Assessment of Centella Asiatica Extract Containing Dual-crosslinked Gel-MA/Pec Hydrogels as Wound Dressing
Year 2022,
Volume: 9 Issue: 4, 287 - 294, 31.12.2022
Betül Albayrak
,
Melisa Gelal
,
Demet Akalgan
,
Burçin İzbudak
,
Bengi Özkahraman
,
Ayça Bal Öztürk
Abstract
In the present work, 3D-printed wound dressings containing different amounts of Centella Asiatica extract were synthesized via dual-crosslinking method. Methacrylic anhydride modified gelatin (Gel-MA) and pectin (Pec) were chosen as the base material for dressings. A dual crosslinked network was formed with Gel-MA photo-crosslinking using Irgacure 2959 and Pectin (Pec) psychical-crosslinking using Ca++ ions. Meanwhile, the developed dual-crosslinked hydrogel dressings were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and mechanical, swelling, in vitro degradation as well as ex vivo bioadhesion tests. It has been observed that the preapred dressings provide good bioadhesion on the chicken skin. Moreover, MTT assay revealed cell viability of Gel-MA/Pec hydrogel dressings containing Centella Asiatica extract. The results presented the dressings as a promising biomaterial to be used for wound healing purposes, which should be further investigated in future.
Supporting Institution
Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK)
Project Number
1139B412000397
References
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- 2. Bal-Öztürk A, Özkahraman B, Özbaş Z, Yaşayan G, Tamahkar E, Alarçin E (2021) Advancements and future directions in antibacterial wound dressings-A review. J Biomed Mater 109(5):703-716.
- 3. Radmanesh S, Shabangiz S, Koupaei N, Hassanzadeh-Tabrizi SA (2022) 3D printed bio polymeric materials as a new perspective for wound dressing and skin tissue engineering applications: A review. J Polym Res 29:50.
- 4. Tsegay F, Elsherif M, Butt H (2022) Smart 3D Printed Hydrogel Skin Wound Bandages: A Review. Polymers 14:1012.
- 5. Patil PP, Reagan MR, Bohara RA (2020) Silk fibroin and silk-based biomaterial derivatives for ideal wound dressings. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 164:4613-4627.
- 6. Varaprasad K, Jayaramudu T, Kanikireddy V, Toro C, Sadiku ER (2020) Alginate-based composite materials for wound dressing application: A mini review. Carbohydrate Polymers 236:116025.
- 7. Ramirez-Barron SN, Sanchez-Valdes S, Betancourt R, Gallardo CA, Puente-Urbina B, Rodriguez-Fernandez OS, Cunha MGC, Santos-Correia MT, Sanchez-Martinez ZV (2021) International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives. 104:102749.
- 8. Barbosa R, Villarreal A, Rodriguez C, De Leon H, Gilkerson R, Lozano K (2021) Aleo Vera extract -based composite nanofibers for wound dressing applications. Materials Science and Engineering C 124:112061.
- 9. Özkahraman B, Tamahkar E, İdil N, Kılıç Suloglu A, Perçin I (2021) Evaluation of hyaluronic acid nanoparticle embedded chitosan-gelatin hydrogels for antibiotic release Drug Development Research 82(2):241-250.
- 10. Teoh JH, Mozhi A, Sunil V, Tay SM, Fuh J, Wang CH (2021) 3D Printing Personalized, Photocrosslinkable Hydrogel Wound Dressings for the Treatment of Thermal Burns. Advanced Fuctional Materials. 31(48), 2105932.
- 11. Long J, Etxeberria AE, Nand AV, Bunt CR, Ray S, Seyfoddin A (2019) A 3D printed chitosan-pectin hydrogel wound dressing for lidocaine hydrochloride delivery. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 104, 109873.
- 12. Jhansi D, Kola M (2019) The antioxidant potential of Centella asiatice: A review. J Med Plants Stud 7(2):18-20.
