Therapeutic Potential of 3-Hydroxyflavone: Inducing Apoptosis and Modulating Inflammation in Lung Cancer A549 Cells

Binoy Varghese Cheriyan; Karthik K. Karunakar; V.k. Yuvasre; Kavya Kathiravan; Srinidhi K; Kaniga Pandi; Perumal Elumalai

doi:10.52794/hujpharm.1675997

Therapeutic Potential of 3-Hydroxyflavone: Inducing Apoptosis and Modulating Inflammation in Lung Cancer A549 Cells

Abstract

Lung cancer is a primary cause of cancer deaths globally. Flavonoids have anticancer qualities, although flavonol or 3-hydroxyflavone (3HF)’s effects on lung cancer are unknown. 3HF’s effects on cell viability, apoptosis, migration, and gene expression in human lung cancer A549 cells are examined to determine its anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties. A549 cells were treated with 3HF (25-250 μg/mL) and cytotoxicity was measured using MTT test. Phase-contrast microscopy examined morphological changes. Cell movement was measured by the scratch wound healing technique, and apoptotic cells were detected by AO/EtBr staining. Gene expression analysis for apoptotic and inflammatory markers was done with real-time PCR. Treatment with 3HF dramatically reduced cell viability, dose-dependently, with an IC5 0 value of 135 μg/mL. Apoptosis was shown by cell shrinkage and membrane blebbing. We also found considerable cell migration inhibition. AO/EtBr staining indicated increased apoptosis, whereas PCR analysis showed Bax and caspase-3 overexpression and Bcl-2, TNF-α, and NF-κB downregulation. This suggests 3HF is a promising lung cancer treatment.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

Saveetha College of Pharmacy, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences

Project Number

Under graduate project study

Ethical Statement

As this work is based solely on in vitro experiments using established human cell lines, no animals or human participants were involved, and therefore ethical clearance was not required.

Thanks

Thank the editorial team

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Basic Pharmacology

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Binoy Varghese Cheriyan ^*
0000-0003-0830-6816
India

Karthik K. Karunakar
0009-0003-2944-6655
India

V.k. Yuvasre
0009-0009-8506-1147
India

Kavya Kathiravan
0009-0000-7052-7527
India

Srinidhi K
0009-0004-9907-2780
India

Kaniga Pandi
0009-0001-0846-5246
India

Perumal Elumalai
0000-0003-3627-5527
India

Publication Date

March 1, 2026

Submission Date

April 14, 2025

Acceptance Date

January 21, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 46 Number: 1

DOI

https://doi.org/10.52794/hujpharm.1675997

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA64FP57DZ

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Cheriyan, B. V., Karunakar, K. K., Yuvasre, V., Kathiravan, K., K, S., Pandi, K., & Elumalai, P. (2026). Therapeutic Potential of 3-Hydroxyflavone: Inducing Apoptosis and Modulating Inflammation in Lung Cancer A549 Cells. Hacettepe University Journal of the Faculty of Pharmacy, 46(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.52794/hujpharm.1675997

AMA

1.Cheriyan BV, Karunakar KK, Yuvasre V, et al. Therapeutic Potential of 3-Hydroxyflavone: Inducing Apoptosis and Modulating Inflammation in Lung Cancer A549 Cells. HUJPHARM. 2026;46(1):1-11. doi:10.52794/hujpharm.1675997

Chicago

Cheriyan, Binoy Varghese, Karthik K. Karunakar, V.k. Yuvasre, et al. 2026. “Therapeutic Potential of 3-Hydroxyflavone: Inducing Apoptosis and Modulating Inflammation in Lung Cancer A549 Cells”. Hacettepe University Journal of the Faculty of Pharmacy 46 (1): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.52794/hujpharm.1675997.

EndNote

Cheriyan BV, Karunakar KK, Yuvasre V, Kathiravan K, K S, Pandi K, Elumalai P (March 1, 2026) Therapeutic Potential of 3-Hydroxyflavone: Inducing Apoptosis and Modulating Inflammation in Lung Cancer A549 Cells. Hacettepe University Journal of the Faculty of Pharmacy 46 1 1–11.

IEEE

[1]B. V. Cheriyan et al., “Therapeutic Potential of 3-Hydroxyflavone: Inducing Apoptosis and Modulating Inflammation in Lung Cancer A549 Cells”, HUJPHARM, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 1–11, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.52794/hujpharm.1675997.

ISNAD

Cheriyan, Binoy Varghese - Karunakar, Karthik K. - Yuvasre, V.k. - Kathiravan, Kavya - K, Srinidhi - Pandi, Kaniga - Elumalai, Perumal. “Therapeutic Potential of 3-Hydroxyflavone: Inducing Apoptosis and Modulating Inflammation in Lung Cancer A549 Cells”. Hacettepe University Journal of the Faculty of Pharmacy 46/1 (March 1, 2026): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.52794/hujpharm.1675997.

JAMA

1.Cheriyan BV, Karunakar KK, Yuvasre V, Kathiravan K, K S, Pandi K, Elumalai P. Therapeutic Potential of 3-Hydroxyflavone: Inducing Apoptosis and Modulating Inflammation in Lung Cancer A549 Cells. HUJPHARM. 2026;46:1–11.

MLA

Cheriyan, Binoy Varghese, et al. “Therapeutic Potential of 3-Hydroxyflavone: Inducing Apoptosis and Modulating Inflammation in Lung Cancer A549 Cells”. Hacettepe University Journal of the Faculty of Pharmacy, vol. 46, no. 1, Mar. 2026, pp. 1-11, doi:10.52794/hujpharm.1675997.

Vancouver

1.Binoy Varghese Cheriyan, Karthik K. Karunakar, V.k. Yuvasre, Kavya Kathiravan, Srinidhi K, Kaniga Pandi, Perumal Elumalai. Therapeutic Potential of 3-Hydroxyflavone: Inducing Apoptosis and Modulating Inflammation in Lung Cancer A549 Cells. HUJPHARM. 2026 Mar. 1;46(1):1-11. doi:10.52794/hujpharm.1675997