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Buzağılarda Yaşama Gücünün Anahtarı; “Kolostrum”

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 59 Sayı: 1, 67 - 78, 31.07.2018
https://doi.org/10.29185/hayuretim.359971

Öz



Başarılı  süt üretimi, doğru buzağı yetiştirmeye
dayanır. Yüksek buzağı ölümleri, 
üretimde önemli bir ekonomik sorun yaratmaktadır. Doğum sonrası yaşama
gücü yavruların çevre koşullarına adaptasyonunun belirlenmesinde ve
işletmelerin kârlılığı açısından çok önemlidir. Buzağıların sağlığı ve yaşama
gücü kapsamındaki en önemli faktör, yavrunun doğumunun ilk evrelerinde yeterli
miktar ve kalitedeki kolostrum ile beslenmesidir. Yavrunun doğumu izleyen ilk
birkaç saat içinde kolostrum alması oldukça önemlidir. Kolostrum, meme bezi
gelişiminin ayrı bir fizyolojik ve işlevsel aşamasında üretilir, normal sütten
belirgin olarak farklıdır. Yavru düşük vücut enerji deposu ve serum
immünoglobüllerinden yoksun olarak doğar. Kolostrum yavruya hem enerji hem de
maternal antikorlar sağlar. Geleneksel sütle besleme yapılan yetiştiricilik
sistemlerinde buzağılar doğum ağırlığının %8-10’u düzeyinde süt içmeleri
önerilir. Günümüzde buzağı ölüm oranı artık refah düzeyi ve yönetim kalitesinin
en önemli göstergesi olarak görülmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Anonim 2013. Ngahawi farms.
  • http://www.ngahiwifarms.co.nz/cms/calf-health/colostrum-too-llittle-too-late.html>
  • Anonim, 2017a. Penn state, Calf care. https://www.meijifeed.co.jp/en/products/ (12.08.2017).
  • Anonim, 2017b. http://www.agresearch.teagasc.ie/moorepark/ (20.08.2017).
  • Anonim,2017c. The importance of colostrum to newborn calves http://www.publish.csiro.au/ebook/chapter/9780643107427 (25.09.2017).
  • Anonim 2017d. The Cow is the First Source of Calf Health. University of Florida https://bay.ifas.ufl.edu/newsletters/2015/03/06/the-cow-is-the-first-source-of-calf-health/ (27.09.2017)
  • Anonim, 2017e. Rearing healthy calves dairyaustralia.com.au (27.09.2017).
  • Banerjee GC. 2005. A Text Book of Animal Husbandry 8th, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
  • Bendali F, Bichet H, Schelcher F, Sanaa M. 1999. Pattern of diarrhoea in newborn beef calves in south-west France. Veterinary Research 30, 61–74.
  • Chester-Jones H. 2007. Colostrum. Minnesota Dairy Team, University of Minnesota.
  • Corbett, R. B. 1991. Nutrition of the dairy calf part 1: colostrum. Dairy World. pp. 4-7.
  • Dardillat J, Trillat G, Larvor P. 1978. Colostrum immunoglobulin concentration in cows: relationship with their calf mortality and with the colostrum quality of their female offspring. Annales de Recherches Veterinaires 9, 375– 384.
  • DEFRA. 2003. Code of Recommendations for the Welfare of Livestock. DEFRA Publications, London.
  • Dorè E, Parè J, Cotè G, Buczinski S, Labrecque O, Roy JP, Fecteau G. 2012. Risk factors associated with transmission of Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis to calves within dairy herd: a systematic review. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 26:32- 45.
  • EC, 2008. Commission Decision of 18 December 2008 concerning certain protection measures with regard to bovine calves management, 2008/119/CE. In: Official Journal, L 10/7, 15/01/2009, pp 7-11.
  • EFSA, 2006. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW Panel) on a request from the European Commission on the risks of poor welfare in intensive calf farming systems. An update of the Scientific Veterinary Committee Report on the Welfare of Calves. The EFSA Journal, 366, 1-36.