- 13. Hossain L, Rahman A, Siddik A, Adnan MH, Rahman H, Diba F, Hasan Z, Asaduzzaman SM (2020) Burn and Wound Healing Using Radiation Sterilized Human Amniotic Membrane and Centella asiatica Derived Gel: A Review. Regen Eng Transl Med 6:347-357.
- 14. Jin SG, Kim KS, Yousaf AM, Kim DW, Jang WJ, Son MW, Kim YH, Yong CS, Kim JO, Choi HG (2015) Mechanical properties and in vivo healing evaluation of a novel Centella asiatica-loaded hydrocolloid wound dressing. Int J Pharm 490:240-247.
- 15. Shedoeva A, Leavesley D, Upton Z, Fan C (2019) Wound Healing and the Use of Medicinal Plants. Evidence Based Alternative Med Article ID:2684108.
- 16. Yao CH, Yeh JY, Chen YS, Li MH, Huang CH (2017) Wound healing effect of electrospun gelatin nanofibers containing Centella asiatice extract in a rat model. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 11:905-915.
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- 21. Zamboulis A, Michailidou G, Koumentakou I, Bikiars DN (2022) Polysaccharide 3D Printing for Drug Delivery Applications. Pharmaceutics 14(1):145.
- 22. Shen S, Chen X, Shen Z, Chen H (2021) Marine Polysaccharides for Wound Dressings Application: An Overwiev. Pharmaceutics 13(10):1666.
- 23. Araiza-Verduzco F, Rodriguez-Velazquez E, Cruz H, Rivero IA, Acosta-Martinez DRA, Pina-Luis G, Alatorre-Meda M (2020) Photocrosslinked Alginate-Methacrylate Hydrogels with Modulable Mechanical Properties: Effect of the Molecular Conformation and Electron Density of the Methacrylate Reactive Group. Materials 13:534.
- 24. Yüce-Erarslan E, Tutar R, İzbudak B, Alarçin E, Kocaaga B, Güner FS, Emik S, Bal-Öztürk A (2021) Photo-crosslinkable chitosan and gelatin-based nanohybrid bioinks for extrusion-based 3D bioprinting. Int J Polym Mater Polym Biomater.
- 25. Tutar R, Yüce E, İzbudak B, Bal-Öztürk A (2022) Photocurable silk fibroin based- tissue sealants with enhanced adhesive property for the treatment of corneal perforations. J Mater Chem B. 10(15), 2912-2925.
- 26. Özkahraman B, Özbaş Z, (2020) Removal of Al(III) Ions Using Gellan Gum-Acrylic Acid Double Network Hydrogels. J Polym Environ 28:689-698.
- 27. Mokhtari H, Kharaziha M, Karimzadeh F, Tavakoli S (2019) An injectable mechanically robust hydrogel of Kappa-carrageenan-dopamine functionallized graphene oxide for promoting cell growth. Carbohydr Polym 214:234-249.
- 28. Tytgat L, Van Damme L, Van Hoorick J, Declercq H, Thienpont H, Ottevaere H, Blondeel P, Dubruel P, Van Vlierberghe S (2019) Additive manufacturing of photo-crosslinked gelatin scaffolds for adipose tissue engineering. Acta Biomaterialia 94:340-350.
- 29. Calis M, Irmak G, Demirtas TT, Kara M, Üstün GG, Gümüşderelioğlu, Türkkanı A, Çakar NA, Özgür F (2022) Photobiomodulation combined with adipose-derived stem cells encapsulated in methacrylated gelatin hydrogels enhances in vivo bone regeneration, Lasers in Medical Science, 37:595-606.
- 30. Özbaş Z, Özkahraman B, Akgüner ZP, Bal-Öztürk A (2022) Evaluation of modified pectin/alginate buccal patches with enhanced mucoadhesive properties for drug release systems: In vitro and ex-vivo study. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 67:102991.
- 31. Özkahraman B, Özbaş Z, Yaşayan G, Akgüner ZP, Yarımcan F, Alarçin E, Bal-Öztürk A (2022) Development of mucoadhesive modified kappa-carrageenan/pectin patches for controlled delivery of drug in the buccal cavity. J Biomed Mater 110(4):787-798.
