Electrochemical Dopamine Detection Using Palladium/Carbon Nano Onion Hybrids

Abstract

In the given study, palladium-decorated carbon nano-onion nanostructures (Pd/CNO) were used as an electrochemical catalyst for detecting dopamine (DA). The physicochemical properties of the Pd/SO3H/CNO-based catalysts were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) methods. Pd/SO3H/CNO inks were dropped cast on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) to prepare the electrochemical DA sensors. The sensor performance was performed using cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The electroanalytical results indicated a LOD value of 2.44 M and the linear range of the sensors were found to be between 10 and 400 M DA. The enhanced electrocatalytic activity toward DA is attributed to the high active surface area, conductivity of CNO and the high electrocatalytic property of Pd. The results suggest that Pd/SO3H/CNO nanostructures can be used to detect electrochemical DA sensors with high selectivity, sensitivity, and low LOD.

Keywords

• Carbon nano-onion
• palladium
• electrochemical sensor
• dopamine
• differential pulse voltammetry
• Carbon nano-onion, palladium, electrochemical sensor, dopamine, differential pulse voltammetry

References

1. 1. Zhao, K. and X. Quan, Carbon-Based Materials for Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to C2+ Oxygenates: Recent Progress and Remaining Challenges. Acs Catalysis, 2021. 11(4): p. 2076-2097.
2. 2. Karimi, A., et al., Graphene based enzymatic bioelectrodes and biofuel cells. Nanoscale, 2015. 7(16): p. 6909-6923.
3. 3. Najafi, A.S.G. and T. Alizadeh, One-step hydrothermal synthesis of carbon nano onions anchored on graphene sheets for potential use in electrochemical energy storage. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 2022. 33(10): p. 7444-7462.
4. 4. Pallavolu, M.R., et al., A novel hybridized needle-like Co3O4/ N-CNO composite for superior energy storage asymmetric supercapacitors. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2022. 908: p. 164447.
5. 5. Dalal, C., et al., Fluorescent carbon nano-onion as bioimaging probe. ACS Applied Bio Materials, 2021. 4(1): p. 252-266.
6. 6. Kan, X., et al., 2008. - 112(- 13): p. - 4854.
7. 7. Yeon, J.H., et al., Generation of carbon nano-onions by laser irradiation of gaseous hydrocarbons for high durability catalyst support in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2019. 80: p. 65-73.
8. 8. Camisasca, A. and S. Giordani, Carbon nano-onions in biomedical applications: Promising theranostic agents. Inorganica Chimica Acta, 2017. 468: p. 67-76.

