Effects of Different Embryo Development Stages and GA3 Doses on Germination in Clementine Mandarin × Carrizo Citrange Immature Embryos

Year 2022, , 79 - 84, 15.12.2022

Şenay Kurt Ertuğrul Turgutoğlu Gülay Demir

https://doi.org/10.16882/hortis.1149646

Cited By: 2

Abstract

Citrus rootstock breeding is important to improve their resistance to diseases, pests and adverse environmental conditions. The majority of citrus species have nuceller embryony. Although Clementine mandarin is monoembryonic, in some cases (intercrossing etc.) abortive seed formation can be seen frequently. In this study, Clementine mandarin × Carrizo citrange were crossed. In the study, interspecies hybridization (Citrus × Poncirus) was used. Embryo rescue technique was used to prevent the loss of hybrid individuals due to abortive seed formation. The seeds were gathered from the crossed plants 80, 100, and 120 days after pollination. The immature embryos were removed from the seeds and these embryos were transferred to control, 0.5, and 1.0 mg l-1 GA3 containing medium to germination. The highest germination rate with 100% was observed from 1.0 mg l-1 GA3 containing media harvested 120 days after pollination. Additionally, the highest rate of trifoliate seedlings was obtained from embryos gathered after 120 days of the pollination.

Keywords

Citrus, Embryo rescue, Germination, Hybridization, Trifoliate

References

• Barrett, H.C. (1985). Hybridization of citrus and related genera. Fruit Varieties Journal, American Pomological Society, 39:11-16.
• Button, J., & Kochba, J. (1977). Tissue culture in the citrus industry. In: Reinert, J. and Bajaj Y.P.S. (Eds.), Applied and fundamental aspects of plant cell, tissue and organ culture. Springer-Verlag, pp. 70-92.
• Carimi, F., Pasquale, F., & Puglia, A.M. (1998). In vitro rescue of zygotic embryos of sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) and their detection based on RFLP analysis. Plant Breeding, 117:261-266.
• Castle, W.S. (2010). A career perspective on citrus rootstocks, their development and commercialization. Hortscience, 45:11-15.
• Chagas, E.A., Pasqual, M., Ramos, J.D., Cardoso, P., Cazetta, J.O., & Figueiredo, M.A.D. (2003). Development of globular embryos from the hybridization between ‘Pera Rio’ sweet orange and ‘Ponca’ mandarin. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, Jaboticabal-SP, 25:483-488.
• Chagas, E.A., Pasqual, M., Ramos, J.D., Pio, L.A.S,. Dutra, L.F., & Cazetta, J.O. (2005). Activated charcoal and gibberellic acid concentrations on immature embryos culture. Ciencia e Agrotecnologia, 29:1125-1131.
• Chen, Z.G., & Wang, J.F. (1986). Plantlets derived from early in vitro culture of citrus zygotic embryo. Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15:271-276.
• Cheng, F.S., & Roose, M.L. (1995). Origin and inheritance of dwarfing by the citrus rootstock Poncirus trifoliata Flying Dragon. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 120:286-291.
• Collins, G.B., & Grosser, J.W. (1984). Culture of embryos, cell culture and somatic cell genetics of plants. Laboratory Procedures and Their Applications, 1:241-257.
• Das, A., Paul, A.K., & Chaudhuris, S. (2000). Micropropagation of sweet orange Citrus sinensis Osbeck for the development of nucellar seedling. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 38:269-272.
• Deng, X.X., Yi, H.L., Li, F., & Guo, W.W. (1996). Triploid plants regenerated from crossing diploid pummelo and tangerine with allotetraploid somatic hybrid of citrus. Proceedings of the International Society of Citriculture,1:189-192.
