Kemoterapi, Serbest Radikaller ve Oksidatif Stres

Yıl 2011, Sayı: 2, 137 - 150, 01.06.2011

Suna Sabuncuoğlu , Hilal Özgüneş

Öz

Antineoplastik ilaçlar biyolojik sistemde oksidatif stres oluşumunu artırmaktadır. Kanser kemoterapisi sırasında hücresel hedeflere saldırabilen çok sayıda serbest radikal aracılığıyla oksidatif stres ortaya çıkmaktadır. Dolayısıyla kemoterapi, biyolojik sistemde çeşitli yan etkilere neden olmaktadır. Yüksek doz kemoterapi uygulanan hastalarda, plazma antioksidan konsatrasyonu azalma göstermektedir. Kemoterapi sırasında kullanılan antioksidanlar, oksidatif stres ile meydana gelen radikallerin oluşumunu azaltarak tedavi etkiliğini artırabilir. Bu derlemede, kemoterapi, oksidatif stres ve antioksidanlar arasındaki ilişki değerlendirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

kemoterapi, oksidatif stres, antioksidanlar

Chemotherapy, Free Radicals and Oxidative Stress

Öz

Antineoplastic agents induce oxidative stress in biological systems. During cancer chemotherapy, oxidative stres is induced by numerous free radicals that can attack many cellular targets. Thereby, chemotherapy causes several side effects on biological system. In patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy, the plasma antioxidant concentration has been shown to decrease. The use of anti-oxidants during chemotherapy may enhance therapy efficiency by reducing the generation of oxidative stress-induced radicals. In this review, the relation between chemotherapy, oxidative stres and antioxidants is evaluated.

