Healthcare Services and Empathy: A Portrait of the Pharmacy Students on Determining the Empathy Levels
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 44 Sayı: 3, 228 - 233, 01.09.2024
Bilge Sözen Şahne
,
Leyla Yumrukaya
,
Uğur Yaman
,
Selen Yeğenoğlu
Öz
Empathy is defined as a fundamental tool to improve the healthcare professional-patient bond and understanding of both patient and other professionals which enhances the healthcare professional’s experience. The empathetic attitude of the pharmacist could be a key element in effective interaction and this skill can be improved with various methods. In this study, it is aimed to reveal whether pharmacy education has an effect on the level of empathy by comparing the opinions of the students and their empathy levels. The validated Turkish version of the Empathy Quotient (EQ) questionnaire was used to reveal the participants’ empathy level. 311 students participated in the survey from 699 students and 306 of them were included in the analysis. According to the scale scores’ mean of students, a statistically significant difference was found only in terms of gender. Additionally, whether they had an internship or not did not make a significant difference on empathy levels. Pharmacy students’ technical skills in providing therapeutic recommendations may be negatively affected by their inability to communicate or engage with patients due to their lack of empathy. To prevent this, empathy as a teachable ability could be involved in the pharmacy education curriculum with various practices and techniques.
Kaynakça
- 1. Moudatsou M, Stavropoulou A, Philalithis A, Koukouli S.
The Role of Empathy in Health and Social Care Professionals.
Healthcare. 2020;8(1):26. doi: 10.3390/healthcare8010026
- 2. Kliszcz J, Nowicka-Sauer K, Trzeciak B, Nowak P, Sadowska
A. Empathy in health care providers--validation study of the
Polish version of the Jefferson Scale of Empathy. Adv Med
Sci. 2006;51:219–25. doi: 10.1016/j.advms.2006.07.004.
- 3. Kunyk D, Olson JK. Clarification of conceptualizations of empathy.
J Adv Nurs. 2001;35(3):317–25. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-
2648.2001.01848.x.
- 4. Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S. The Empathy Quotient: An
Investigation of Adults with Asperger Syndrome or High
Functioning Autism, and Normal Sex Differences. J Autism
Dev Disord. 2004;34(2):163–75. doi: 10.1023/B:JA
DD.0000022607.19833.00.
- 5. Howick J, Rees S. Overthrowing barriers to empathy in
healthcare: empathy in the age of the Internet. J R Soc Med.
2017;110(9):352–7. doi: 10.1177/0141076817728587.
- 6. Hojat M. Empathy and Patient Outcomes. In: Empathy
in Health Professions Education and Patient Care. Cham:
Springer International Publishing; 2016. p. 189–201. doi:
10.1007/978-3-319-27625-0_11.
- 7. Jeffrey D, Downie R. Empathy – Can it be Taught? J R Coll
Physicians Edinb. 2016;46(2):107–12. doi: 10.4997/JRCPE.
2016.203.
- 8. Heyes C. Empathy is not in our genes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev.
2018;95:499–507. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.09.014.
- 9. Barker ME, Crowfoot G, King J. Empathy development and
volunteering for undergraduate healthcare students: A scoping
review. Nurse Educ Today. 2022;116:105441. doi: 10.1016/j.
nedt.2022.105441.
- 10. Williams B, Brown T, McKenna L, Palermo C, Morgan P,
Nestel D, et al. Student empathy levels across 12 medical and
health professions: an interventional study. J Compassionate
Health Care. 2015;2(1):4. doi: 10.1186/s40639-015-0010-3.
- 11. Van Winkle LJ, Fjortoft N, Hojat M. Impact of a Workshop
About Aging on the Empathy Scores of Pharmacy and Medical
Students. Am J Pharm Educ. 2012;76(1):9. doi: 10.5688/
ajpe7619.
- 12. Kelly DV, Young S, Phillips L, Clark D. Patient attitudes
regarding the role of the pharmacist and interest in expanded
pharmacist services. Can Pharm J Rev Pharm Can.
2014;147(4):239–47. doi: 10.1177/1715163514537243.
- 13. Lonie JM. From counting and pouring to caring: The empathic
developmental process of community pharmacists.
Res Soc Adm Pharm. 2006;2(4):439–57. doi: 10.1016/j.
sapharm.2005.11.004.
- 14. Bora E, Baysan L. Empati Ölçeği-Türkçe Formunun
Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Psikometrik Özellikleri. Klinik
Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni. 2009;19(1):39-47.
- 15. Hall JA, Schwartz R. Empathy present and future. The
Journal of Social Psychology. 2019;159(3):225-243. doi:
10.1080/00224545.2018.1522256.
- 16. Spatoula V, Panagopoulou E, Montgomery A. Does empathy
change during undergraduate medical education? A
meta-analysis. Medical Teacher. 2019;41(8): 895-904. doi:
10.1080/0142159X.2019.1620121.