  • EFSA, 2012. EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW). Scientific Opinion on the the welfare of cattle kept for beef production and the welfare in intensive calf farming systems. EFSA Journal 10(5):2669. 166 pp.
  • Erdem H, Atasever S. 2005. Yeni Doğan Buzağılarda Kolostrumun Önemi. OMÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 20, (2):79-84.
  • Foley JA, Otterby DE. 1978. Availability, storage, treatment, composition and feeding of surplus colostrum: A review. J Dairy Science 61(8):1033-1060.
  • Fuerst-Waltl B, Sørensen MK. 2010. Genetic analysis of calf and heifer losses in Danish Holstein. Journal of Dairy Science 93, (11): 5436–5442.
  • Fukushima M, Kibushi M, Sakase M, Noda M, Takeda K. 2004. The effect of additive feeding of the freeze or spraydried colostrum on the increase in serum immunoglobulin G concentration during the first 24 hours after parturition between different lactation number of Japanese black beef cows. Bulletin of the Hyogo Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Animal Husbandry Section) 40, 6–10. (In Japanese with English Abstract)
  • Gay CC. 1983. Failure of passive transfer of colostral antibodies and neonatal disease in calves: a review. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Neonatal Diarrhea. pp 346. Veterinary Infectious Disease Organization, Saskatoon, Sask.
  • Georgiev I.P. 2008. Differences in chemical composition between cow colostrum and milk. Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 11, (1): 3-12.
  • Godden S. 2008. Colostrum Management for Dairy Calves. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice. Volume 24, (1): 19-39.
  • Göncü S, Gökçe G, Koluman N. 2014. Siyah Alaca İneklerde Kolostrum Kalitesinin Buzağıların Sütten Kesim Öncesi ve Sonrası Performansları Üzerine Etkisi. Ç.Ü.Z.F. Dergisi, 2014, 29 (1) : 35-.40
  • Gundelach Y, Essmeyer K, Teltscher MK, Hoedemaker M. 2009. Risk factors for perinatal mortality in dairy cattle: cow and foetal factors, calving process. Theriogenology 71:901-909.
  • Gulliksen SM, Lie KI, Løken T, Østerås O. 2009. Calf mortality in Norwegian dairy herds. J Dairy Sci. 92, (6): 2782– 2795.
  • Hall JB. 1998. The Cow-Calf Manager: Calving Management. Virginia Cooperative Extension Newsletter Archive http://www.sites.ext.vt.edu/newsletter-archive/ livestock/aps-98_02/aps-881.html
  • Hunt E. 1990. Critical colostrum. Dairy Herd Workshop 1(1):16-20.
  • Jochims K, Kaup FJ, Drommer W, Pickel M. 1994. An immunoelectron microscopic investigation of colostral IgG absorption across the intestine of newborn calves. Res Vet Sci. 57, (1):75-80.
  • Kaygısız A, Köse M. 2007. Siyah Alaca İneklerde Kolostrum Kalitesi ve Kolostrum Kalitesinin Buzağı Gelişme Özelliklerine Etkisi. Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi 2007, 13 (4) 321-325
  • Khan MA, Lee HJ, Lee WS, Kim HS, Ki K., Hur T., Suh GH, Kang SJ, Choi YJ. 2007. Structural growth, rumen development, and metabolic and immune responses of Holstein male calves fed milk through step-down and conventional methods. J. Dairy Sci. 90:3376-3387.
  • Khatun MR, Arifuzzaman M, Ashraf A. 2009. A comparative analysis on factors affecting calf mortality of buffalo in a breeding farm. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 12, 1535–1538.
  • Kuralkar P, Kuralkar SV. 2010. Nutritional and Immunological Importance of Colostrum for the new born. Veterinary World, Vol.3(1):46-47.
