Kimyasal Savaş Ajanları: Tarihçeleri, Toksisiteleri, Saptanmaları ve Hazırlıklı Olma

Pınar Erkekoğlu; Belma Koçer-gümüşel

Derleme

Chemical Warfare Agents: History, Toxicity, Detection and Preparedness

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 38 Sayı: 1, 24 - 38, 15.01.2018

Pınar Erkekoğlu Belma Koçer-gümüşel

Öz

The use of “chemical warfare agents (CWA)” as mass destruction weapons first started in World war I. However, use of toxic agents in wars and in attack started in the first ages of written history. The threat of chemical weapons reached to important extents in the last part of the 20th century and became a current issue in the mass destructions and terrorist events. Therefore, nowadays and generally in the 21st century, it should be accepted that the chemical weapons take their part along with the conventional weapons and they have become most possible warfare and attack methods. Today the best way to defend against chemical and biological weapons is “preparedness”. Preparedness has two components: “knowledge” and “equipment”. Knowledge is provided by education. The counterparts of equipment are personnel, appliance, devices, organization and coordination. In this review, we will mainly focus on the history of chemical warfare agents, their toxicities and detections as well as the concept of “preparedness”.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Detection, preparedness, hemical warfare agent, history, toxicity

Kaynakça

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Kimyasal Savaş Ajanları: Tarihçeleri, Toksisiteleri, Saptanmaları ve Hazırlıklı Olma

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 38 Sayı: 1, 24 - 38, 15.01.2018

Pınar Erkekoğlu Belma Koçer-gümüşel

Öz

“Kimyasal savaş ajanları (chemical warfare agents, CWA)” nın kitle imha silahı olarak ilk kullanımları Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda başlamıştır. Bununla beraber, toksik kimyasal maddelerin savaş ve saldırı amacıyla kullanımı yazılı tarihin ilk dönemlerinden başlamıştır. Yeni birçok kimyasal maddenin ve özellikle de farklı organofosfatlı bileşiklerin sentezlenmesiyle kimyasal silah kullanım tehditi 20. yüzyılın son yarısına önemli boyutlara ulaşmış ve toplu öldürme ve terörizm olaylarında kullanımları gündeme gelmiştir. Dolayısıyla içinde bulunduğumuz şu günlerde ve hatta daha genel olarak 21. yüzyılda, kimyasal silahların konvansiyonel silahların hemen yanında yer alarak en olası savaş ve saldırı yöntemleri haline geldikleri gerçeğini kabul etmek gerekmektedir.
Bugün kimyasal ve biyolojik silahlara mevcut en iyi savunma yönteminin ‘korunma’
olduğu kabul edilmektedir. Hazırlıklı olmanın iki bileşeni vardır: bilgi ve donanım.
Bilgi eğitimle sağlanır. Donanımın bileşenleri ise personel, araç ve gereç donanımı ile
organizasyon ve koordinasyondur. Bu derleme kapsamında, kimyasal savaş ajanlarının
tarihçesinden, toksisitelerinden ve saptanmalarından söz edilecek, bu silahlara karşı
“hazırlıklı olma” kavramına değinilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Deteksiyon, hazırlıklı olma, kimyasal savaş ajanı, tarihçe, toksisite

