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Yıl 2015, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 8, 144 - 165, 09.11.2015

Merter Akıncı , Gökhan Erkal , Ömer Yılmaz

Öz

Economic freedoms are possible with the existance of market economy which guarantees the production, consumption and trade of goods and services. The existence of an efficient capital market, monetary stability, public spending consistent with low tax rates and current competition are needed to make the market economy real. Corruption is recognized as an extensive global problem which is incompatible with market economy and creates problems for many countries across the world. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships between corruption and determinants of economic freedoms in Turkey for the period of 1995-2013. According to the results of model predictions financial freedom, fiscal freedom, property rights, monetary freedom and trade freedom have led to the decline of corruption. Contrary to expectations government spending, business freedom, investment freedom and freedom from corruption have led to the increase of corruption. Johansen-Juselius co-integration analysis results have revealed that there is a long-term relationships between corruption index and economic freedom variables. According to Granger causality test results unidirectional causality has been found from corruption index to the criteria of government spending and also from fiscal freedom, business freedoms, property rights and criteria of freedom from corruption to corruption. Monetary freedom and trade freedom have a mutual causality with corruption index

Anahtar Kelimeler

Economic Freedoms Corruption Granger Causality Analysis

Kaynakça

  • KAYNAKÇA
  • AKINCI, Merter, Ekonomik Özgürlükler ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki, 1. Baskı, Dora Yayıncılık, Bursa 2014.
  • ALESINA, Alberto, Şule ÖZLER, Nouriel Roubini and Phillip Swagel, “Political Instability and Economic Growth”, NBER Working Paper, No: 4173, 1992.
  • ALİ, Abdiweli M. and HODAN S. Isse, “Determinants of Economic Corruption: A Cross-Country Comparison”, Cato Journal, Vol: 22, No: 3, 2003, 449-466.
  • APERGIS, Nicholas, Oğuzhan C. DİNÇER and James E. PAYNE, “Live Free or Bribe: On the Causal Dynamics Between Economic Freedom and Corruption in US States”, European Journal of Political Economy, Vol: 28, No: 2, 2012, 215-226.
  • BERGGREN, Niclas, “The Benefits of Economic Freedom: A Survey”, The Independent Review, Vol: 8, No: 2, 2003, 193-211.
  • BILLGER, Sherrilyn M. and Rajeev K. GOEL, “Do Existing Corruption Levels Matter in Controlling Corruption? Cross-Country Quantile Regression Estimates”, Journal of Development Economics, Vol: 90, No: 2, 2009, 299-305.
  • CHAREMZA, Wojciech W. and DEADMAN, Derek F. (1993), New Directions in Econometric Practice, Edward Elgar Publishing, UK.
  • DICKEY, David A. and FULLER, Wayne A. (1979), “Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Series with a Unit Root”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 74, No. 366, pp. 427-431.
  • DICKEY, David A. and FULLER, Wayne A. (1981), “Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root”, Econometrica, Vol. 49, No. 4, pp. 1057-1072.
  • DREHER, Axel and Martin GASSEBNER, “Greasing the Wheels? The Impact of Regulations and Corruption on Firm Entry”, Public Choice, Vol: 155, No: 3-4, 2013, 413-432.
  • ELLIOTT, Kimberly A., “Corruption as an International Policy Problem: Overview and Recommendations”, Kimberly A. Elliott (Ed.), Corruption and the Global Economy, (pp. 175-236), Institute for International Economics, Washington DC 1997.
  • ENDERS, Walter (1995), Applied Econometric Time Series, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
  • GOEL, Rajeev K. and Michael A. NELSON, “Economic Freedom Versus Political Freedom: Cross-Country Influences on Corruption”, Australian Economic Papers, Vol: 44, No: 2, 2005, 121-133.