• Ferrante, S.P., Lucretti, S., Reale, S., De Patrizio, A., Abbate, L., Tusa, N., & Scarano, M.T. (2010). Assessment of the origin of new citrus tetraploid hybrids by means of SSR markers and PCR based dosage effects. Euphytica, 173:223-233.
• Gmitter, F.G., Ling, X.B., & Deng, X.X. (1990). Induction of triploid Citrus plants from endosperm cali in vitro. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 80:785-790.
• Jaskani, M.J., Khan, I.A., & Khan, M.M. (2005). Fruit set, seed development and embryo germination in interploid crosses of citrus. Scientia Horticulturae, 107:51-57.
• Jia, Y.L. (1993). Recovery and characterization of triploid Citrus hybrids following 2x × 4x hybridization. MSc. Thesis, University of California, USA.
• Jumin, H.B., & Nito, N. (1996). Plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis from protoplast of six plant species related to Citrus. Plant Cell Reports, 15:332-336.
• Kunitake, H., Kagami, H., & Mii, M. (1991). Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from protoplasts of Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.). Scientia Horticulturae, 47:27-33.
• Kurt, Ş., & Ülger, S. (2014). Production of Common Sour Orange × Carrizo Citrange hybrids using embryo rescue. International Journal of Fruit Science, 14:42-48.
• Kurt, Ş., & Ülger, S. (2019). Optimizing embryo stage and GA3 doses in Common mandarin × Carrizo citrange crosses on embryo rescue technique. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences, 32:263-266.
• Murashige, T., & Skoog, F. (1962). A revised medium for rapid growth and bio assays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiologia Plantarum, 15:473-497.
• Murashige, T., & Tucker, P.H. (1969). Growth factor requirements of citrus tissue culture. Proceedings 1st International Citrus Symposium, 3:1155-1161.
• Oiyama, I., & Kobayashi, S. (1990). Polyembryony in undeveloped monoembryo-nic diploid seeds crossed with a citrus tetraploid. HortScience, 25:1276-1277.
• Oiyama, I., Kobayashi, S., Yoshinaga, K., Ohgawara, T., & Ishii, S. (1991). Use of pollen from a somatic hybrid between Citrus and Poncirus in the production of triploids. HortScience, 26: 1082.
• Ollitrault, P., Froelicher, Y., Dambier, D., & Şeker, M. (2006). Rootstock breeding by somatic hybridization for the Mediterranean Citrus Industry. Acta Horticulturae, 535.
• Ollitrault, P., Guo, W., & Grosser, J.W. (2007). Somatic Hybridization. Citrus Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, 235-260. Edited by I. Khan, ISBN-13: 978 0 851990194.
• Pasqual, M., Riberio, V.G. & Ramos, J.D. (1990). Influencia do GA3 e do carvao ativado sobre o enraizamento in vitro de embrioes de laranja ‘Natal’. Pesquisa Agropeciaria Brasileira, Brasilia, 25:1477-1482.
• Perez-Tornero, O., & Porras, I. (2008). Assessment of polyembryony in lemon: rescue and in vitro culture of immature embryos. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Culture, 93:173-180.
• Perez-Tornero, O., Cordoba, D., Moreno, M., Yuste, I., & Porras, I. (2011). Use of classical methods and tools biotecnologiccas in the genetic improvement of the lemon tree: Preliminary results. Hoticultura Global, 296:14-17.
• Pestana, M., Varennes, A., Abadia, J., & Faria, E.A. (2005). Differential tolerance to Iron deficiency of rootstocks grown in nutrient solution. Scientia, 104:25-36.
• Rangan, T.S., Murashige, T., & Bitters, W.P. (1969). In vitro study of zygotic and nucellar embryogenesis in citrus. Proceedings of the International Society of Citriculture, 1:225-229.
• Rangan, T.S. (1984). Culture of ovules. In: Cell Culture and Somatic Cell Genetics of Plants, ed. I.K. Vasil, pp.227-231. Academic Press, New York.
