Küçükbaş Hayvan Yetiştiriciliğinde Elektronik Tanımlama Sistemlerinin Önemi ve Kullanımı Olanakları

Yıl 2016, Cilt 57, Sayı 2, 42 - 56, 30.07.2016

Turgay TAŞKIN Yavuz AKBAŞ Mehmet KOYUNCU Çağrı KANDEMİR A. Behiç TEKİN Nedim KOŞUM

Öz

Hayvanların doğru ve kalıcı olarak tanımlanması, izleme sistemlerinin temeldir. Radyo frekansları ile çalışan pasif transponderler kullanılarak hayvanların elektronik olarak tanımlanması, küçükbaş hayvanların daha kolay izlenmesini sağlamaktadır. Bu durum, hayvan hareketlerini ve bilgi yönetimini daha kolay hale getirebilir. Koyun-keçiler için rumen bolüsleri, elektronik kulak numaraları ve enjekte edilebilen transponderlerin de bulunduğu farklı tanımlama aygıtlarının etkinliği araştırılmaktadır. Bazı çalışmalarda kullanılan düğme şeklindeki plastik kulak numarası ve doğru tasarlanmış bolüsler, koyun-keçi ırklarına bağlı olarak hayvanın performansını ve yasal tanımlamaları yerine getirememektedir. Bununla birlikle, yetiştiricilere bu konuda bazı öneriler yapabilmek için daha büyük koyun-keçi sürülerinde farklı tanımlama aygıtlarının performanslarını karşılaştıran çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır. Sonuç olarak işletmenin üretim sistemi ve izleme yönteminin maliyeti, tanımlama sisteminin seçiminde daha önemli nedenlerdir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Elektronik tanımlama, küçükbaş hayvan, okuma etkinliği, rumen bolüsü

Kaynakça

• Abecia JA, Torras J. 2009. Aplicación de la pulsera electrónica Patu-flex: Identificación de corderas y cabritas de reposición. Albéitar 129:54–55.
• Ait-Saidi A, Caja G, Carné S, Salama AAK, Ghirardi JJ. 2008b. Comparison of manual vs. semi-automatic milk recording systems in dairy goats. Journal of Dairy Science 91:1438–1442.
• Ait-Saidi A, Caja G,. Carné S, AAK, Salama AAK, Ghirardi JJ. 2008a. Performance of using electronic identification (e-ID) for milk recording in dairy goat. Innovations that result in efficient and environmentally friendly farrming Ruminant Research Group, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain. 59th Meeting EAAP, 24-27 August 2008, Vilnius, Lithuania.
• Ait-Saidi A, Caja G, Mocket JH. 2013. Eficacia de lectura dinámica detranspondedores de distintas tecnologías en ganado ovino en condiciones de granja. In: XV Jornadas sobre Producción Animal. Asociación Interprofesional para el Desarrollo Agrario (AIDA), Zaragoza, Spain, pp.91–93.
• Allen A, Golden B, Taylor M, Patterson D, Henriksen D, Skuce R. 2008. Evaluation of retinal imaging technology for the biometric identification of bovine animals in Northern Ireland Livestock Science 116(1-3): 42-52.
• Anon 2006. RFID and UHF: A Prescription for RFID Success in the Pharmaceutical Industry. White paper representing a collaborative effort by ADT/Tyco Fire & Security, Alien, Impinj, Intel, Symbol and Xterprise.
• http://www.mepsrealtime.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/2006-WP-RFID-andUHF_ApPrescription-for-RFID-Success-in-the-Pharmaceutifcal-Industry.pdf. (20.11.2015).
• Balvay B. 2010. Identification électronique: Présentation du projet «RFId Caprine». Institut de l’Élevage.http://www.inst-elevage.asso.fr/html1/IMG/pdf_Actualites_de_la_filiere.pdf (23 Nisan 2010).
• Barry B, Gonzales-Barron UA, McDonnell K, Butler F, Ward S. 2007. Using muzzle pattern recognition as a biometric approach for cattle identification. Transactions of the ASABE 50(3):1073-1080, ISSN 0001-2351.
• Barry B, Corkery G, Gonzales-Barron U, McDonnell K, Butler F, Ward S. 2008. A longitudinal study of the effect of time on the matching performance of a retinal recognition system for lambs. Computer and Electronics in Agriculture 64: 202–211.