Anahtar Kelimeler

chemotherapy, oxidative stress, antioxidants

Kaynakça

• Young I. S., Woodside, J. V. (2001). Antioxidants in health and disease. Journal of Clini- cal Pathology, 54, 176-186.
• Halliwell B., Gutteridge M. C. (1984). Oxygen toxicity, oxygen radicals, transition met- als and disease. Biochemical Journal, 219, 1-14.
• Özgüneş, H., Tuncer, S. (1993). İnflamatuar eklem hastalıkları ve oksijen radikalleri. Yeni Tıp Dergisi, 10(3), 47-50.
• Gutteridge, J. M. C. (1994). Biological origin of free radicals, and mechanisms of anti- oxidant protection. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 91, 133-140, 1994.
• Halliwell, B. (2006). Oxidative stress and neurodegeneration: where are we now? Jour- nal of Neurochemistry, 97(6), 1634-1658.
• Zadák, Z., Hyspler, R., Tichá, A., Hronek, M., Fikrová, P., Rathouská, J., Hrnciariková, D., Stetina, R. (2009). Antioxidants and vitamins in clinical conditions. Physiological Research, 58 (Suppl 1), 13-17.
• Muriel, P. (2009). Role of free radicals in liver diseases. Hepatology Internationa,l 3: 526-536.
• Valko, M., Morris, H., Cronin, M. T. (2005). Metals, toxicity and oxidative stress. Cur- rent Medical Chemistry, 12(10), 1161-1208.
• Diplock, A. T. (1991). Antioxidant nutrients and disease prevention: an overview. Amer ican Journal Of Clinical Nutrition, 53(1 Suppl), 189-193.
• Inci, E., Civelek, S., Seven, A., Inci, F., Korkut, N., Burçak, G. (2000). Laryngeal cancer: in relation to oxidative stress. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 200(1), 17-23.
• Li, J., Sejas, D. P., Rani, R., Koretsky, T., Bagby, G. C., Pang, Q. (2006). Nucleophosmin regulates cell cycle progression and stress response in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 281(24), 16536-16545.
• Halliwell, B. (1994). Free radicals and antioxidants: a personal view. Nutrition Reviews, 52(8-1), 253-265.
• Bhuvarahamurthy, V., Balasubramanian, N., Govindasamy, S. (1996). Effect of radio- therapy and chemoradiotherapy on circulating antioxidant system of human uterine cervical carcinoma. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 158(1), 17-23.
• Kovesdy, C. P., Kalantar-Zadeh, K. (2009). Review article: Biomarkers of clinical out- comes in advanced chronic kidney disease. Nephrology (Carlton), 4(4), 408-415.
• Wildburger, R., Mrakovcic, L., Stroser, M., Andrisic, L., Borovic Sunjic, S., Zarkovic, K., Zarkovic, N. (2009). Lipid peroxidation and age-associated diseases-cause or conse- quence?: Review Citation. Türkiye Klinikleri Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi, 29(1), 189-193.
• Halliwell, B. (2007). Biochemistry of oxidative stress. Biochemical Society Transactions, 35(5), 1147-1150.
• Romero, F. J., Bosch-Morell, F., Romero M.J., Jareno E. J., Romero B., Marin, N., Roma, J. (1998). Lipid peroxidation products and antioxidants in human disease. En- vironmental Health Perspectives, 106 (Suppl 5), 1229-1234.
• Kalousova, M., Zima, T., Tesar, V., Lachmanova, J. (2002). Advanced glycation end- products and advanced oxidaiton protein products in hemodialyzed patients. Blood Purification, 20, 531-536.
• Berk, M., Ng, F., Dean. O., Dodd, S., Bush, A. I. (2008). Glutathione: a novel treatment target in psychiatry. Trends in Pharmacological Science, 29(7), 346-351.
• Berger, M. M. (2005). Can oxidative damage be treated nutritionally? Clinical Nutrition, 24(2), 172-183.
• Halliwell, B., Whiteman, M. (2004). Measuring reactive species and oxidative damage in vivo and in cell culture: how should you do it and what do the results mean? British Journal of Pharmacology, 142(2), 231-255.
• Halliwell, B., Gutteridge, J.M.C. (1989). Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine. Oxford: University Press.
• Weijl, N. I., Cleton, F. J., Osanto, S. (1997). Free radicals and antioxidants in chemo- therapy-induced toxicity. Cancer Treatment Reviews, 23(4), 209-240.
• Crohns, M., Liippo, K., Erhola, M., Kankaanranta, H., Moilanen, E., Alho, H., Kello- kumpu-Lehtinen, P. (2009). Concurrent decline of several antioxidants and markers of oxidative stress during combination chemotherapy for small cell lung cancer. Clinical Biochemistry, 42(12), 1236-1245.
• Block, K. I., Koch, A. C., Mead, M. N., Tothy, P. K., Newman, R. A., Gyllenhaal, C. (2007). Impact of antioxidant suplementation on chemotherapeutic efficacy: A system- atic review of the evidence from randomized controlled trials. Cancer Treatment Re- views, 33(5), 407-418.
• Simone, C. B., Simone, N. L., Simone, V., Simone, C. B. (2007). Antioxidants and other nutrients do not interfere with chemotherapy or radiation therapy and can increase kill and increase survival, part 1. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 13(1), 22-28.