• Ribeiro, V.G., Sanábio, D., Souza, C.N., Lopes, P.S.N., Bocardo, M.R. & Pasqual, M. (2000). Effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) and activated coal on in vitro culture of Citrus limonia Osbeck × Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf. Embryos. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira, 35:27-30.
• Scarano, M. T., Tusa, N., Abbate, L., Lucretti, S., Nardi, L., & Ferrante, S. (2005). Flow cytometry SSR and modified AFLP markers for the identification of zygotic plantlets in backcrosses between ‘Femminello’ lemon cybrids (2n and 4n) and a diploid clone of ‘Femminello’ lemon (Citrus limon L. Burm. F.) tolerant to mal secco disease. Plant Science, 164:1009-1017.
• Shen, X., Gmitter, F.G., & Grosser, J.W. (2011). Immature embryo rescue and culture. Methods in Molecular Biology, 710:75-92.
• Singh, J., Dhaliwal, H.S., Thakur, A., Sidhu, G.S., Chhuneja, P., & Gmitter Jr., F.G. (2020). Optimizing recovery of hybrid embryos from interspecific Citrus crosses of polyembryonic Rough Lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.). Agronomy, 10:1940.
• Soni, A., Dubey, A.K., Gupta, A., Sharma, R.M., Awasthi, O.P., Bharadwaj, C., & Sharma, N. (2019). Optimizing embryo age and media for enhancing hybrid seedling recovery in Sour orange (Citrus aurantium) × Sacaton citrumelo (Citrus paradisi × Poncirus trifoliata) crosses through embryo rescue. Plant Breeding, 1-9.
• Soost, R.K., & Roose, M. (1996). Citrus. In: Jules, J. and Moore, J.N. (eds), Fruit Breeding: Tree and Tropical Fruits, 1:257-323.
• Spiegel-Roy, P., & Goldschmidt, E.E. (1996). Biology of Citrus. Cambridge University Press, New York, 230 pp.
• Tan, M., Song, J., & Deng, X. (2007). Production of two mandarin x trifoliate orange hybrid populations via embryo rescue with verification by SSR analysis. Euphytica, 157:155-160.
• Turgutoğlu, E., Kurt, Ş., & Demir, G. (2015). Effect of GA3 concentrations in basal medium on embryos germination of Cleopatra mandarin × Carrizo citrange and Cleopatra mandarin x Flying Dragon. Ekin Journal of Crop Breeding, 1:17-19.
• Tusa, N., Fatta Del Bosco, S., Nardi, L., & Lucretti, S. (1996). Obtaining triploid plants by crossing citrus lemon cv. ‘Femminello’ 2n × 4n allotetraploid somatic hybrids. Proceedings of the International Society of Citriculture, 1:133-136.
• Tusa, N., Abbate, L., Ferrante, S., Lucretti, S., & Scarano, M.T. (2002). Identification of zygotic and nucellar seedlings in Citrus interploid crosses by means of isozymes, flow cytometry, and ISSR-PCR. Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters, 7:703-708.
• Viloria, Z., Grosser, J.W., & Bracho, B. (2005). Immature embryo rescue, culture and seedling development of acid citrus fruit derived from interploid hybridization. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 82:159-167.
• Wakana, A., Binh, X.N., & Iwamasa, M. (2004). Germinability of embryos during seed development in Citrus (Rutaceae). Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 49:49-59.
• Wang, J. F., Chen, Z.G., & Lin, T.X. (1999). Observation on the embryonic development in Citrus after cross pollination. Chinese Developmental Reproductive Biology Society, 8:57-63.
• Xie, K.D., Yuan, D.Y., Wang, W., Xia, Q.M., Wu, X.M., Chen, C.W., Chen, C.L., Grosser, J.W., & Guo, W.W. (2019). Citrus triploid recovery based on 2x × 4x crosses via an optimized embryo rescue approach. Scientia Horticulturae, 252:104-109.
• Zhang, W., Hu, W., Zhang, X.Y., Zhou, M., Jiang, Q.Q., Deng, Z.N. & Li, D.Z. (2013). Acquisition of hybrids of pummelo × citron by using embryo rescue and their identification by SRAP molecular markers. Journal of Fruit Science, 30:386-389.