• Bass PD, Pendell DL, Morris DL, Scanga JA, Belk KE, Field TG, Sofos JN, Tatum JD, Smith GC. 2008. Review: sheep traceability systems in selectedcountries outside of North America Professional Animal Scientist 24(4): 302–330.
• Bauer U, Kilian M, Harms J, Wendl G. 2009. First results of a large field trial regarding electronic tagging of sheep in Germany. In: Lokhorst C, Groot Koerkamp PWG. (Eds.), Precision Livestock Farming’09. Wageningen Academic Publishers, The Netherlands 237–242.
• Bechini A, Cimino MGCA, Marcelloni F, Tomasi A. 2008. Patterns and technologies for enabling supply chain traceability through collaborative e-business. Information and Software Technology 50(4):342–359.
• Besbes B, Hoffmann I. 2011. Animal identification for traceability and performance recording: FAO's multipurpose and integrated approach FAO-ICAR-FEPALE Workshop on animal identification and recording systems for traceability and livestock development in LAC region, December Santiago, Chile.
• Blancou J. 2001. A history of the traceability of animals and animal products. Revue Scıentıfıque Et Technique-Offıce International Des Epizooties. 20(2):420-425.
• Caja G, Barillet F, Nehring R, Marie C, Ribó O, Ricard E, Lagriffoul G, Conill C, Aurel MR, Jacquin M. 1996. Comparison of different devices for electronic identification in dairy sheep. In: Renaud, J., van Gelder, J. (Eds.) Performance Recording of Animals. Wageningen Pers, Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp. 349–353, EAAP Publ. No. 87.
• Caja G, Conill C, Nehring R, Ribó O. 1999a. Development of a ceramic bolus for the permanent electronic identification of sheep, goat and cattle. Computer and Electronics in Agriculture 24:45–63.
• Caja G, Conill C, Ribó O, Nehring R, Salama AAK, Ayadi M. 2013. Readability and migration of glass encapsulated transponders injected in different body sites of adult goats for electronic identification. Animal (submitted for publication). traceability of pigs from birth to the end of the slaughter line. Journal of Animal Science 83:2215–2224.
• Caja G, Ghirardi J, Hernández-Jover M, Garí D. 2004. Diversity of animal identification techniques: from fire-age to electronic-age. ICAR Technical Series No.9. http://minnie.uab.es/~veteri/40300/23_Caja_etal04_IcarTS9_animal%20identification.pdf.(12.05.2016).
• Caja G, Hernandez-Jover M, Conill C, Garin D, Alabern X, Farriol B, Ghirardi JJ. 2005a. Use of ear tags and injectable transponders for the identification and traceability of pigs from birth to end of the slaughter line. Journal of Animal Science 83:2215-224.
• Caja G, Ghirardi JJ, Garin D, Viseca JF. 2005b. Capsule for the electronic identification of ruminants of any weight anda ge. Inventors; Rumitag S.L. Assigne. International Patent WO/2005/002329.
• Caja G, Luini M, Fonseca PD. 1994. Electronic identification of farm animals using implantable transponders. In: FEOGA Research Project (Contract CCAM 93-342), Final Report, Vol. I–II, December European Commission, Brussels.
• Caja G, Peris S, Conill C, Nehring R, Roca R, Ribó O, Milán MJ. 1999b. Implementation of a system based on electronic identification for the official milk recording of dairy goats in Catalonia. In: Barillet F, Zervas NP. (Eds.), Milking and Milk Production of Dairy Sheep and Goats. Wageningen Pers, EAAP Publ. No. 95, Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp. 406–411.
• Caja G, Ribó O, Nehring R, Conill C, Peris S, Solanes D, Montardit JL, Milán MJ, Farriol B, Vilaseca JF, Alvarez, JM, Díez A, Aguilar O. 1998a. Contract AIR 3 PL 93 2304 (1995–1997): Coupling Active and Passive Telemetric (CAPT) Data Collection for Monitoring, Control and Management of Animal Production at Farm and Sectorial Level. Final Report, Partner P10. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.
• Caja G, Vilaseca JF, Korn C. 1998b. The European Union, assignee, 1998b. Ruminal bolus for electronic identification of a ruminant. Patent WO 98/01025 (01.15.1998).