- 32. Gendensuren B, He C, Oh ES (2020) Preparation of pectin-based dual-crosslinked network as a binder for high performance Si/C anode for LIBs. Korean J Chem Eng 37(2):366-373.
- 33. Özbaş Z, Özkahraman B, Bayrak G, Kılıç-Süloğlu A, Perçin I, Boran F, Tamahkar E (2021) Poly(vinyl alcohol)/(hyaluronic acid-g-kappa carrageenan) hydrogels as antibiotic-releasing wound dressing. Chem 75(12):6591-6600.
- 34. Tamahkar E, Özkahraman B, Özbaş Z, İzbudak B, Yarimcan F, Boran F, Bal-Öztürk A (2021) Aleo vera-based antibacterial porous sponge for wound dressing applications. J Porous Mater 28:741-750.
- 35. Özen N, Özbaş Z, İzbudak B, Emik S, Özkahraman B, Bal-Öztürk A (2022) Boric acid-impregnated silk fibroin/gelatin/hyaluronic acid-based films for improving the wound healing process. J Appl Polym Sci 139(9):51715.
- 36. Bal-Öztürk, A., Torkay, G., Alarçin, E., Özbaş, Z., & Özkahraman, B. (2022). The effect of thiol functional groups on bovine serum albumin/chitosan buccal mucoadhesive patches. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 103493.
- 37. Bal-Öztürk A, Torkay G, Alarçin E, Özbaş Z, Özkahraman B (2022) The effect of thiol fuctional groups on bovine serum albumin/chitosan buccal mucoadhesive pathes. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol, 103493.
- 38. Farasatkia A, Kharaziha M, Ashrafizadeh F, Salehi S (2021) Transparent silk/gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) fibrillar film for corneal regenation. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 120, 111744.
- 39. Wang JH, Tsai NY, Chiang CY, Lin CY, Lin RS, Pereira R, Li Ethan YC (2021) An injectable, dual crosslinkable hybrid pectin methacrylate (PECMA)/gelayin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels for shin hemostasis applications. International Journal Biological Macromolecules 185:441-450.
- 40. Huang J, Chen L, Gu Z, Wu J (2019) Red Jujube-incorporeted Gelatin Methacrylol (GelMA) Hydrogels with Anti-Oxidation and Immunoregulation Activity for Wound Healing. J Biomed Nanotecnol 15:1357-1370.
- 41. Torpol K, Sriwattana S, Sangsuwan J, Wiriyacharee P, Prinyawiwatkul W (2019) Optimising chitosan-pectin hydrogel beads containing combined garlic and holy basil essential oils and their application as antimicrobial inhibitor. Int J Food Sci 54:2064-2074.
- 42. Rasid NAM, Nazmi NNM, Isa MIN, Sarbon NM (2018) Rheological, functional and antioxidant properties of films forming solution and active gelatin films forming solution and active gelatin films incorporated with Centella asiatica (L.) urban extract. Food Packaging and Shelf Life. 18, 115-124.
- 43. Thuraisingam S, Salim N, Azmi IDM, Kassim NK, Basri H (2023) Development of Nanoemulsion containing Centella Asiatica Crude Extract as a Promising Drug Delivery System for Epilepsy Treatment. Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry. 13(1), 17.
- 44. Raafat AI, El-Sawy NM, Badawy NA, Mousa EA, Mohamed AM (2018) Radiation fabrication of Xanthan-based wound dressing hydrogels embedded ZnO nanoparticles: In vitro evaluation. Int J Biol 118:1892-1902.
- 45. Ma R, Wang Y, Qi H, Shi C, We G, Xiao L, Huang Z, Liu S, Yu H, Teng C, Liu H, Murugadoss, V, Zhang J, Wang Y, Guo Z (2019) Nanocomposite sponges of sodium alginate/graphene oxide/polyvinyl alcohol as potential wound dressing: In vitro and vivo evaluation. Compos B Eng 167:396-405.
