The Role of Geography in the Russian Modernization Process: The reigns of Peter I and Catherine II

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 2, 297 - 316, 10.05.2025

Nazan Karakaş Özür

https://doi.org/10.9737/historystudies.1533191

Öz

Modernization in Europe was realized with the idea of science and enlightenment. In this study, the developments in Russia, which tried to modernize after Europe, were evaluated in terms of geographical information and history of science. The historical method was used, focusing on the periods of Peter I and Catherine II when modernization was initiated within the broad Russian history. The general developments, scientific activities and their relation to geography in these two administrative periods were evaluated. Accordingly, in the 134-year period that is the subject of the study, science and technology were used as tools in the form of experts brought from abroad, books translated, schools opened, institutions structured, administrative activities, military developments, laws enacted and other administrative issues. In this process, the science of mathematics came to the fore, and its application field was cartography and geography, which includes measurements of space. Geographical information was obtained through mathematics in accordance with the modern understanding of science. In a short period of time, the ability to map, conduct field studies and produce modern geographical information at western standards was achieved. These developments took place in parallel with the Russian State's gaining political, economic and military power.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Russian modernisation, geography, mathematics, history of geography.

Rus Modernleşme Sürecinde Coğrafyanın Rolü: I. Petro ve II. Katerina Dönemleri

Öz

Avrupa’da modernleşme bilim ve aydınlanma düşüncesi ile gerçekleşmiştir. Çalışmada Avrupa’dan sonra modernleşmeye çalışan Rusya’daki gelişmeler coğrafi bilgi ve bilim tarihi bakımından değerlendirilmiştir. Tarihi yöntem kullanılmış, geniş Rus tarihi içinde modernleşmenin başlatıldığı I.Petro ile II. Katerina dönemlerine odaklanılmıştır. Bu iki yönetim dönemindeki genel gelişmeler, bilimsel faaliyetler ve coğrafyaya ilişkileri ele alınarak değerlendirilmiştir. Buna göre çalışmaya konu olan 134 yıllık süreçte, dışardan getirilen uzmanlar, çevrilen kitaplar, açılan okullar, yapılandırılan kurumlar, idari faaliyetler, askeri gelişmeler, çıkarılan kanunlar ve diğer yönetimsel konularda bilim ile teknoloji araç olarak kullanılmıştır. Bu süreçte öne çıkan matematik bilimi olmuş, onun uygulama sahası olarak kartografya ve mekâna dair ölçümleri içeren coğrafya kullanılmıştır. Coğrafi bilgi matematik sayesinde modern bilim anlayışına uygun şekilde elde edilmiştir. Kısa süre içinde batı standartlarında haritalama, arazi çalışmaları yapma ve modern coğrafi bilgi üretme kabiliyetine erişilmiştir. Bu gelişmeler Rus Devleti’nin siyasi, ekonomik ve askeri güç kazanması ile paralel gerçekleşmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Rus modernleşmesi, coğrafya, matematik, coğrafya tarihi.

Etik Beyan

Makale etik kurul izni gerektirmemektedir.

Kaynakça

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