9. 9. Sharma, A., et al., 2022. - 7(- 42): p. - 37756.
10. 10. Tripathi, K.M., et al., From the traditional way of pyrolysis to tunable photoluminescent water soluble carbon nano-onions for cell imaging and selective sensing of glucose. RSC advances, 2016. 6(44): p. 37319-37329.
11. 11. Breczko, J., M.E. Plonska-Brzezinska, and L. Echegoyen, 2012. - 72: p. - 67.
12. 12. Yang, J., Y. Zhang, and D.Y. Kim, Electrochemical sensing performance of nanodiamond-derived carbon nano-onions: Comparison with multiwalled carbon nanotubes, graphite nanoflakes, and glassy carbon. Carbon, 2016. 98: p. 74-82.
13. 13. Babar, D.G., et al., Carbon Nano Onions–Polystyrene Composite for Sensing S-Containing Amino Acids. Journal of Composites Science, 2020. 4(3): p. 90.
14. 14. Sok, V. and A. Fragoso, Carbon nano-onion peroxidase composite biosensor for electrochemical detection of 2, 4-D and 2, 4, 5-T. Applied Sciences, 2021. 11(15): p. 6889.
15. 15. Aparicio-Martínez, E., et al., Flexible electrochemical sensor based on laser scribed Graphene/Ag nanoparticles for non-enzymatic hydrogen peroxide detection. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2019. 301: p. 127101.
16. 16. Ipekci, H.H., et al., Ink-jet Printing of Particle-Free Silver Inks on Fabrics with a Superhydrophobic Protection Layer for Fabrication of Robust Electrochemical Sensors. Microchemical Journal, 2021: p. 106038.
17. 17. Mohapatra, J., et al., Enzymatic and non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor based on carbon nano-onions. Applied Surface Science, 2018. 442: p. 332-341.
18. 18. Uzunoglu, A., A.D. Scherbarth, and L. Stanciu, Bimetallic PdCu/ SPCE non-enzymatic hydrogen peroxide sensors. 2015: Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. p. 968-976.
19. 19. Uzunoglu, A. and H.H. Ipekci, The use of CeO2-modified Pt/C catalyst inks for the construction of high-performance enzyme-free H2O2 sensors. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2019. 848: p. 113302.
20. 20. Wang, J., et al., Dopamine and uric acid electrochemical sensor based on a glassy carbon electrode modified with cubic Pd and reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite. Journal of colloid and interface science, 2017. 497: p. 172-180.
21. 21. Uzunoglu, A., et al., PdAg-decorated three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide-multi-walled carbon nanotube hierarchical nanostructures for high-performance hydrogen peroxide sensing. Mrs Communications, 2018. 8(3): p. 680-686.
22. 22. Sohouli, E., et al., Introducing a novel nanocomposite consisting of nitrogen-doped carbon nano-onions and gold nanoparticles for the electrochemical sensor to measure acetaminophen. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2020. 871: p. 114309.
23. 23. Dar, R.A., et al., Performance of palladium nanoparticle–graphene composite as an efficient electrode material for electrochemical double layer capacitors. Electrochimica Acta, 2016. 196: p. 547-557.
24. 24. Klębowski, B., et al., Applications of noble metal-based nanoparticles in medicine. International journal of molecular sciences, 2018. 19(12): p. 4031.
25. 25. Agostini, G., et al., Effect of pre-reduction on the properties and the catalytic activity of Pd/carbon catalysts: A comparison with Pd/ Al2O3. ACS Catalysis, 2014. 4(1): p. 187-194.
26. 26. Fu, L., et al., Advanced Catalytic and Electrocatalytic Performances of Polydopamine‐Functionalized Reduced Graphene Oxide‐ Palladium Nanocomposites. ChemCatChem, 2016. 8(18): p. 2975- 2980.
27. 27. Law, C.K.Y., et al., Electrochemically assisted production of biogenic palladium nanoparticles for the catalytic removal of micropollutants in wastewater treatment plants effluent. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2022.
28. 28. T, K., et al., - O5.1. Striatal Dopamine and Reduced Reward Prediction Error Signaling In. - Schizophr Bull. 2020 May;46(Suppl 1):S11. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbaa028.024. Epub, (- 0586-7614 (Print)): p. T - ppublish.
29. 29. Whitton, A.E., et al., Baseline reward processing and ventrostriatal dopamine function are associated with pramipexole response in depression. Brain, 2020. 143(2): p. 701-710.
30. 30. Napier, T.C., A. Kirby, and A.L. Persons, 2020. - 102.
31. 31. Pan, X., et al., Dopamine and Dopamine Receptors in Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 2019. 11.
32. 32. Feng, P., et al., 2018. - 10(- 5): p. - 4368.
33. 33. Lin, T.-Y., et al., Diagnosis by simplicity: an aptachip for dopamine capture and accurate detection with a dual colorimetric and fluorometric system. Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 2018. 6(20): p. 3387-3394.
34. 34. Zhang, X., et al., A simple, fast and low-cost turn-on fluorescence method for dopamine detection using in situ reaction. Analytica chimica acta, 2016. 944: p. 51-56.
35. 35. Vuorensola, K., H. Sirén, and U. Karjalainen, Determination of dopamine and methoxycatecholamines in patient urine by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection and by capillary electrophoresis coupled with spectrophotometry and mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography B, 2003. 788(2): p. 277- 289.
36. 36. Uzunoglu, A. and L. Stanciu, Novel CeO2-CuO-decorated enzymatic lactate biosensors operating in low oxygen environments. Analytica Chimica Acta, 2016. 909: p. 121-128.
37. 37. Cumba, L.R., et al., Electrochemical properties of screen-printed carbon nano-onion electrodes. Molecules, 2020. 25(17): p. 3884.
38. 38. Ozoemena, O.C., et al., Electrochemical sensing of dopamine using onion-like carbons and their carbon nanofiber composites. Electrocatalysis, 2019. 10(4): p. 381-391.
39. 39. Han, F.-D., B. Yao, and Y.-J. Bai, Preparation of carbon nano-onions and their application as anode materials for rechargeable lithiumion batteries. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2011. 115(18): p. 8923-8927.
40. 40. Xin, L., et al., Polybenzimidazole (PBI) Functionalized Nanographene as Highly Stable Catalyst Support for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs). Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2016. 163(10): p. F1228-F1236.
41. 41. Xing, L., et al., Understanding Pt Nanoparticle Anchoring on Graphene Supports through Surface Functionalization. Acs Catalysis, 2016. 6(4): p. 2642-2653.
42. 42. Bozkurt, S., et al., A hydrogen peroxide sensor based on TNM functionalized reduced graphene oxide grafted with highly monodisperse Pd nanoparticles. Analytica Chimica Acta, 2017. 989: p. 88-94.
43. 43. Wu, D., et al., 2014. - 116: p. - 249.
44. 44. Liu, Q., et al., Electrochemical detection of dopamine in the presence of ascorbic acid using PVP/graphene modified electrodes. Talanta, 2012. 97: p. 557-562.
45. 45. Palanisamy, S., S. Ku, and S.-M. Chen, Dopamine sensor based on a glassy carbon electrode modified with a reduced graphene oxide and palladium nanoparticles composite. Microchimica Acta, 2013. 180(11): p. 1037-1042.
46. 46. Yan, J., et al., Simultaneous electrochemical detection of ascorbic acid, dopamine and uric acid based on graphene anchored with Pd–Pt nanoparticles. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 2013. 111: p. 392-397.
47. 47. Min, K. and Y.J. Yoo, Amperometric detection of dopamine based on tyrosinase–SWNTs–Ppy composite electrode. Talanta, 2009. 80(2): p. 1007-1011.
48. 48. Aparna, T. and R. Sivasubramanian, Selective electrochemical detection of dopamine in presence of ascorbic acid and uric acid using NiFe2O4-activated carbon nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2018. 5(8): p. 16111-16117.
49. 49. Aparna, T., R. Sivasubramanian, and M.A. Dar, One-pot synthesis of Au-Cu2O/rGO nanocomposite based electrochemical sensor for selective and simultaneous detection of dopamine and uric acid. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2018. 741: p. 1130-1141.