  • GRAEFF, P. and G. MEHLKOP, “The Impact of Economic Freedom on Corruption: Different Patterns for Rich and Poor Countries”, European Journal of Political Economy, Vol: 19, No: 3, 2003, 605-620.
  • GRANGER, C. W. J. and NEWBOLD, P. (1974), “Spurious Regressions in Econometrics”, Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 111-120.
  • HERITAGE FOUNDATION (2014), “How do you measure economic freedom?”, http://www.heritage.org/index/about, Erişim Tarihi: 27/06/2014.
  • KASPER, Wolfgang, Ekonomik Özgürlük ve Gelişme, (Çev.: Bahadır Akın), Liberte Yayınları, Ankara 2007.
  • KUTLAR, Aziz (2007), Ekonometriye Giriş, 1. Baskı, Nobel Yayınları, Ankara.
  • MACKINNON, James G. (1991), “Critical Values for Cointegration Tests”, (Ed. Engle, R. F. and Granger, C.W.J.), Long-Run Economic Relationship: Readings in Cointegration, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 267-276.
  • MAURO, Paolo, “Corruption: Causes, Consequences and Agenda for Further Research”, Finance &Development, Vol: 35, No: 1, 1998, 11-14.
  • MO, Pak H., “Corruption and Economic Growth”, Journal of Comparative Economics, Vol: 29, No: 1, 2001, 66-79.
  • PALDAM, Martin, “The Cross-Country Pattern of Corruption: Economics, Culture and the Seesaw Dynamics”, European Journal of Political Economy, Vol: 18, No: 2, 2002, 215-240.
  • PIERONI, L. and G. D’AGOSTİNO, “Corruption and the Effects of Economic Freedom”, European Journal of Political Economy, Vol: 29, 2013, 54-72.
  • RABUSHKA, Alvin, “Philosophical Aspects of Economic Freedom”, Walter Block and James C. W. Ahiakpor (Ed), Economic Freedom: Toward a Theory of Measurement, (pp. 23-56), The Fraser Institute, Vancouver 1991.
  • SAHA, Shrabani, Rukmani Gounder and Jen J. Su, “The Interaction Effect of Economic Freedom and Democracy on Corruption: A Panel Cross-Country Analysis”, Economic Letters, Vol: 105, No: 2, 2009, 173-176.
  • SAHA, Shrabani and Jen J. Su, “Investigating the Interaction Effect of Democracy and Economic Freedom on Corruption: A Cross-Country Quantile Regression Analysis”, Economic Analysis and Policy, Vol: 42, No: 3, 2012, 389-396.
  • SANDHOLTZ, Wayne and William KOETZLE, “Accounting for Corruption: Economic Structure, Democracy and Trade”, International Studies Quarterly, Vol: 44, No: 2, 1, 2000, 31-50.
  • SHABBIR, Ghulam and Mumtaz ANWAR, “Determinants of Corruption in Developing Countries”, The Pakistan Development Review, Vol: 46, No: 4, 2007, 751-764.
  • SHEN, Ce and John B. WİLLİAMSON, “Corruption, Democracy, Economic Freedom and State Strength: A Cross-National Analysis”, International Journal of Comparative Sociology, Vol: 46, No: 4, 2005, 327-345.
  • SWALEHEEN, Mushfiq and Dean STANSEL, “Economic Freedom, Corruption and Growth”, Cato Journal, Vol: 27, No: 3, 2007, 343-358.
  • ŞANLISOY, Selim ve Recep KÖK, “Politik İstikrarsızlık-Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği (1987-2006)”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 25, Sayı: 1, 2010, 101-125.
  • TARI, Recep (2005), Ekonometri, 3. Baskı, Kocaeli Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • TURNER, Paul M. (2009), “Testing for Cointegration Using the Johansen Approach: Are We Using the Correct Critical Values?”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, Vol. 24, No. 5, pp. 825-831.
  • TÜREN, Ufuk, Yunus GÖKMEN ve Hakan DİLEK (2011), “Ekonomik Özgürlük Endeksinin Yurt Dışına Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırım Yapan Türk Sermayesinin Ülke Seçim Kararına Etkisi Var mıdır?”, Maliye Dergisi, Sayı: 161, ss. 298-325.
  • YILMAZ, Ömer ve AKINCI, Merter (2011), “İktisadi Büyüme İle Cari İşlemler Bilançosu Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye Örneği”, Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Cilt 15, Sayı 2, ss. 363-377.
  • YOIKK, (2009), Uluslararası Yatırım Yeri Endeksleri İncelemesi, Yabancı Sermaye Genel Müdürlüğü, http://www.yoikk.gov.tr/dosya/up/yoikk/endeksler_guncellenen_ hazi-ran2009son.doc Erişim Tarihi: 27/06/2014.