• Caja G, Carné S, Salama AAK, Ait-Saidi A, Rojas-Olivares MA, Rovai M, Capote J, Castro N, Argüello A, Ayadi M, Aljumaah R, Alshaikh MA. 2014. State-of-the-art of electronic identification techniques and applications in goats. Small Ruminant Research 121:42–50.
• Capote J, Martín D, Castro N, Muñoz E, Lozano J, Carné S, Ghirardi JJ, Caja G. 2005. Retención de bolos ruminales para identificación electrónica en distintas razas de cabras españolas. ITEA Production Animal 26:297–299 (Vol. extra).
• Cappai MG, Picciau M, Nieddu G, Bitti MPL, Pinna W. 2014. Long term performance of RFID technology in the large scale identification of small ruminants through electronic ceramic boluses: Implications for animal welfare and regulation compliance. Small Ruminant Research 117:169-175.
• Carlberg J. 2010. Development and Implementation of a Mandatory Animal Identification System: The Canadian Experience. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 42(3):559–570. http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~carlberg/bio/Carlberg%20JAAE%20Animal%20Identification.pdf (12.05.2016).
• Carne S. 2010. Electronic identification of goats: comparasion of different types of radio-frequency and visual devices. PhD. Thesis. Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain. 140 p.
• Carné S, Caja G, Ghirardi JJ, Salama AAK. 2009a. Long-term performance of visual and electronic identification devices in dairy goats. Journal of Dairy Science 92:1500–1511.
• Carné S, Caja G, Ghirardi JJ, Salama AAK. 2011. Modeling the retention of rumen boluses for the electronic identification of goats. Journal of Dairy Science 94:716–726.
• Carné S, Caja G, Rojas-Olivares MA, Salama AAK. 2010. Readability of visual and electronic leg tags versus rumen boluses and electronic ear tags for the permanent identification of dairy goats Journal of Dairy Science 93(11):5157-5166.
• Carné S, Gipson TA, Rovai M, Merkel RC, Caja G. 2009b. Extended field test on the use of visual ear tags and electronic boluses for the identification of different goat breeds in the United States. Journal of Animal Science 87:2419–2427.
• Castro A, Martín D, López JL, Montesdeoca MC, Capote J. 2004. Efecto de la identificación electrónica con bolo ruminal en los parámetros histológicos de los estómagos de cabritos. Pages 88–90 in XXIX Jornadas Científicas de la SEOC, Lleida, Spain.
• Ching S, Tai A. 2009. HF RFID versus UHF RFID — Technology for Library Service Transformation at City University of Hong Kong. The Journal of Academic Librarianship 35(4):347-359.
• Conill C, Caja G, Nehring R, Ribo O. 2002. The use of passive injectable transponders in fattening lambs from birth to slaughter: Effects of injection position, age and breed. Journal of Animal Science 80:919–925.
• Cooke A, Diprose BB, Brier B. 2010. Use of UHF Tags in Deer & Sheep. Rezare Systems Limited, New Zealand. http://www.rfid-pathfinder.org.nz/images/pdf/uhf_tag_assessment_report_2010-02-09.pdf (12.05.2016).
• Curtin J, Kauffman R, Riggins F. 2010. Making the ‘MOST’ out of RFID technology: a research agenda for the study of the adoption, usage and impact of RFID. Information Technology and Management 8(2):87-110 (DOI: 10.1007/s10799-007-0010-1).
• Curtis M. 2002. Tag loss variation shock. Farmers Weekly Interactive, 28 June 2002. Available: http://www.fwi.co.uk (16 March 2004).
• Dalvit C, De Marchi M, Cassandro M. 2007. Genetic traceability of livestock products: A review. Meat Science 77(4):437-449.
• Deavours D. 2005. UHF EPC Tag Performance Evaluation. RFID Alliance Lab, University of Kansas. http://www.rfidjournal.net/Alliance_Lab_Report_intro.pdf (11.05.2016).
• DEFRA, 2003. Regulatory impact assessment on EU proposals for a council regulation establishing a system for the identification and registration of ovine and caprine animals and amending regulation N3508/92. v.8, April 2003. Available:http://www.defra.gov.ukcorporate/consult/sheepria/sheepriadocument.pdf. (28 July 2004).