- 46. Oh GW, Nam SY, Heo SJ, Kang DH, Jung WK, Jung WK (2020) Characterization of ionic cross-linked composite foams with different blend ratios of alginate/pectin on the synergistic effect for wound dressing applications. In J Biol 156:1565-1573.
- 47. Wang L, Fu H, Wang W, Liu Y, Li X, Yang J, Li L, Wu G, Pan Y (2021) Notoginsenoside R1 functionalized gelatin hydrogels to promote reparative dentinogenesis. Acta Biomater 122:160-171.
- 48. Koneru A, Dharmaligam K, Anandalakshmi (2020) Cellulose based nanocomposite hydrogel fims consisting of sodium carboxymethylcellulose-grapefruit seed extract nanoparticles for potential wound healing applications. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 148, 833-842.
- 49. Bozkaya O, Arat E, Gök Gün Z, Yiğitoğlu M, Vargel (2022) Production and characterization of hybrid nanofiber wound dressing containing Centalla asiatica coated silver nanoparticles by mutual electrospinning method. Europen Polymer Journal, 166, 111023.
- 50. Liang H, Mirinejad MS, Asefnejad A, Baharifa H, Li X, Saber-Samandari S, Toghraie D, Khandan A (2022) Fabrication of tragacathin gum-carboxymethly chitosan bio-nanocomposite wound dressing with silver-titanium nanoparticles using freeze-drying method. Mat Chem Phys 279:125770.
- 51. Singh B, Pal L (2012) Sterculia crosslinked PVA and PVA-poly(AAm) hydrogel wound dressings for slow drug delivery: Mechanical, mucoadhesive, biocompatible and permeability properties. Journal of the Mechanical Behaviour of Biomedical Materials, 9, 9-21.
- 52. Singh B, Sharma S, Dhiman A (2013) Design of antibiotic containing hydrogel wound dressings: Biomedical properties and histological study of wound healing. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 457(1), 82-91.
Year 2022,
Volume: 9 Issue: 4, 287 - 294, 31.12.2022
Betül Albayrak
,
Melisa Gelal
,
Demet Akalgan
,
Burçin İzbudak
,
Bengi Özkahraman
,
Ayça Bal Öztürk
Project Number
1139B412000397
References
- 1. Alzarea AI, Alruwaili NK, Ahmad MM, Munir MU, Butt AM, Alrowaili ZA, Shahari MSB, Almalki ZS, Alqahtani SS, Dolzhenko AV, Ahmad N. Development and Characterization of Gentamicin-Loaded Arabinoxylan-Sodium Alginate Films as Antibacterial Wound Dressing. Int J Sci 23(5):2899. (2022).
- 2. Bal-Öztürk A, Özkahraman B, Özbaş Z, Yaşayan G, Tamahkar E, Alarçin E (2021) Advancements and future directions in antibacterial wound dressings-A review. J Biomed Mater 109(5):703-716.
- 3. Radmanesh S, Shabangiz S, Koupaei N, Hassanzadeh-Tabrizi SA (2022) 3D printed bio polymeric materials as a new perspective for wound dressing and skin tissue engineering applications: A review. J Polym Res 29:50.
- 4. Tsegay F, Elsherif M, Butt H (2022) Smart 3D Printed Hydrogel Skin Wound Bandages: A Review. Polymers 14:1012.
- 5. Patil PP, Reagan MR, Bohara RA (2020) Silk fibroin and silk-based biomaterial derivatives for ideal wound dressings. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 164:4613-4627.
- 6. Varaprasad K, Jayaramudu T, Kanikireddy V, Toro C, Sadiku ER (2020) Alginate-based composite materials for wound dressing application: A mini review. Carbohydrate Polymers 236:116025.
- 7. Ramirez-Barron SN, Sanchez-Valdes S, Betancourt R, Gallardo CA, Puente-Urbina B, Rodriguez-Fernandez OS, Cunha MGC, Santos-Correia MT, Sanchez-Martinez ZV (2021) International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives. 104:102749.
