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            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                    <journal-id></journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>History Studies</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">1309-4688</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">1309-4173</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Osman KÖSE</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id/>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Early Modern European History</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Yeniçağ Avrupa Tarihi</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>Lo Que Es, Lo Que Ha Sido y Lo Que Esta Por Venir: Prudencia in Early Modern Spanish Political Texts</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <article-title>Olan, Olmuş Olan ve Olacak Olan: Erken Modern İspanyol Siyasi Metinlerinde Prudencia</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1954-5698</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Kalkan</surname>
                                    <given-names>Mehmet Talha</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>UŞAK ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20250210">
                    <day>02</day>
                    <month>10</month>
                    <year>2025</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>17</volume>
                                        <issue>1</issue>
                                        <fpage>33</fpage>
                                        <lpage>51</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20240528">
                        <day>05</day>
                        <month>28</month>
                        <year>2024</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20250124">
                        <day>01</day>
                        <month>24</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2009, History Studies</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2009</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>History Studies</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>Generally, the Spanish, who had to confront a series of problems in various fields towards the end of the sixteenth century, tried to learn the reason behind the fact that both the society and the government had stepped into such a great chaotic process. Expectedly, this process was concluded with the emergence of the texts which consisted of the analysis of the situation of Spain at the time, and, more importantly, which served as a guideline that represented the optimal characteristics of an ideal emperor and state structure. Prudencia (prudence), one of the most important concepts that appeared in these texts, was one of the issues which the writers of the period chose to evaluate, and it was crucial for the emergence and continuance of an ideal emperor and state structure. This concept was considered especially by the Spanish to be a prominent counter-discourse that was situated against Machiavelli, who was thought to be one of the reasons that led to the crises of the period and labeled as an &quot;anti-Christian and atheist&quot;. Indeed, prudencia came into prominence among all the other remedies that the Spanish put forward in order to step outside of the crisis, and it served as an &quot;escape route&quot; for them. All things considered, this study, by touching on the importance of the concept, prudencia from the point of views of various Spanish writers, aims to shed light on what the concept meant for them, what it consisted of and what kind of political context it held.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <abstract><p>Genel itibarıyla XVI. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru bir dizi alanda sorun ile karşılaşan İspanyollar hem toplumun hem devletin neden bu denli kaotik bir sürecin içerisine girmiş olduğunu anlamaya çalışmışlardır. Doğal olarak bu süreç, İspanya’nın içinde bulunduğu durumu tahlil etmeyi şiar edinen ve daha da önemlisi, ideal bir hükümdarın ve devlet yapısının nasıl olması gerektiğini anlatan metinlerin ortaya çıkmasıyla neticelenmiştir. Bu metinlerde yer alan en önemli kavramlardan biri olan prudencia (sağduyu), dönemin yazarları tarafından ele alınan hususlardan biri olmuş ve onun varlığı ideal bir hükümdarın ve devlet yapısının varlığı için hayati bir noktaya oturtulmuştur. Bilhassa İspanyollar adına prudencia, bu dönemde yaşanan krizlerin nedenleri arasında sayılan ve &quot;Hristiyan düşmanı ve ateist&quot; olarak etiketlenen Machiavelli’ye karşı önemli bir karşı söylev noktası oluşturmuştur. Nitekim İspanyolların krizden çıkış için ortaya koyduğu reçeteler arasında prudencia, kritik bir yer sahibi olmuş ve adeta onlar adına bir çıkış noktası oluşturmuştur. Son kertede işbu çalışma da farklı İspanyol yazarların gözünden prudencianın önemini anlatarak onun kendileri adına ne anlama geldiğini, neleri kapsadığını ve nasıl bir politik bağlama sahip olduğunu göstermeyi hedeflemiştir.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Erken modern dönem</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  İspanya</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  sağduyu</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Niccolo Machiavelli</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  devlet çıkarı.</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Early modern period</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Spain</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  prudence</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Niccolo Machiavelli</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  reason of state.</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                                        </article-meta>
    </front>
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