  • Lang B. 2010. Colostrum for the Dairy Calf. http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/livestock/veal/facts/08-001.htm
  • Martin SW, Schwabe CW, Franti CE. 1975. Dairy calf mortality rate: characteristics of calf mortality rates in Tulare County, California. American Journal of Veterinary Research 36, 1099–1104.
  • Muller LD, Ellinger DK. 1981. Colostral immunoglobulin concentrations among breeds of dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 64:1727-1730.
  • Nix JM, Spitzer JC, Grimes LW, Burns GL, Plyler BB. 1998. A retrospective analysis of factors contributing to calf mortality and dystocia in beef cattle. Theriogenology 49, 1515– 1523.
  • Odde KG. 1997. Reproductive efficiency precalving nutrition and improving calf survival. Proc. Bovine Connection. p. 86-92.
  • Oyeniyi OO, Hunter AG. 1978. Colostral constituents including immunoglobulins in the first three milkings postpartum. J. Dairy Sci. 61,(1): 44-48.
  • Patterson DJ, Bellows RA, Burfening PJ, Carr JB. 1987. Occurrence of neonatal and postnatal mortality in range beef cattle. 1. Calf loss incidence from birth to weaning, backward and breech presentations and effect of calf loss on subsequent pregnancy rate of dams. Theriogenology, 28:557-571.
  • Roy JHB. 1980. The calf. Fourth ed. Butterworths. Pp 57-60.
  • Selk, GE. 2003. Disease protection of baby calves. Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources F-3358.
  • Sjaastad OV, Hove K, Sand O. 2003. Physiology of Domestic Animals, Scandinavian Veterinary Press, Oslo, (Norway).
  • Svensson CK, Lundborg UE, Olsson SO. 2003. Morbidity in Swedish dairy calves from birth to 90 days of age and individual calf-level risk factors for infectious diseases. Prev. Vet. Med. 58: 179-197.
  • Stull C, Reynolds J. 2008. Calf welfare. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food A 24:191-203.
  • Torsein M, Lindberg, Sandgren CH, Waller KP, Törnquist M, Svensson C. 2011. Risk factors for calf mortality in large Swedish dairy herds. Prev. Vet. Med. 99:136-147.
  • Vermorel M, Dardillat C, Vernet J, Saido, Demigne C. 1983. Energy metabolism and thermoregulation in the newborn calf. Annales de Recherches Veterinaires 14, 382–389.
  • Wathes DC, Brickell JS, Bourne NE, Swali A, Cheng Z. 2008. Factors influencing heifer survival and fertility on commercial dairy farms. Animal 2:1135–1143.
  • Wattiaux AM, Howard TW. 1997. Dairy Essentials. Babcock Institute for International Dairy Research and Development. WI 53706, USA.
  • Weaver DM, Tyler JW, VanMetre DC, Hostetler DE, Barrington GM. 2000. Passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulins in calves. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 14:569– 577.
  • Wells SJ, Dargatz DA, Ott SL. 1996. Factors associated with mortality to 21 days of life in dairy heifers in the United States. Prev Vet Med 29, 9-19.
  • Wiersma F, Stott GH, Menefee BE. 1976. Improved environmental housing to enhance calf survival. Paper – American Society of Agricultural Engineers 11.
  • Windsor PA, Whittington RJ. 2010. Evidence for age susceptibility of cattle to Johne’s disease. Vet. J. 184:37-44.
  • Wittum TE, Curtis CR, Salman MD, King ME, Odde KG, Mortimer RG. 1990. Management practices and their association with reproductive health and performance in Colorado beef herds. Journal of Animal Science 68, 2642– 2649.
  • Zucali M, Bava TA, Guerci M, Sandrucci A. 2013. Management risk factors for calf mortality in intensive Italian dairy farms. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 12, (2): 162-166.