- 8. Barbosa R, Villarreal A, Rodriguez C, De Leon H, Gilkerson R, Lozano K (2021) Aleo Vera extract -based composite nanofibers for wound dressing applications. Materials Science and Engineering C 124:112061.
- 9. Özkahraman B, Tamahkar E, İdil N, Kılıç Suloglu A, Perçin I (2021) Evaluation of hyaluronic acid nanoparticle embedded chitosan-gelatin hydrogels for antibiotic release Drug Development Research 82(2):241-250.
- 10. Teoh JH, Mozhi A, Sunil V, Tay SM, Fuh J, Wang CH (2021) 3D Printing Personalized, Photocrosslinkable Hydrogel Wound Dressings for the Treatment of Thermal Burns. Advanced Fuctional Materials. 31(48), 2105932.
- 11. Long J, Etxeberria AE, Nand AV, Bunt CR, Ray S, Seyfoddin A (2019) A 3D printed chitosan-pectin hydrogel wound dressing for lidocaine hydrochloride delivery. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 104, 109873.
- 12. Jhansi D, Kola M (2019) The antioxidant potential of Centella asiatice: A review. J Med Plants Stud 7(2):18-20.
- 13. Hossain L, Rahman A, Siddik A, Adnan MH, Rahman H, Diba F, Hasan Z, Asaduzzaman SM (2020) Burn and Wound Healing Using Radiation Sterilized Human Amniotic Membrane and Centella asiatica Derived Gel: A Review. Regen Eng Transl Med 6:347-357.
- 14. Jin SG, Kim KS, Yousaf AM, Kim DW, Jang WJ, Son MW, Kim YH, Yong CS, Kim JO, Choi HG (2015) Mechanical properties and in vivo healing evaluation of a novel Centella asiatica-loaded hydrocolloid wound dressing. Int J Pharm 490:240-247.
- 15. Shedoeva A, Leavesley D, Upton Z, Fan C (2019) Wound Healing and the Use of Medicinal Plants. Evidence Based Alternative Med Article ID:2684108.
- 16. Yao CH, Yeh JY, Chen YS, Li MH, Huang CH (2017) Wound healing effect of electrospun gelatin nanofibers containing Centella asiatice extract in a rat model. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 11:905-915.
- 17. Gohil, K. J., Patel, J. A., & Gajjar, A. K. (2010). Pharmacological review on Centella asiatica: a potential herbal cure-all. Indian journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 72(5), 546.
- 18. Sun, B., Wu, L., Wu, Y., Zhang, C., Qin, L., Hayashi, M., ... & Liu, T. (2020). Therapeutic potential of Centella asiatica and its triterpenes: A review. Frontiers in pharmacology, 11, 568032.
- 19. Arribas-Lopez E, Zand N, Ojo O, Snowden MJ, Kochhar T (2022) A systematic Review of the Effect of Centeall asiatica on Wound Healing. Int J. Environ Res Public Health 19(6):3266.
- 20. Yang Y, Xu L, Wang J, Meng Q, Zhong S, Gao Y, Cui X (2022) Recent advances in polysaccharide-based self healing hydrogels for biomedical application. Carbohydrate Polymers 283:119161.
- 21. Zamboulis A, Michailidou G, Koumentakou I, Bikiars DN (2022) Polysaccharide 3D Printing for Drug Delivery Applications. Pharmaceutics 14(1):145.
- 22. Shen S, Chen X, Shen Z, Chen H (2021) Marine Polysaccharides for Wound Dressings Application: An Overwiev. Pharmaceutics 13(10):1666.
- 23. Araiza-Verduzco F, Rodriguez-Velazquez E, Cruz H, Rivero IA, Acosta-Martinez DRA, Pina-Luis G, Alatorre-Meda M (2020) Photocrosslinked Alginate-Methacrylate Hydrogels with Modulable Mechanical Properties: Effect of the Molecular Conformation and Electron Density of the Methacrylate Reactive Group. Materials 13:534.