Kaynakça

1. Ganesan K, Raza SK, Vijayaraghavan R: Chemical warfare agents. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences 2010, 2(3):166-178.
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72. Jenner J, Graham SJ: Treatment of sulphur mustard skin injury. Chemico-Biological Interactions 2013, 206(3):491-495.
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83. Lebedev AT: Mass spectrometry in identification of ecotoxicants including chemical and biological warfare agents. Toxicology and Appllied Pharmacology 2005, 207(2 Suppl):451-458.
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87. Zimmermann S, Barth S, Baether WK, Ringer J: Miniaturized lowcost ion mobility spectrometer for fast detection of chemical warfare agents. Analytical Chemistry 2008, 80(17):6671-6676.
88. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA): Appendix B. Chemical Warfare Agent Detection. İnternet Adresi: https://www. osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/otm_ii/pdfs/otmii_chpt3_appb.pdf.
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90. Strategies to Protect the Health of Deployed U.S. Forces: Detecting, Characterizing, and Documenting Exposures. National Research Council (US) Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council (US) Commission on Life Sciences. McKone TE, Huey BM, Downing E, Duffy LM, editors. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US). 2000.
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92. Harper M: The use of thermal desorption in monitoring for the chemical weapons demilitarization program. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 2002, 4(5):688-694.
93. Risk D, Verpy D, Conley JD, Jacobson T, Sawyer TW: Volatile anesthetics give a false-positive reading in chemical agent monitors in the “H” mode. Military Medicine 2001, 166(8):708-710.
94. Laljer CE. Joint Chemical Agent Detector (JCAD). The Future of Chemical Agent Detection (U). İnternet Adresi: https://www.mitre. org/sites/default/files/pdf/laljer_jcad.pdf
95. Maziejuk M, Puton J, Szyposzyńska M, Witkiewicz Z. Fragmentation of molecular ions in differential mobility spectrometry as a method for identification of chemical warfare agents. Talanta 2015, 144:1201-1206.
96. Cao L, de B Harrington P, Liu J. SIMPLISMA and ALS applied to two-way nonlinear wavelet compressed ion mobility spectra of chemical warfare agent simulants. Analytical Chemistry 2005, 77(8):2575-2586.
97. Ewing RG, Atkinson DA, Eiceman GA, Ewing GJ: A critical review of ion mobility spectrometry for the detection of explosives and explosive related compounds. Talanta 2001, 54(3):515-529.
98. Eiceman GA, Karpas Z, Hill, Jr HH: Drift Tubes in Ion Mobility Spectrometry. In: Ion Mobility Spectrometry, Third Edition. Boca Raton, London, New York, Washington DC: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.
99. Hooijschuur EW, Kientz CE, Brinkman UA: Application of microcolumn liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis with flame photometric detection for the screening of degradation products of chemical warfare agents in water and soil. Journal of Chromatography A 2001 928(2):187-199.
100. Kientz CE, Verweij A, De Jong GJ, Brinkman UAT. Verification of nonproduction of chemical warfare agents: I. Determination of organophosphorus compounds by microcolumn liquid chromatography with flame photometric or thermionic detection. Journal of Microcloumn Seperations 1992, 4(6): 465–475.
101. Wang J, Chena G, Muck Jr. A, Prakash Chatrathi A, Mulchandani A, Chen W. Microchip enzymatic assay of organophosphate nerve agents. Analytica Chimica Acta 2004, 505:183–187.
102. Heisler I, Keller J, Tauber R, Sutherland M, Fuchs H: assay for the quantitation of free adenine applied to determine the enzymatic activity of ribosome-inactivating proteins. Analytical Biochemistry 2002, 302(1):114-122.