Key of Survival in Calves; “Colostrum”

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 59 Sayı: 1, 67 - 78, 31.07.2018
https://doi.org/10.29185/hayuretim.359971

Öz

Successful milk production is based on proper calf rearing. High calf mortality is
an important problem of economic loss in production. Postnatal survival rate is
very important in the determination of the adaptation of newborns to the environmental
conditions and the profitability of the enterprises. The most important factor
in dairy calf health and survival is feeding the newborn adequate amounts of
high-quality colostrum early in its life. An important strategy for newborn
receives adequate colostrum during the first two to three hours of life.
Colostrum is produced during a distinct physiological and functional stage of
mammary gland development and differs markedly from normal milk. A neonate is
born with low body energy stores and devoid of serum immunoglobulins. Colostrum
provides the neonates with both energy and maternal antibodies. Traditional
milk feeding systems for dairy calves - 8 to 10% of birth weight. Today, calf
mortality is now considered the most crucial indicator of welfare level; it was
an important indicator of management quality.

Kaynakça

  • Anonim 2013. Ngahawi farms.
  • http://www.ngahiwifarms.co.nz/cms/calf-health/colostrum-too-llittle-too-late.html>
  • Anonim, 2017a. Penn state, Calf care. https://www.meijifeed.co.jp/en/products/ (12.08.2017).
  • Anonim, 2017b. http://www.agresearch.teagasc.ie/moorepark/ (20.08.2017).
  • Anonim,2017c. The importance of colostrum to newborn calves http://www.publish.csiro.au/ebook/chapter/9780643107427 (25.09.2017).
  • Anonim 2017d. The Cow is the First Source of Calf Health. University of Florida https://bay.ifas.ufl.edu/newsletters/2015/03/06/the-cow-is-the-first-source-of-calf-health/ (27.09.2017)
  • Anonim, 2017e. Rearing healthy calves dairyaustralia.com.au (27.09.2017).
  • Banerjee GC. 2005. A Text Book of Animal Husbandry 8th, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
  • Bendali F, Bichet H, Schelcher F, Sanaa M. 1999. Pattern of diarrhoea in newborn beef calves in south-west France. Veterinary Research 30, 61–74.
  • Chester-Jones H. 2007. Colostrum. Minnesota Dairy Team, University of Minnesota.
  • Corbett, R. B. 1991. Nutrition of the dairy calf part 1: colostrum. Dairy World. pp. 4-7.
  • Dardillat J, Trillat G, Larvor P. 1978. Colostrum immunoglobulin concentration in cows: relationship with their calf mortality and with the colostrum quality of their female offspring. Annales de Recherches Veterinaires 9, 375– 384.
  • DEFRA. 2003. Code of Recommendations for the Welfare of Livestock. DEFRA Publications, London.
  • Dorè E, Parè J, Cotè G, Buczinski S, Labrecque O, Roy JP, Fecteau G. 2012. Risk factors associated with transmission of Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis to calves within dairy herd: a systematic review. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 26:32- 45.
  • EC, 2008. Commission Decision of 18 December 2008 concerning certain protection measures with regard to bovine calves management, 2008/119/CE. In: Official Journal, L 10/7, 15/01/2009, pp 7-11.
  • EFSA, 2006. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW Panel) on a request from the European Commission on the risks of poor welfare in intensive calf farming systems. An update of the Scientific Veterinary Committee Report on the Welfare of Calves. The EFSA Journal, 366, 1-36.
  • EFSA, 2012. EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW). Scientific Opinion on the the welfare of cattle kept for beef production and the welfare in intensive calf farming systems. EFSA Journal 10(5):2669. 166 pp.
  • Erdem H, Atasever S. 2005. Yeni Doğan Buzağılarda Kolostrumun Önemi. OMÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 20, (2):79-84.
  • Foley JA, Otterby DE. 1978. Availability, storage, treatment, composition and feeding of surplus colostrum: A review. J Dairy Science 61(8):1033-1060.
  • Fuerst-Waltl B, Sørensen MK. 2010. Genetic analysis of calf and heifer losses in Danish Holstein. Journal of Dairy Science 93, (11): 5436–5442.
  • Fukushima M, Kibushi M, Sakase M, Noda M, Takeda K. 2004. The effect of additive feeding of the freeze or spraydried colostrum on the increase in serum immunoglobulin G concentration during the first 24 hours after parturition between different lactation number of Japanese black beef cows. Bulletin of the Hyogo Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Animal Husbandry Section) 40, 6–10. (In Japanese with English Abstract)
  • Gay CC. 1983. Failure of passive transfer of colostral antibodies and neonatal disease in calves: a review. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Neonatal Diarrhea. pp 346. Veterinary Infectious Disease Organization, Saskatoon, Sask.
  • Georgiev I.P. 2008. Differences in chemical composition between cow colostrum and milk. Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 11, (1): 3-12.
  • Godden S. 2008. Colostrum Management for Dairy Calves. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice. Volume 24, (1): 19-39.
  • Göncü S, Gökçe G, Koluman N. 2014. Siyah Alaca İneklerde Kolostrum Kalitesinin Buzağıların Sütten Kesim Öncesi ve Sonrası Performansları Üzerine Etkisi. Ç.Ü.Z.F. Dergisi, 2014, 29 (1) : 35-.40
  • Gundelach Y, Essmeyer K, Teltscher MK, Hoedemaker M. 2009. Risk factors for perinatal mortality in dairy cattle: cow and foetal factors, calving process. Theriogenology 71:901-909.
