federal Agencies and the Federalization of Tort Law”, DePaul Law Review, Year: 2007, Vol: 56, Issue:2.
  • YEEFEN LIM, Hannah, Autonomous Vehicles and the Law: Technology, Algorithms and Ethics, Edward Elgar, Massachusetts, United States, 2018.

WARRANTIES AND PREEMPTION IN THE AGE OF AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES UNDER US LAW

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 1510 - 1538, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.32957/hacettepehdf.1168948

Öz

Autonomous vehicle (AV) technology promises society many social, economic, and environmental benefits. It
is crucial to examine the legal environment behind this breakthrough technology. Under US law, where the AV
technology is most regulated, this Article delves into two critical legal issues AVs will face: i) law of warranties
and ii) preemption of state common law claims. This Article argues that the role of warranty claims would be
limited because most AVs will not be sold to the public in the first years, meaning that there will be no express
or implied warranties. However, we will likely witness AVs will be sold to the public at some point in the
future. When this happens, express or implied warranties will arise in the contract between the buyer and the
seller. Preemption of common law claims, including those relying on warranties, would bring complex and
uncertain problems as to whether these claims are preempted by federal law on AVs. Since previous preemption
cases related to conventional motor vehicles involved specific designs, this Article asserts that performanceoriented standards––assessing whether an AV drives more safely than a conventional vehicle––will work
around unpredictable preemption questions. Moreover, if the threat of future litigation becomes too great for
AV manufacturers, federal preemption could limit AV manufacturers’ liability for compensation to injured
plaintiffs. These proposals will constitute pragmatic and efficient solutions to the preemption-related,
complicated and uncertain problems.

Kaynakça

  • ABRAHAM, Kenneth S. & RABIN, Robert L., “Automated Vehicles and Manufacturer Responsibility for Accidents: A New Legal Regime for a New Era”, Virginia Law Review, Year: 2019, Vol: 105, Issue:1
  • ANDERSON, James M. / KALRA, Nidhi / STANLEY, Karlyn D. et al., Autonomous Vehicle Technology: A Guide for Policymakers, RAND Corporation, California, United States, 2016.
  • ATWELL, Barbara L., “Products Liability and Preemption: A Judicial Framework”, Buffalo Law Review, Year: 1991, Vol: 39, Issue:1.
  • AUSNESS, Richard C., “Preemption of State Tort Law by Federal Safety Statutes: Supreme Court Preemption Jurisprudence Since Cipollone”, Kentucky Law Journal, Year: 2003, Vol: 92, No: 4.
  • BROCK, Caitlin, “Where We’re Going, We Don’t Need Drivers: The Legal Issues and Liability Implications of Automated Vehicle Technology”, University of Missouri-Kansas City Law Review, Year: 2015, Vol:83, Issue:3.
  • CALO, Ryan, Open Robotics, Maryland Law Review, Year: 2011, Vol: 70, No: 3
  • EGGEN, Jean Macchiaroli, “The Normalization of Product Preemption Doctrine”, Alabama Law Review, Year: 2006, Vol:57, Issue:3
  • GLANCY, Dorothy J. / PETERSON, Robert W. / GRAHAM, Kyle F. et al.; “A Look at the Legal Environment for Driverless Vehicles – Chapter II: New Technologies and Legal Change: A Brief History,” NCHRP Legal Research Digest, Year: 2016, p. 74, https://ssrn.com/abstract=2722236
  • GOODRICH, Julie, “Driving Miss Daisy: An Autonomous Chauffeur System”, Houston Law Review, Year: 2013, Vol: 51, No:1.
  • HAAS, Alexander K. “Chipping Away at State Tort Remedies through Pre-Emption Jurisprudence: Geier v. American Honda Motor Co.” California Law Review, Year: 2001, Vol: 89, No: 6.
  • KALRA, Nidhi / ANDERSON, James / WACHS, Martin, Liability and Regulation of Autonomous Vehicle Technologies, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States, 2009.
  • KASAP, Atilla, Autonomous Vehicles: Tracing the Locus of Regulation and Liability, Edward Elgar, Massachusetts, United States, 2022.
  • MARCHANT, Gary E. / LINDOR, Rachel A., “The Coming Collision Between Autonomous Vehicles and the Liability System”, Santa Clara Law Review, Year: 2012, Vol: 52, Issue:4
  • MCCORMICK, Lucy, “Product Liability” The Law and Autonomous Vehicles (Matthew Channon et al. eds.,) Routledge, Milton Park, Oxfordshire, 2019
  • OSHINSKY, David M., Polio: An American Story, Oxford University Press, Oxfordshire, 2006.
  • OWEN, David G. / DAVIS, Mary J., Owen & Davis on Product Liability, 4th ed., Thomson Reuters, St. Paul, Missouri, United States, 2020.
  • ROTHSCHILD, Donald P., “Magnuson––Moss Warranty Act: Does It Balance Warrantor and Consumer Interests”, George Washington Law Review, Year: 1976, Vol:44, No:3.
  • SHARKEY, Catherine M., “Preemption by Preamble: Federal Agencies and the Federalization of Tort Law”, DePaul Law Review, Year: 2007, Vol: 56, Issue:2.
  • YEEFEN LIM, Hannah, Autonomous Vehicles and the Law: Technology, Algorithms and Ethics, Edward Elgar, Massachusetts, United States, 2018.
Toplam 19 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Hukuk
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Atilla Kasap

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Kasap, A. (2022). WARRANTIES AND PREEMPTION IN THE AGE OF AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES UNDER US LAW. Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(2), 1510-1538. https://doi.org/10.32957/hacettepehdf.1168948
AMA Kasap A. WARRANTIES AND PREEMPTION IN THE AGE OF AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES UNDER US LAW. HHFD. Aralık 2022;12(2):1510-1538. doi:10.32957/hacettepehdf.1168948
Chicago Kasap, Atilla. “WARRANTIES AND PREEMPTION IN THE AGE OF AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES UNDER US LAW”. Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 12, sy. 2 (Aralık 2022): 1510-38. https://doi.org/10.32957/hacettepehdf.1168948.
EndNote Kasap A (01 Aralık 2022) WARRANTIES AND PREEMPTION IN THE AGE OF AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES UNDER US LAW. Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 12 2 1510–1538.
IEEE A. Kasap, “WARRANTIES AND PREEMPTION IN THE AGE OF AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES UNDER US LAW”, HHFD, c. 12, sy. 2, ss. 1510–1538, 2022, doi: 10.32957/hacettepehdf.1168948.
ISNAD Kasap, Atilla. “WARRANTIES AND PREEMPTION IN THE AGE OF AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES UNDER US LAW”. Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 12/2 (Aralık 2022), 1510-1538. https://doi.org/10.32957/hacettepehdf.1168948.
JAMA Kasap A. WARRANTIES AND PREEMPTION IN THE AGE OF AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES UNDER US LAW. HHFD. 2022;12:1510–1538.
MLA Kasap, Atilla. “WARRANTIES AND PREEMPTION IN THE AGE OF AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES UNDER US LAW”. Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 12, sy. 2, 2022, ss. 1510-38, doi:10.32957/hacettepehdf.1168948.
Vancouver Kasap A. WARRANTIES AND PREEMPTION IN THE AGE OF AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES UNDER US LAW. HHFD. 2022;12(2):1510-38.