• EC, 2005. Report from the Commission to the Council and The European Parliament on the possibility of introduction of electronic identification for bovine animals Brussels, 25.01.2005 COM(2005) 9 final. http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2005:0009:FIN:EN:PDF (28 July 2004)
• EC, 2004. Council Regulation (EC) No 21/2004 of 17 December 2003. establishing a system for the identification and registration of ovine and caprine animals and amending Regulation (EC) No 1782/2003 and Directives 92/102/EEC and 64/432/EEC. J.Eur. Union L5: 8–17.
• Edwards DS, Johnston AM, Pfeiffer DU. 2001. A comparison of commonly used ear tags on the ear damage of sheep. Animal Welfare 10:141–151.
• Fallon RJ. 2001. The development and use of electronic ruminal boluses as a vehicle for bovine identification. Revue Scientifique et Technique (International Office of Epizootics) 20:480-490.
• FCEC, 2009. Study on the introduction of electronic identification (EID) as official method to identify bovine animals within the European Union. Final Report by the Food Chain Evaluation Consortium (FCEC) under Framework Contract for evaluation and evaluation related services - Lot 3: Food Chain (awarded through tender no 2004/S 243-208899). European Commission, Directorate General for Health and Consumers. http://ec.europa.eu/food/animal/identification/bovine/docs/EID_Bovine_Final_Report_en.pdf (10.05.2016).
• Ferrer G, Dew G, Apte U. 2010. When is RFID right for your service? International Journal of Production Economics 124:414–425.
• Fonseca MS, Kenworthy WJ, Courtney FX, Hall MO. 1994. Seagrass planting in the southeastern United States: methods for accelerating habitat development. Restoration Ecology 2:198–212.
• Geers R, Puers B, Goedgeels V, Wouters P. 1997. Electronic Identification, Monitoring and Tracking of Animals. CAB International, Oxford.
• Hobo J. 1998. The necessity for identification and registration of bovine animals from birth to consumer. Performance Recording of Animals: State of the Art, 1998. EAAP Publication No. 91: 53–58.
• Ghirardi JJ, Caja G, Flores C, Garín D, Hernández-Jover M, Bocquier F. 2007. Suitability of electronic mini-boluses for early identification of lambs. Journal of Animal Science 85:248–257.
• Golden BL, Rollin BE, Switzer RV, Comstock CR. 2004. Retinal vasculature image acquisition apparatus and method. Colorado State University Research Foundation, assignee. US Pat. 6:766, 041.
• Gonzales Barron U, Butler F, Mc Donnell K, Ward S. 2009. The end of the identity crisis? Advances in biometric markers for animal identification. Irish Veterinary Journal 62:204-208. http://www.veterinaryirelandjournal.com/Links/PDFs/CE-Large/CELA_March_2009.pdf (12.05.2016).
• Gonzales-Barron U, Corkery G, Barry B, Butler F, McDonnell K, Ward S. 2008. Assessment of retinal recognition technology as a biometric method for sheep identification. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 60:156–166.
• Gruys E, Schakenraad JM, Kruit LK, Bolsher JM. 1993. Biocompatibility of glass-encapsulated electronic chips (transponders) used for the identification of pigs. Veterinary Record 133:385–388.
• Hanton JP. 1976. Rumen-implantable method of electronic identification of livestock. In: Proceedings: Symposium on Cow Identification System and Their Applications. April 8 and 9, IMAG, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
• Hanton John P. 1974. Electronic identification of livestock. I.F.A.C. Symposium on Automatic Control for Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan (Saskatoon) Paper E2.
• Hartley G, Sundermann E. 2010. The efficacy of using the EPC global network for livestock traceability: A Proof of Concept. GS1 New Zealand. http://www.gs1nz.org/documents/Final%20POC%20Document.pdf (17.12.2015).
• Hartley G. 2008. UHF RFID for livestock traceability: Findings from New Zealand . New Zealand. GS1 http://www.fsai.ie/uploadedFiles/News_Centre/Events/Events_Listing/Garry%20Hartley.pdf (11.05.2016).
• Heeres JJ, Hogerwerf PH. 2003. Ear tag transponders studied in sheep and goats. Page 190 in Book of Abstracts of the 54th Annu. Mtg. Eur. Assoc. Anim. Prod. Rome, Italy.
• Hess E. 2006. The Great Debate: HF or UHF RFID. Field Technologies Online. August 2006 http://www.fieldtechnologiesonline.com/article.mvc/The-Great-Debate-HF-Or-UHF-RFID-0001 (09.05.2016).