  • Gulliksen SM, Lie KI, Løken T, Østerås O. 2009. Calf mortality in Norwegian dairy herds. J Dairy Sci. 92, (6): 2782– 2795.
  • Hall JB. 1998. The Cow-Calf Manager: Calving Management. Virginia Cooperative Extension Newsletter Archive http://www.sites.ext.vt.edu/newsletter-archive/ livestock/aps-98_02/aps-881.html
  • Hunt E. 1990. Critical colostrum. Dairy Herd Workshop 1(1):16-20.
  • Jochims K, Kaup FJ, Drommer W, Pickel M. 1994. An immunoelectron microscopic investigation of colostral IgG absorption across the intestine of newborn calves. Res Vet Sci. 57, (1):75-80.
  • Kaygısız A, Köse M. 2007. Siyah Alaca İneklerde Kolostrum Kalitesi ve Kolostrum Kalitesinin Buzağı Gelişme Özelliklerine Etkisi. Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi 2007, 13 (4) 321-325
  • Khan MA, Lee HJ, Lee WS, Kim HS, Ki K., Hur T., Suh GH, Kang SJ, Choi YJ. 2007. Structural growth, rumen development, and metabolic and immune responses of Holstein male calves fed milk through step-down and conventional methods. J. Dairy Sci. 90:3376-3387.
  • Khatun MR, Arifuzzaman M, Ashraf A. 2009. A comparative analysis on factors affecting calf mortality of buffalo in a breeding farm. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 12, 1535–1538.
  • Kuralkar P, Kuralkar SV. 2010. Nutritional and Immunological Importance of Colostrum for the new born. Veterinary World, Vol.3(1):46-47.
  • Lang B. 2010. Colostrum for the Dairy Calf. http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/livestock/veal/facts/08-001.htm
  • Martin SW, Schwabe CW, Franti CE. 1975. Dairy calf mortality rate: characteristics of calf mortality rates in Tulare County, California. American Journal of Veterinary Research 36, 1099–1104.
  • Muller LD, Ellinger DK. 1981. Colostral immunoglobulin concentrations among breeds of dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 64:1727-1730.
  • Nix JM, Spitzer JC, Grimes LW, Burns GL, Plyler BB. 1998. A retrospective analysis of factors contributing to calf mortality and dystocia in beef cattle. Theriogenology 49, 1515– 1523.
  • Odde KG. 1997. Reproductive efficiency precalving nutrition and improving calf survival. Proc. Bovine Connection. p. 86-92.
  • Oyeniyi OO, Hunter AG. 1978. Colostral constituents including immunoglobulins in the first three milkings postpartum. J. Dairy Sci. 61,(1): 44-48.
  • Patterson DJ, Bellows RA, Burfening PJ, Carr JB. 1987. Occurrence of neonatal and postnatal mortality in range beef cattle. 1. Calf loss incidence from birth to weaning, backward and breech presentations and effect of calf loss on subsequent pregnancy rate of dams. Theriogenology, 28:557-571.
  • Roy JHB. 1980. The calf. Fourth ed. Butterworths. Pp 57-60.
  • Selk, GE. 2003. Disease protection of baby calves. Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources F-3358.
  • Sjaastad OV, Hove K, Sand O. 2003. Physiology of Domestic Animals, Scandinavian Veterinary Press, Oslo, (Norway).
  • Svensson CK, Lundborg UE, Olsson SO. 2003. Morbidity in Swedish dairy calves from birth to 90 days of age and individual calf-level risk factors for infectious diseases. Prev. Vet. Med. 58: 179-197.
  • Stull C, Reynolds J. 2008. Calf welfare. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food A 24:191-203.
  • Torsein M, Lindberg, Sandgren CH, Waller KP, Törnquist M, Svensson C. 2011. Risk factors for calf mortality in large Swedish dairy herds. Prev. Vet. Med. 99:136-147.
  • Vermorel M, Dardillat C, Vernet J, Saido, Demigne C. 1983. Energy metabolism and thermoregulation in the newborn calf. Annales de Recherches Veterinaires 14, 382–389.
  • Wathes DC, Brickell JS, Bourne NE, Swali A, Cheng Z. 2008. Factors influencing heifer survival and fertility on commercial dairy farms. Animal 2:1135–1143.
  • Wattiaux AM, Howard TW. 1997. Dairy Essentials. Babcock Institute for International Dairy Research and Development. WI 53706, USA.
  • Weaver DM, Tyler JW, VanMetre DC, Hostetler DE, Barrington GM. 2000. Passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulins in calves. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 14:569– 577.
  • Wells SJ, Dargatz DA, Ott SL. 1996. Factors associated with mortality to 21 days of life in dairy heifers in the United States. Prev Vet Med 29, 9-19.
  • Wiersma F, Stott GH, Menefee BE. 1976. Improved environmental housing to enhance calf survival. Paper – American Society of Agricultural Engineers 11.
  • Windsor PA, Whittington RJ. 2010. Evidence for age susceptibility of cattle to Johne’s disease. Vet. J. 184:37-44.
  • Wittum TE, Curtis CR, Salman MD, King ME, Odde KG, Mortimer RG. 1990. Management practices and their association with reproductive health and performance in Colorado beef herds. Journal of Animal Science 68, 2642– 2649.
  • Zucali M, Bava TA, Guerci M, Sandrucci A. 2013. Management risk factors for calf mortality in intensive Italian dairy farms. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 12, (2): 162-166.
Toplam 56 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Mehmet KOYUNCU

Merve KARACA Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Temmuz 2018
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Aralık 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 59 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA KOYUNCU, M., & KARACA, M. (2018). Buzağılarda Yaşama Gücünün Anahtarı; “Kolostrum”. Hayvansal Üretim, 59(1), 67-78. https://doi.org/10.29185/hayuretim.359971


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