• Facorro, G., Sarrasague, M. M., Torti, H., Hager, A., Avalos, J. S., Foncuberta, M., Kusminsky, G. (2004). Oxidative study of patients with total body irradiation: effects of amifostine treatment. Bone Marrow Transplantation, 33(8):793-798.
• Chen, Y., Jungsuwadee, P., Vore, M., Butterfield, D. A., St Clair, D. K. (2007). Collateral damage in cancer chemotherapy: oxidative stress in nontargeted tissues. Molecular Intervention, 7(3), 147-156.
• Sari, I., Cetin, A., Kaynar, L., Saraymen, R., Hacioglu, S. K., Ozturk, A., Kocyigit, I., Altuntas, F., Eser, B. (2008). Disturbance of pro-oxidative/antioxidative balance in al- logeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science, 38(2), 120-125.
• Brea-Calvo, G., Rodríguez-Hernández, A., Fernández-Ayala, D. J., Navas, P., Sánchez- Alcázar, J. A. (2006). Chemotherapy induces an increase in coenzyme Q10 levels in cancer cell lines. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 40(8), 1293-1302.
• Sangeetha, P., Das, U. N., Koratkar, R., Suryaprabha, P. (1990). Increase in free radical generation and lipid peroxidation following chemotherapy in patients with cancer. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 8(1), 15-19.
• White, A. C., Sousa, A. M., Blumberg, J., Ryan, H. F., Fanburg, B. L., Kayyali, U. S. (2006). Plasma antioxidants in subjects before hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplantation, 38(7), 513-520.
• Prasad, K. N., Cole, W. C., Kumar, B., Che Prasad, K. (2002). Pros and cons of antioxi- dant use during radiation therapy. Cancer Treatment Reviews, 28(2), 79-91.
• Clemens, M. R., Waladkhani, A. R., Bublitz, K., Ehninger, G., Gey, K. F. (1997). Supple- mentation with antioxidants prior to bone marrow transplantation. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift, 109(19), 771-776.
• Dürken, M., Agbenu, J., Finckh, B., Hübner, C., Pichlmeier, U., Zeller, W., Winkler, K., Zander, A., Kohlschütter, A. (1995). Deteriorating free radical-trapping capacity and antioxidant status in plasma during bone marrow transplantation, Bone Marrow Tran- plantation, 15, 757-762.
• Hunnisett, A., Davies, S., McLaren-Howard, J., Gravett, P., Finn, M., Gueret-Wardle, D. (1995). Lipoperoxides as an index of free radical activity in bone marrow transplant recipients. Preliminary observations. Biological Trace Elements Research, 47(1-3), 125- 132.
• Lin J. Q. (2002). Effect of nutrition intervention on antioxidant capacity and lipid per- oxide in patients with bone marrow transplantation. Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao, 22(6), 530-532.
• Agarwal, R. (2008). Iron, oxidative stress, and clinical outcomes. Pediatric Nephrology, 23(8), 1195-1199.
• Rachmilewitz, E. A., Weizer-Stern, O., Adamsky, K., Amariglio, N., Rechavi, G., Breda, L., Rivella, S., Cabantchik, Z. I. (2005). Role of iron in inducing oxidative stress in thal- assemia: Can it be prevented by inhibition of absorption and by antioxidants? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1054, 118-1123.
• Caron, J. E., Krull, K. R., Hockenberry, M., Jain, N., Kaemingk, K., Moore, I. M. (2009). Oxidative stress and executive function in children receiving chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatric Blood and Cancer, 53(4), 551-556.
• Jaakkola, K., Lähteenmäki, P., Laakso, J., Harju, E., Tykkä, H., Mahlberg, K. (1992). Treatment with antioxidant and other nutrients in combination with chemotherapy and irradiation in patients with small-cell lung cancer. Anticancer Research,12(3), 599- 606.
• Baquiran, D. C., Gallagher, J. (2001). Lippincott’s Cancer Chemotherapy Handbook. Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders Company.
• Bairati, I., Meyer, F., Gélinas, M., Fortin, A., Nabid, A., Brochet, F., Mercier, J. P., Têtu, B., Harel, F., Mâsse, B., Vigneault, E., Vass, S., del Vecchio, P., Roy, J. (2005). A ran- domized trial of antioxidant vitamins to prevent second primary cancers in head and neck cancer patients. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 97(7), 481-488.
• Ladas, E. J., Jacobson, J. S., Kennedy, D. D., Teel, K., Fleischauer, A., Kelly, K. M., (2004), Antioxidants and cancer therapy: a systematic review, Journal of Clinical Oncol- ogy, 22(3), 517-528.
• Jonas, C. R., Puckett, A. B., Jones, D. P., Griffith, D. P., Szeszycki, E. E., Bergman, G. F., Furr, C. E., Tyre, C., Carlson, J. L., Galloway, J. R., Blumberg, J. B., Ziegler, T. R. (2000). Plasma antioxidant status after high-dose chemotherapy: a randomized trial of parenteral nutrition in bone marrow transplantation patients, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 72, 181-189.
• Clemens, M. R., Ladner, C., Ehninger, G., Einsele, H., Renn, W., Bühler, E., Waller, H. D., Gey, K. F. (1990). Plasma vitamin E and beta-carotene concentrations during ra- diochemotherapy preceding bone marrow transplantation, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 51, 216-219.