EKONOMİK ÖZGÜRLÜKLER VE YOLSUZLUK İLİŞKİSİ: TÜRKİYE İÇİN BİR ZAMAN SERİSİ ANALİZİ

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 8, 144 - 165, 09.11.2015

Merter Akıncı , Gökhan Erkal , Ömer Yılmaz

Öz

Ekonomik özgürlükler, mal ve hizmetlerin üretim, tüketim ve ticaretinin serbest olmasını garanti altına alan piyasa ekonomisi ile mümkündür. Piyasa ekonomisinin gerçekleşebilmesi için etkin bir sermaye piyasasının varlığına, parasal istikrara, düşük vergi oranları ile uyumlu kamu harcamalarına ve cari rekabete ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Yolsuzluk ise piyasa ekonomisi ile uyuşmayan, dünya genelinde birçok ülke için iktisadi sorunlar doğuran ve geniş çaplı küresel bir problem olarak kabul edilmektedir.  Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’de ekonomik özgürlüklerin belirleyicileri ile yolsuzluk arasındaki ilişkilerin 1995-2013 dönemi için araştırılmasıdır. Model tahmin sonuçlarına göre finansal özgürlükler, mali özgürlükler, mülkiyet hakları, parasal özgürlükler ve ticari özgürlükler, yolsuzlukların azalmasına neden olmuştur. Devletten bağımsızlık, mesleki özgürlükler, yatırım özgürlüğü ve yolsuzluktan arınmışlık kriterleri ise beklentilerin tersine yolsuzlukların artmasına neden olmuştur. Johansen-Juselius eş-bütünleşme analiz sonuçları ise yolsuzluk endeksi ile ekonomik özgürlük değişkenleri arasında uzun dönemli ilişkilerin varlığını ortaya koymuştur. Granger nedensellik testi sonuçlarına göre yolsuzluk endeksinden devletten bağımsızlık kriterine doğru, mali özgürlüklerden, mesleki özgürlüklerden, mülkiyet haklarından ve yolsuzluktan arınmışlık kriterlerinden ise yolsuzluklara doğru tek yönlü bir nedensellik bulunmuştur. Parasal özgürlükler ile ticari özgürlükler ise yolsuzluk endeksi ile karşılıklı bir nedensellik ilişkisine sahiptir.

 

Anahtar kelimeler: Ekonomik Özgürlükler, Yolsuzluk, Granger Nedensellik Analizi.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ekonomik Özgürlükler Yolsuzluk Granger Nedensellik Analizi