- 24. Yüce-Erarslan E, Tutar R, İzbudak B, Alarçin E, Kocaaga B, Güner FS, Emik S, Bal-Öztürk A (2021) Photo-crosslinkable chitosan and gelatin-based nanohybrid bioinks for extrusion-based 3D bioprinting. Int J Polym Mater Polym Biomater.
- 25. Tutar R, Yüce E, İzbudak B, Bal-Öztürk A (2022) Photocurable silk fibroin based- tissue sealants with enhanced adhesive property for the treatment of corneal perforations. J Mater Chem B. 10(15), 2912-2925.
- 26. Özkahraman B, Özbaş Z, (2020) Removal of Al(III) Ions Using Gellan Gum-Acrylic Acid Double Network Hydrogels. J Polym Environ 28:689-698.
- 27. Mokhtari H, Kharaziha M, Karimzadeh F, Tavakoli S (2019) An injectable mechanically robust hydrogel of Kappa-carrageenan-dopamine functionallized graphene oxide for promoting cell growth. Carbohydr Polym 214:234-249.
- 28. Tytgat L, Van Damme L, Van Hoorick J, Declercq H, Thienpont H, Ottevaere H, Blondeel P, Dubruel P, Van Vlierberghe S (2019) Additive manufacturing of photo-crosslinked gelatin scaffolds for adipose tissue engineering. Acta Biomaterialia 94:340-350.
- 29. Calis M, Irmak G, Demirtas TT, Kara M, Üstün GG, Gümüşderelioğlu, Türkkanı A, Çakar NA, Özgür F (2022) Photobiomodulation combined with adipose-derived stem cells encapsulated in methacrylated gelatin hydrogels enhances in vivo bone regeneration, Lasers in Medical Science, 37:595-606.
- 30. Özbaş Z, Özkahraman B, Akgüner ZP, Bal-Öztürk A (2022) Evaluation of modified pectin/alginate buccal patches with enhanced mucoadhesive properties for drug release systems: In vitro and ex-vivo study. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 67:102991.
- 31. Özkahraman B, Özbaş Z, Yaşayan G, Akgüner ZP, Yarımcan F, Alarçin E, Bal-Öztürk A (2022) Development of mucoadhesive modified kappa-carrageenan/pectin patches for controlled delivery of drug in the buccal cavity. J Biomed Mater 110(4):787-798.
- 32. Gendensuren B, He C, Oh ES (2020) Preparation of pectin-based dual-crosslinked network as a binder for high performance Si/C anode for LIBs. Korean J Chem Eng 37(2):366-373.
- 33. Özbaş Z, Özkahraman B, Bayrak G, Kılıç-Süloğlu A, Perçin I, Boran F, Tamahkar E (2021) Poly(vinyl alcohol)/(hyaluronic acid-g-kappa carrageenan) hydrogels as antibiotic-releasing wound dressing. Chem 75(12):6591-6600.
- 34. Tamahkar E, Özkahraman B, Özbaş Z, İzbudak B, Yarimcan F, Boran F, Bal-Öztürk A (2021) Aleo vera-based antibacterial porous sponge for wound dressing applications. J Porous Mater 28:741-750.
- 35. Özen N, Özbaş Z, İzbudak B, Emik S, Özkahraman B, Bal-Öztürk A (2022) Boric acid-impregnated silk fibroin/gelatin/hyaluronic acid-based films for improving the wound healing process. J Appl Polym Sci 139(9):51715.
- 36. Bal-Öztürk, A., Torkay, G., Alarçin, E., Özbaş, Z., & Özkahraman, B. (2022). The effect of thiol functional groups on bovine serum albumin/chitosan buccal mucoadhesive patches. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 103493.
- 37. Bal-Öztürk A, Torkay G, Alarçin E, Özbaş Z, Özkahraman B (2022) The effect of thiol fuctional groups on bovine serum albumin/chitosan buccal mucoadhesive pathes. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol, 103493.
- 38. Farasatkia A, Kharaziha M, Ashrafizadeh F, Salehi S (2021) Transparent silk/gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) fibrillar film for corneal regenation. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 120, 111744.
