Lityum İyon Pillerde Termal Kaçak: Modelleme, Deneysel Doğrulama ve Yayılma Üzerindeki Malzeme Etkileri

Year 2025, Volume: 12 Issue: 4, 209 - 221, 31.12.2025

Sevgi Aydın , Kadri Süleyman Yiğit , İsmail Hakkı Savcı

https://doi.org/10.17350/HJSE19030000367

Abstract

Lityum-iyon bataryaların (LIB) termal güvenliği, elektrikli araçlar ve sabit enerji depolama sistemleri için kritik bir zorluktur. Aşırı ısı üretimi, hızlandırılmış yaşlanmaya, kapasite kaybına veya yıkıcı termal kaçak (TR) olaylarına neden olabilir. Bu çalışmada, silindirik 18650 tipi LIB’lerin ısı üretimini, sıcaklık tepkisini ve TR davranışını incelemek amacıyla birleşik bir elektrokimyasal–termal model geliştirilmiş ve deneysel olarak doğrulanmıştır.

1S14P batarya modülü üzerinde 1C ve 2C deşarj testleri gerçekleştirilmiş, elde edilen sonuçlar STAR-CCM+ ortamında yapılan sayısal simülasyonlar ve MATLAB Simulink’te uygulanmış Arrhenius tabanlı TR modeli ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Model, ekzotermik reaksiyonların başlangıcını %5 civarında bir maksimum sapma ile başarılı şekilde yakalamıştır. Parametrik analizler, yüksek ortam konveksiyon katsayılarının TR başlangıcını geciktirdiğini ve şiddetini azalttığını göstermiştir. Bu durum, zorlanmış hava soğutmasının termal yönetim sistemlerinde ne kadar önemli olduğunu vurgulamaktadır.

Ayrıca farklı muhafaza malzemelerinin TR yayılımı üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiştir. Seramik elyaf ve aerojel en etkili termal yalıtımı sağlarken, polistiren ise normal çalışma koşullarında ısı dağıtımı ile TR olayları sırasında yalıtım arasında en dengeli performansı göstermiştir. Bulgular, malzeme seçiminin ve termal yönetim tasarımının, TR yayılımını önlemede ve batarya güvenliğini sağlamada belirleyici rol oynadığını ortaya koymaktadır. Bu çalışma, yeni nesil batarya sistemlerinin güvenli ve verimli tasarımı için pratik tasarım ilkeleri sunmaktadır.

Keywords

Lityum-iyon batarya , Termal kaçak , Batarya güvenliği , Batarya termal yönetimi , Batarya soğutma

Ethical Statement

Yazarlar, bilgileri dahilinde, makalenin değerlendirme sürecini etkileyebilecek herhangi bir kurum/kuruluş veya kişiyle çıkar çatışması veya ortak çıkar ilişkisi olmadığını kabul ederler.

Supporting Institution

Bu çalışma, TÜBİTAK ve Ford Otosan tarafından 2244-TÜBİTAK Sanayi Doktora Programı kapsamında kısmen desteklenmiştir.

Project Number

118C121

Thanks

Bu çalışmanın yürütülmesi sürecinde sağladıkları maddi ve teknik destekler için Kocaeli Üniversitesi’ne, TÜBİTAK ve Ford Otosan’a teşekkür ederiz.

Thermal Runaway in Lithium-Ion Batteries: Modeling, Experimental Validation, and Material Effects on Propagation

Abstract

The thermal safety of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is a crucial challenge for electric vehicles and stationary energy storage systems, as excessive heat generation may cause accelerated aging, capacity loss, or catastrophic thermal runaway (TR). This study develops and validates a coupled electrochemical–thermal model to investigate the heat generation, temperature response, and TR behavior of cylindrical 18650-type LIBs. Experimental discharge tests (1C and 2C) were performed on a 1S14P battery module, and the results were compared with numerical simulations in STAR-CCM+ and an Arrhenius-based TR model implemented in MATLAB Simulink. The model accurately captured the onset of exothermic reactions, with a maximum deviation of ~5% from experimental data. Parametric analyses revealed that higher ambient convection coefficients delay TR initiation and reduce its severity, highlighting the importance of forced-air cooling in thermal management systems. Furthermore, the effect of different enclosure materials on TR propagation was investigated. While ceramic fiber and aerogel provided the most effective thermal insulation, polystyrene demonstrated the best overall balance between heat dissipation under normal operation and insulation during TR events. The findings confirm that material selection and thermal management design play a decisive role in preventing TR propagation and ensuring battery safety. This work contributes practical guidelines for the safe and efficient design of next-generation battery systems.

Keywords

Lithium-ion battery , Thermal runaway , Battery safety , Battery thermal management , Battery cooling

Ethical Statement

Authors approve that to the best of their knowledge, there is not any conflict of interest or common interest with an institution/organization or a person that may affect the review process of the paper.

Supporting Institution

This work was partially supported by the TUBİTAK and Ford Otosan through a research 2244-TÜBİTAK Industrial PhD Program.

Project Number

118C121

Thanks

The authors would like to acknowledge the financial and technical support provided by Kocaeli University, TÜBİTAK, and Ford Otosan during the execution of this study.

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