• Clemens, M. R., Ladner, C., Schmidt, H., Ehninger, G., Einsele, Hermann; Gey, K. Fred; Waller, Hans Dierck. (1989). Decrease of alpha tocopherol and beta-carotene by high- dose radiochemotherapy preceding bone marrow transplantation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 570, 431-434.
• Seifried, H. E., Anderson, D. E., Fisher, E. I., Milner, J. A. (2007). A review of the inter- action among dietary antioxidants and reactive oxygen species. The Journal Of Nutri- tional Biochemistry, 18(9), 567-579.
• Drisko, J. A., Chapman, J., Hunter, V. J.(2003). The use of antioxidant therapies dur- ing chemotherapy. Gynecologic Oncolology, 88(3), 434-439.
• Bairati, I., Meyer, F., Gélinas, M., Fortin, A., Nabid, A., Brochet, F., Mercier, J. P., Têtu, B., Harel, F., Mâsse, B., Vigneault, E., Vass, S., del Vecchio, P., Roy, J. (2005). A ran- domized trial of antioxidant vitamins to prevent second primary cancers in head and neck cancer patients. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 97(7), 481-488.
• Weijl, N. I., Hopman, G. D., Wipkink-Bakker, A., Lentjes, E. G., Berger, H. M., Cleton, F. J., Osanto, S. (1998). Cisplatin combination chemotherapy induces a fall in plasma antioxidants of cancer patients. Annals of Oncology, 9(12), 1331-1337.
• Dürken, M., Herrnring, C., Finckh, B., Nagel, S., Nielsen, P., Fischer, R., Berger, H. M., Moison, R. M., Pichlmeier, U., Kohlschütter, B., Zander, A. R., Kohlschütter, A. (2000). Impaired plasma antioxidative defense and increased nontransferrin-bound iron dur- ing high-dose chemotherapy and radiochemotherapy preceding bone marrow trans- plantation, Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 28(6), 887-894.
• Blumenthal, R. D., Lew, W., Reising, A., Soyne, D., Osorio, L., Ying, Z., Goldenberg, D. M. (2000). Antioxidant vitamins reduce normal tissue toxicity induced by radio- immunotherapy. International Jurnal of Cancer, 86(2), 276-280.
• Prasad, K. N., Kumar, A, Kochupillai, V., Cole W. C. (1999). High doses of multiple an- tioxidant vitamins: essential ingredients in improving the efficacy of standard cancer therapy. American College of Nutrition Journal, 18(1), 13-25.
• Conklin, K. A. (2000). Dietary antioxidants during cancer chemotherapy: impact on chemotherapeutic effectiveness and development of side effects. Nutrition and Cancer, 37(1), 1-18.
• Simone, C. B., Simone, N. L., Simone, V., Simone, C. B. (2007). Antioxidants and other nutrients do not interfere with chemotherapy or radiation therapy and can increase kill and increase survival, Part 2. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 13(2), 40-47.
• Christen, W. G., Gaziano, J. M., Hennekens, C. H. (2000). Design of Physicians’ Health Study II--a randomized trial of beta-carotene, vitamins E and C, and multivitamins, in prevention of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and eye disease, and review of results of completed trials. Annals of Epidemiology, 10(2), 125-134.
• Seifried, H. E., McDonald, S. S., Anderson, D. E., Greenwald, P., Milner, J. A. (2003). The antioxidant conundrum in cancer. Cancer Research, 63(15), 4295-4298.
• Langemann, H., Torhorst, J., Kabiersch, A., Krenger, W., Honegger, C. G. (1989). Quan- titative determination of water- and lipid-soluble antioxidants in neoplastic and non- neoplastic human breast tissue. International Journal of Cancer, 43(6), 1169-1173.
• D’Andrea, G. M. (2005). Use of antioxidants during chemotherapy and radiotherapy should be avoided. CA Cancer Jornal for Clinicians, 55(5), 319-321.
• Blumenthal, R. D., Lew, W., Reising, A., Soyne, D., Osorio, L., Ying, Z., Goldenberg, D. M. (2000). Antioxidant vitamins reduce normal tissue toxicity induced by radioimmu- notherapy. International Jurnal of Cancer, 86(2), 276-280.
• Borek, C. (2004). Dietary Antioxidants and Human Cancer. Integrative Cancer Thera- pies, 3(4), 333-341.
• Mills, E. E., (1988). The modifying effect of beta-carotene on radiation and chemo- therapy induced oral mucositis. British Journal of Cancer, 57(4):416-417.
• Abu, J., Batuwangala, M., Herbert, K., Symonds, P. (2005). Retinoic acid and retinoid receptors: potential chemopreventive and therapeutic role in cervical cancer. Lancet Oncology, 6(9), 712-720.
• Stallings, V. A. (2008). Childhood cancer and vitamins: prevention and treatment. Pe- diatric Blood and Cancer. 50(2 Suppl), 442-444.
• Wolf, S., Barton, D., Kottschade, L., Grothey, A., Loprinzi, C. (2008). Chemotherapy-in- duced peripheral neuropathy: prevention and treatment strategies. European Journal of Cancer, 44(11), 1507-1515.
• http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/aoxcansum.htm