- 39. Wang JH, Tsai NY, Chiang CY, Lin CY, Lin RS, Pereira R, Li Ethan YC (2021) An injectable, dual crosslinkable hybrid pectin methacrylate (PECMA)/gelayin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels for shin hemostasis applications. International Journal Biological Macromolecules 185:441-450.
- 40. Huang J, Chen L, Gu Z, Wu J (2019) Red Jujube-incorporeted Gelatin Methacrylol (GelMA) Hydrogels with Anti-Oxidation and Immunoregulation Activity for Wound Healing. J Biomed Nanotecnol 15:1357-1370.
- 41. Torpol K, Sriwattana S, Sangsuwan J, Wiriyacharee P, Prinyawiwatkul W (2019) Optimising chitosan-pectin hydrogel beads containing combined garlic and holy basil essential oils and their application as antimicrobial inhibitor. Int J Food Sci 54:2064-2074.
- 42. Rasid NAM, Nazmi NNM, Isa MIN, Sarbon NM (2018) Rheological, functional and antioxidant properties of films forming solution and active gelatin films forming solution and active gelatin films incorporated with Centella asiatica (L.) urban extract. Food Packaging and Shelf Life. 18, 115-124.
- 43. Thuraisingam S, Salim N, Azmi IDM, Kassim NK, Basri H (2023) Development of Nanoemulsion containing Centella Asiatica Crude Extract as a Promising Drug Delivery System for Epilepsy Treatment. Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry. 13(1), 17.
- 44. Raafat AI, El-Sawy NM, Badawy NA, Mousa EA, Mohamed AM (2018) Radiation fabrication of Xanthan-based wound dressing hydrogels embedded ZnO nanoparticles: In vitro evaluation. Int J Biol 118:1892-1902.
- 45. Ma R, Wang Y, Qi H, Shi C, We G, Xiao L, Huang Z, Liu S, Yu H, Teng C, Liu H, Murugadoss, V, Zhang J, Wang Y, Guo Z (2019) Nanocomposite sponges of sodium alginate/graphene oxide/polyvinyl alcohol as potential wound dressing: In vitro and vivo evaluation. Compos B Eng 167:396-405.
- 46. Oh GW, Nam SY, Heo SJ, Kang DH, Jung WK, Jung WK (2020) Characterization of ionic cross-linked composite foams with different blend ratios of alginate/pectin on the synergistic effect for wound dressing applications. In J Biol 156:1565-1573.
- 47. Wang L, Fu H, Wang W, Liu Y, Li X, Yang J, Li L, Wu G, Pan Y (2021) Notoginsenoside R1 functionalized gelatin hydrogels to promote reparative dentinogenesis. Acta Biomater 122:160-171.
- 48. Koneru A, Dharmaligam K, Anandalakshmi (2020) Cellulose based nanocomposite hydrogel fims consisting of sodium carboxymethylcellulose-grapefruit seed extract nanoparticles for potential wound healing applications. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 148, 833-842.
- 49. Bozkaya O, Arat E, Gök Gün Z, Yiğitoğlu M, Vargel (2022) Production and characterization of hybrid nanofiber wound dressing containing Centalla asiatica coated silver nanoparticles by mutual electrospinning method. Europen Polymer Journal, 166, 111023.
- 50. Liang H, Mirinejad MS, Asefnejad A, Baharifa H, Li X, Saber-Samandari S, Toghraie D, Khandan A (2022) Fabrication of tragacathin gum-carboxymethly chitosan bio-nanocomposite wound dressing with silver-titanium nanoparticles using freeze-drying method. Mat Chem Phys 279:125770.
- 51. Singh B, Pal L (2012) Sterculia crosslinked PVA and PVA-poly(AAm) hydrogel wound dressings for slow drug delivery: Mechanical, mucoadhesive, biocompatible and permeability properties. Journal of the Mechanical Behaviour of Biomedical Materials, 9, 9-21.
- 52. Singh B, Sharma S, Dhiman A (2013) Design of antibiotic containing hydrogel wound dressings: Biomedical properties and histological study of wound healing. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 457(1), 82-91.