Kaynakça

  • KAYNAKÇA
  • AKINCI, Merter, Ekonomik Özgürlükler ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki, 1. Baskı, Dora Yayıncılık, Bursa 2014.
  • ALESINA, Alberto, Şule ÖZLER, Nouriel Roubini and Phillip Swagel, “Political Instability and Economic Growth”, NBER Working Paper, No: 4173, 1992.
  • ALİ, Abdiweli M. and HODAN S. Isse, “Determinants of Economic Corruption: A Cross-Country Comparison”, Cato Journal, Vol: 22, No: 3, 2003, 449-466.
  • APERGIS, Nicholas, Oğuzhan C. DİNÇER and James E. PAYNE, “Live Free or Bribe: On the Causal Dynamics Between Economic Freedom and Corruption in US States”, European Journal of Political Economy, Vol: 28, No: 2, 2012, 215-226.
  • BERGGREN, Niclas, “The Benefits of Economic Freedom: A Survey”, The Independent Review, Vol: 8, No: 2, 2003, 193-211.
  • BILLGER, Sherrilyn M. and Rajeev K. GOEL, “Do Existing Corruption Levels Matter in Controlling Corruption? Cross-Country Quantile Regression Estimates”, Journal of Development Economics, Vol: 90, No: 2, 2009, 299-305.
  • CHAREMZA, Wojciech W. and DEADMAN, Derek F. (1993), New Directions in Econometric Practice, Edward Elgar Publishing, UK.
  • DICKEY, David A. and FULLER, Wayne A. (1979), “Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Series with a Unit Root”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 74, No. 366, pp. 427-431.
  • DICKEY, David A. and FULLER, Wayne A. (1981), “Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root”, Econometrica, Vol. 49, No. 4, pp. 1057-1072.
  • DREHER, Axel and Martin GASSEBNER, “Greasing the Wheels? The Impact of Regulations and Corruption on Firm Entry”, Public Choice, Vol: 155, No: 3-4, 2013, 413-432.
  • ELLIOTT, Kimberly A., “Corruption as an International Policy Problem: Overview and Recommendations”, Kimberly A. Elliott (Ed.), Corruption and the Global Economy, (pp. 175-236), Institute for International Economics, Washington DC 1997.
  • ENDERS, Walter (1995), Applied Econometric Time Series, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
  • GOEL, Rajeev K. and Michael A. NELSON, “Economic Freedom Versus Political Freedom: Cross-Country Influences on Corruption”, Australian Economic Papers, Vol: 44, No: 2, 2005, 121-133.
  • GRAEFF, P. and G. MEHLKOP, “The Impact of Economic Freedom on Corruption: Different Patterns for Rich and Poor Countries”, European Journal of Political Economy, Vol: 19, No: 3, 2003, 605-620.
  • GRANGER, C. W. J. and NEWBOLD, P. (1974), “Spurious Regressions in Econometrics”, Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 111-120.
  • HERITAGE FOUNDATION (2014), “How do you measure economic freedom?”, http://www.heritage.org/index/about, Erişim Tarihi: 27/06/2014.
  • KASPER, Wolfgang, Ekonomik Özgürlük ve Gelişme, (Çev.: Bahadır Akın), Liberte Yayınları, Ankara 2007.
  • KUTLAR, Aziz (2007), Ekonometriye Giriş, 1. Baskı, Nobel Yayınları, Ankara.
  • MACKINNON, James G. (1991), “Critical Values for Cointegration Tests”, (Ed. Engle, R. F. and Granger, C.W.J.), Long-Run Economic Relationship: Readings in Cointegration, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 267-276.
  • MAURO, Paolo, “Corruption: Causes, Consequences and Agenda for Further Research”, Finance &Development, Vol: 35, No: 1, 1998, 11-14.
  • MO, Pak H., “Corruption and Economic Growth”, Journal of Comparative Economics, Vol: 29, No: 1, 2001, 66-79.
  • PALDAM, Martin, “The Cross-Country Pattern of Corruption: Economics, Culture and the Seesaw Dynamics”, European Journal of Political Economy, Vol: 18, No: 2, 2002, 215-240.
  • PIERONI, L. and G. D’AGOSTİNO, “Corruption and the Effects of Economic Freedom”, European Journal of Political Economy, Vol: 29, 2013, 54-72.
  • RABUSHKA, Alvin, “Philosophical Aspects of Economic Freedom”, Walter Block and James C. W. Ahiakpor (Ed), Economic Freedom: Toward a Theory of Measurement, (pp. 23-56), The Fraser Institute, Vancouver 1991.
  • SAHA, Shrabani, Rukmani Gounder and Jen J. Su, “The Interaction Effect of Economic Freedom and Democracy on Corruption: A Panel Cross-Country Analysis”, Economic Letters, Vol: 105, No: 2, 2009, 173-176.
  • SAHA, Shrabani and Jen J. Su, “Investigating the Interaction Effect of Democracy and Economic Freedom on Corruption: A Cross-Country Quantile Regression Analysis”, Economic Analysis and Policy, Vol: 42, No: 3, 2012, 389-396.
  • SANDHOLTZ, Wayne and William KOETZLE, “Accounting for Corruption: Economic Structure, Democracy and Trade”, International Studies Quarterly, Vol: 44, No: 2, 1, 2000, 31-50.
  • SHABBIR, Ghulam and Mumtaz ANWAR, “Determinants of Corruption in Developing Countries”, The Pakistan Development Review, Vol: 46, No: 4, 2007, 751-764.
  • SHEN, Ce and John B. WİLLİAMSON, “Corruption, Democracy, Economic Freedom and State Strength: A Cross-National Analysis”, International Journal of Comparative Sociology, Vol: 46, No: 4, 2005, 327-345.
  • SWALEHEEN, Mushfiq and Dean STANSEL, “Economic Freedom, Corruption and Growth”, Cato Journal, Vol: 27, No: 3, 2007, 343-358.
  • ŞANLISOY, Selim ve Recep KÖK, “Politik İstikrarsızlık-Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği (1987-2006)”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 25, Sayı: 1, 2010, 101-125.
  • TARI, Recep (2005), Ekonometri, 3. Baskı, Kocaeli Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • TURNER, Paul M. (2009), “Testing for Cointegration Using the Johansen Approach: Are We Using the Correct Critical Values?”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, Vol. 24, No. 5, pp. 825-831.
  • TÜREN, Ufuk, Yunus GÖKMEN ve Hakan DİLEK (2011), “Ekonomik Özgürlük Endeksinin Yurt Dışına Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırım Yapan Türk Sermayesinin Ülke Seçim Kararına Etkisi Var mıdır?”, Maliye Dergisi, Sayı: 161, ss. 298-325.
  • YILMAZ, Ömer ve AKINCI, Merter (2011), “İktisadi Büyüme İle Cari İşlemler Bilançosu Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye Örneği”, Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Cilt 15, Sayı 2, ss. 363-377.
  • YOIKK, (2009), Uluslararası Yatırım Yeri Endeksleri İncelemesi, Yabancı Sermaye Genel Müdürlüğü, http://www.yoikk.gov.tr/dosya/up/yoikk/endeksler_guncellenen_ hazi-ran2009son.doc Erişim Tarihi: 27/06/2014.
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Merter Akıncı

Gökhan Erkal

Ömer Yılmaz

Yayımlanma Tarihi 9 Kasım 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 8

Kaynak Göster

APA Akıncı, M., Erkal, G., & Yılmaz, Ö. (2015). EKONOMİK ÖZGÜRLÜKLER VE YOLSUZLUK İLİŞKİSİ: TÜRKİYE İÇİN BİR ZAMAN SERİSİ ANALİZİ. Hak İş Uluslararası Emek Ve Toplum Dergisi, 4(8), 144-165.