103. Viola L, Liberatore N, Luciani D, Mengali S, Pierno L: Distributed nerve gases sensor based on IR absorption in hollow optical fiber. In: Lewis C, Burgess D, Zamboni R, Kajzar F, Heckman EM, editors. Optics and Photonics for Counterterrorism and Crime Fighting VI and Optical Materials in Defence Systems Technology VII. Proceedings of International Society for Optics and Photonics (SPIE) Vol. 7838, 78380H. 2010. İnternet Adresi: http://www.daylightsolutions. com/assets/003/5311.pdf
104. Ewing KJ, Lerner B: Infrared Detection of the Nerve Agent Sarin (Isopropyl Methylphosphonofluoridate) in Water Using Magnesium Oxide for Preconcentration. Applied Spectroscopy 2011, 55(4):407- 411.
105. Zheng Q, Fu YC, Xu JQ: Advances in the chemical sensors for the detection of DMMP — A simulant for nerve agent sarin. Procedia Engineering 2010, 7:179-184.
106. Eisenkraft A, Markel G, Simovich S, Layish I, Hoffman A, Finkelstein A, Rotman E, Dushnitsky T, Krivoy A: Mobile chemical detector (AP2C+SP4E) as an aid for medical decision making in the battlefield. Military Medicine 2007, 172(9):997-1001.
107. D’Agostino PA, Jackson Lepage CR, Hancock JR, Chenier CL. Defence R&D Canada – Suffield Analysis of Chemical Warfare Agents by GC-MS: First Chemical Cluster CRTI Training Exercise. İnternet Adresi: http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a418514.pdf.
108. Global Security Organization. Chapter 3. Chemical Agents. İnternet Adresi: http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/policy/army/ fm/3-3/fm3-3_5.htm
109. Simoniana AL, Good TA, Wang S-S, Wild JR: Nanoparticle-based optical biosensors for the direct detection of organophosphate chemical warfare agents and pesticides. Analytica Chimica Acta 2005, 534:69–77.
110. Sanders CA, Rodriguez M Jr, Greenbaum E: Stand-off tissue-based biosensors for the detection of chemical warfare agents using photosynthetic fluorescence induction. Biosensors and Bioelectronics 2001, 16(7-8):439-446.
111. Organistation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction. İnternet Adresi: https://www.opcw.org/chemical-weapons-convention/
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116. Rodgers JC: Chemical incident planning: a review of the literature. Accident and Emergency Nursing 1998, 6(3):155-159.
117. Asai Y, Arnold JL: Terrorism in Japan. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 2003, 18(2):106-114.
118. Thiermann H, Worek F, Kehe K: Limitations and challenges in treatment of acute chemical warfare agent poisoning. Chemico-Biological Interactions 2013, 206(3):435-443.
119. Born CT, Briggs SM, Ciraulo DL, Frykberg ER, Hammond JS, Hirshberg A, Lhowe DW, O’Neill PA, Mead J: Disasters and mass casualties: II. explosive, biologic, chemical, and nuclear agents. The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 2007, 15(8):461-473.
120. Smith KJ, Skelton H: Chemical warfare agents: their past and continuing threat and evolving therapies. Part I of II. Skinmedicine 2003, 2(4):215-221.
121. Smith KJ, Skelton H: Chemical warfare agents: their past and continuing threatand evolving therapies. Part II of II. Skinmedicine 2000, 2(5):297-303.
122. Hıncal F, Çeliker A, Özgüven Ş, Kaya E: Kimyasal Ve Biyolojik Savaş Ajanlarinin Sağlik Üzerine Etkileri. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Yayınları. 1993.
123. Özüçelik DN, Karcıoğlu Ö, Topaçoğlu H, Koyuncu N, Çoskun F: Kimyasal Savaş Ajanları. Akademik Acil Tıp Dergisi. 2005, (3)5:28-‐ 32.
124. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı. Acil Sağlık Hizmetleri. Kimyasal biyolojik radyasyon ve nükleer (KBRN) tehlikelerde acil yardim .725TTT154. 2011.
125. Terrorism. 2014. İnternet Adresi: http://www.survivalkitsonline.com/ terrorism preparedness.htm

Toplam 125 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	Türkçe
Konular	Eczacılık ve İlaç Bilimleri
Bölüm	Review Articles
Yazarlar	Pınar Erkekoğlu Belma Koçer-gümüşel Bu kişi benim
Yayımlanma Tarihi	15 Ocak 2018
Kabul Tarihi	19 Ekim 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2018 Cilt: 38 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver	Erkekoğlu P, Koçer-gümüşel B. Kimyasal Savaş Ajanları: Tarihçeleri, Toksisiteleri, Saptanmaları ve Hazırlıklı Olma. HUJPHARM. 2018;38(1):24-38.

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