• Hosie B. 1995. Problems with the use of ear tags in sheep. Veterinary Record 137:571-576.
• ICAR-International Committee for Animal Recording. 2007. International agreement of recording practices. Guidelines approved by the General Assembly held in Kuopio, Finland, June 2006. ICAR, Rome, Italy.
• ICAR-International Committee for Animal Recording, , 2012. International Agreement of Recording Practices. Guidelines approved by the Gen- eral Assembly held in Cork, Ireland on June 2012. In: International Committee for Animal Recording, Rome, Italy, p. 578.
• ICAR, 2009. International Agreement of Recording Practices. Guidelines approved by the General Assembly, Niagara Falls, NY, June. International Committee for Animal Recording, Rome, Italy.
• ICAR, 2010. Animal identification: List of manufacturer codes. http://www.service-icar.com/Manufacturers_DB/manufacturer_codes_main.asp (08.05.2016).
• ICAR-International Committee for Animal Recording, 2005. Animal identification: List of manufacturer codes. [Online] Available:http://www.icar.org/manufacturer_codes.htm (11.05.2016).
• ICAR-International Committee for Animal Recording, 2014. Complete List of the ICAR Approved RFID Devices and Corresponding Manufacturers’ Codes, Last updated 05.02.14. Available at: http://www.service-icar.com/manufacturer complete.php (10.05.2016).
• ISO-International Organization for Standardization, 2006. Code for the Representation Names of Countries and their Subdivisions - Part 1: Country codes. ISO 3166-1:2006 2009-10-15.
• Jain AK, Ross A, Prabhakar S. 2004. An introduction to biometric recognition. Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, IEEE Transactions 14(1):4-20.
• Karakus F, Demir AÖ, Akkol S, Düzgün A, Karakus M. 2015. Performance of electronic and visual ear tags in lambs under extensive conditions in Turkey. Archives Animal Breeding 58:287-292.
• Leng NM, Kin SL, Hall DM, Cole PH. 2005. A small passive UHF RFID tag for livestock identification. Proceedings of 2005 IEEE Interational Symposium on Microwave, Antenna, Propagation and EMC Technologies for wireless Communication, Beijing, China.
• Leong KS, Leng NM, Cole PH. 2007. Investigation on the deployment of HF and UHF RFID tag in livestock identification. Proceedings of IEEE Antennas and Propagation International Symposium, Honolulu, HI.
• Macrae AI, Barnes DF, Hunter HA, Sargison ND, Scott PR, Blis-Sitt KJ, Booth TM, Pirie RS. 2003. Diagnosis and treatment of retropharyngeal injuries in lambs associated with the administration of intraruminal boluses. Veterinary Record 153:489–492.
• MAPA, 2007. Identificación electrónica animal: Experiencias del MAPA. MAPA, Madrid, Spain.
• Mingxiu Z, Chunchang F, Minggen Y. 2012. The application used RFID in third party logistics. Physics Procedia 25:2045-2049.
• Pinna W, Sedda P, Moniello G, Ribó O. 2006. Electronic identification of Sarda goats under extensive conditions in the island of Sardinia. Small Ruminant Research 66:286–290.
• Pugh G. 2004. The Basics of RFID. An Introduction to the Technology and Terms. Transcient Technology White Paper. http://www.rfid-pathfinder.org.nz/images/pdf/pfg_0705011.pdf (19.12.2015).
• Queiroga MC, Fonseca PD, Roquete CR, Castro JL, Condec OAG, Lage M. 1994. Subcutaneous tissue reaction to the implanted electronic identification transponders in caprine. In: Electronic Identification of Farm Animals Using Implantable Transponders. UE DG VI-FEOGA, Research Project, Final Report, vol. II, Exp. UE-03/2.3, European Commission, Brussels.
• Reiners K, Hegger A, Hessel EF, Bo CKS, Wendl G, van den Weghe HFA. 2009. Application of RFID technology using passive HF transponders for the individual identification of weaned piglets at he feed trough. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 68:178-184.
• Reinholz A, Vaselaar D, Owen G, Freeman D, Glower J, Ringwall K, Riesinger MMcCarthy, 2006. Learning from Animal Identification with UHF RFID Technology. North Dakota State University. http://autoidlabs.mit.edu/cs/convocation/2006_05_01_LasVegas/presentations%5CMcCarthy.pdf (15.11.2015).
• Ribó O, Korn C, Meloni U, Cropper M, De Winne P, Cuypers M. 2001. IDEA:a large-scale projecton electronic identification of livestock. Revue Scientifique Et Technique-Offıce International Des Epizooties 20:246–436.
• Rojas-Olivares MA, Caja G, Carne S, Salama AAK. 2009. Retinal image recognition of identifying and tracing live and harvested lambs. 60th Annual Meeting of European Association for Animal Production. 24-27 August Barcelona-Spain.
• Rojas-Olivares MA, Caja G, Carne S, Salama AAK, Adell N, Puig P. 2011. Retinal image recognition for verifying the identity of fattening and replacement lambs. Journal of Animal Science 89:2603–2613.
• Rojas-Olivares MA, Caja G, Carne S, Salama AAK, Adell N, Puig P. 2012. Determining the optimal age for recording the retinal vascular pattern image of lams. Journal of Animal Science 90:1040-1046.
• Roquete CR, Castro JL, Condec O, Fernandes JV. 1994. Evaluation of the body reaction of electronic identification transponders implanted in four different sites in adult goats. In:Electronic Identification of Farm Animals Using Implantable Transponders.UEDG VI-FEOGA, Research Project, Final Report, vol.II, Exp.UE-03/2.1. Rusk CP, Blomeke CR, Balschweid MA, Elliott SJ, Baker D. 2006. An evaluation of retinal imaging technology for 4-H beef and sheep identification. Journal of Extension [On-line], 44(5) Article 5FEA7. Available at: http://www.joe.org/joe/2006october/a7.shtml (10.05.2016).
• Saa C, Mila MJ, Caja G, Ghirardi JJ. 2005. Cost evaluation of the use of conventional and electronic identification and registration systems for the national sheep and goat populations in Spain. Journal of Animal Science 83:1215-1225.
• San Miguel O, Caja G, Nehring R, Miranda F, Merino JA, Almansa V, Lueso MJ. 2005. Results of the IDEA projecton cattle, sheep and goats in Spain. In: Guellouz, M., Dimitriadou, A., Mosconi, C. (Eds.) Performance Recording of Farm Animals: State of the Art, EAAP Publ. No.113. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp. 357–359.
• SANCO, 2008. Commission of the European Communities. Commıssıon Regulatıon of Amending the Annex to Regulation (Ec) No 21/2008, Brussels.
• Sasloglou K, Glover IA, Goh HG, Kwong KH, Gilroy MP, Tachtatzis C, Michie C, Andonovic I. 2009. Antenna and Base-station Diversity for WSN Livestock Monitoring Wireless Sensor Network, Scientific Research Publishing http://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/14826/1/Antenna_and_BaseStation_Diversity_for_WSN_Livestock_Monitoring.pdf (11.05.2016).
• Schuiling HJ, Verkaik J, Binnendijk G, Hogewerf P, Smits D, van der Fels B. 2004. Elektronische oormerken voor I&R bij schapen en geiten. Praktijk Rapport Schapen 02. Animal Sciences Group, Wageningen, the Netherlands. Thurner S, Wendl G. 2007. Identification reliability of moving HF-transponders with simultaneous reading. Landtechnik 62:106-107.
• Torras X, Vilaseca JF, Caja G. 2006. Process and machine for recovering capsules from inside slaughtered animals. Patent WO2006/050835A8. USDA (UnitedStates Department of Agriculture). Animal Disease Traceability Framework. Official Ear tags-Criteria and Options, Available at: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/traceability/downloads/ADT eartags criteria.pdf (09.05.2016).
• Trevharten A, Michael K. 2008. The RFID-enabled dairy farm: towards total farm management. In: 7th International Conference on Mobile Business, Barcelona, Spain. Voulodimos AS, Patrikakis CZ, Sideridis AB, Ntafis VA, Xylouri EM. 2009. A complete farm management system based on animal identification using RFID technology. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 70:380–388.
• Walton TE. 2002. National Animal Health Monitoring System. Part I: Reference of sheep management in the United States. USDA APHIS: VS, CEAH, Fort Collins, CO.
• Whittier JC, Doubet J, Henrickson D, Cobb J, Shadduck J, Golden BL. 2003. Biological considerations pertaining to use of the retinal vascular pattern for permanent identification of livestock in Proc. Western Section, American Society of Animal Science. 54. http://www.asas.org/western03/ (11.06.2016).