- 17. Sa B, Ojeh N, Majumder MAA, Nunes P, Williams S, Rao
SR, et al. The Relationship Between Self-Esteem, Emotional
Intelligence, and Empathy Among Students From Six Health
Professional Programs. Teach Learn Med. 2019;31(5):536–43.
doi: 10.1080/10401334.2018.1504642.
- 18. Ulutaş Deniz E, Güven T, Eren R. Levels of Empathy among
Turkish Students in Pharmacy and Pharmacy Services Programs.
Black Sea J Health Sci. 2023;6(3):488–93.
- 19. Ward A, Hall J, Mutch J, Cheung L, Cor MK, Charrois TL.
What makes pharmacists successful? An investigation of
personal characteristics. JAPhA. 2019;59(1):23–29. doi:
10.1016/j.japh.2018.09.001.
- 20. Barwick A, Burrows J, Spark MJ. Professional identity and
empathy in undergraduate pharmacy students. Res Social
Adm Pharm. 2019;15(5):E23-E24.
- 21. Jeon S, Cho E. Assessment of Korean Pharmacy Students’
Empathy Using the Jefferson Scale of Empathy. Am J Pharm
Educ. 2015;79(5):67. doi: 10.5688/ajpe79567.
- 22. Ratka A. Empathy and the Development of Affective
Skills. Am J Pharm Educ. 2018;82(10):7192. doi: 10.5688/
ajpe82107192.
- 23. Williams B, Brown T, McKenna L, Boyle MJ, Palermo C,
Nestel D, Russo V. Empathy levels among health professional
students: a cross-sectional study at two universities in Australia.
Adv Med Educ Pract. 2014;5:107-113. doi: 10.2147/
AMEP.S59780.
- 24. Chen DCR, Pahilan ME, Orlander JD. Comparing a Self-
Administered Measure of Empathy with Observed Behavior
Among Medical Students. J Gen Intern Med. 2010;25(3):200–
2. doi: 10.1007/s11606-009-1193-x.
- 25. Khademalhosseini M, Khademalhosseini Z, Mahmoodian F.
Comparison of empathy score among medical students in both
basic and clinical levels. J Adv Med Educ Prof. 2014;2(2):88-
91. doi: 10.5688/jamp.2014.002.
- 26. Walker PC, Marshall VD, Sweet BV, Vordenberg SE. Longitudinal
Measurement of Empathy in Student Pharmacists. Am J
Pharm Educ. 2022;86(7):8752.
- 27. Quince TA, Parker RA, Wood DF, Benson JA. Stability of empathy
among undergraduate medical students: a longitudinal
study at one UK medical school. BMC Medical Education
2011;11:90. doi: 10.1186/1472-6920-11-90.
- 28. Ahmed SI, Lin LK, Ing JCS, Hasan SS, Anwar M, Babar MG.
An evaluation of self-perceived professionalism among health
professions’ students. Pharm Educ. 2019;19:396-405. doi:
10.1080/15602210701316783.
- 29. Lumish R, Simpkins S, Black J, Whittaker CF. Fostering empathy
and self-efficacy in pharmacy students through service
learning. Curr Pharm Teach Learn. 2022;14(4):536–46.
- 30. Li L, Wang J, Hu Xmin, Hu Xmin, Xu C. Empathy in Chinese
Pharmacy Undergraduates: Implication for Integrating
Humanities Into Professional Pharmacy Education. Indian
J Pharm Educ Res. 2015;49(1):31–9. doi: 10.4103/0019-
557X.178784.
- 31. DeGeeter M. Measure of empathy change in pharmacy students
through a behavior change assignment. Pharm Educ.
2016;16. doi: 10.1080/15602210701316783.
- 32. Tamayo CA, Rizkalla MN, Henderson KK. Cognitive, Behavioral
and Emotional Empathy in Pharmacy Students: Targeting
Programs for Curriculum Modification. Front Pharmacol.
2016;7:96. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00096.
SAĞLIK HİZMETLERİ VE EMPATİ: ECZACILIK ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN EMPATİ DÜZEYLERİNİN BELİRLENMESİNE İLİŞKİN BİR PORTRE
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 44 Sayı: 3, 228 - 233, 01.09.2024
Bilge Sözen Şahne
,
Leyla Yumrukaya
,
Uğur Yaman
,
Selen Yeğenoğlu
Öz
Empati, sağlık profesyoneli-hasta bağını geliştiren ve hem hasta hem de diğer profesyoneller arasındaki anlayışı geliştiren ve sağlık profesyonelinin deneyimini artıran temel bir araç olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Eczacının empatik tutumu etkili etkileşimde anahtar unsur olabilmekte ve bu beceri çeşitli yöntemlerle geliştirilebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada öğrencilerin görüşleri ile empati düzeyleri karşılaştırılarak eczacılık eğitiminin empati düzeyine etkisinin olup olmadığının ortaya çıkarılması amaçlanmaktadır. Katılımcıların empati düzeyini belirlemek için Empati Ölçeğinin (EQ) Türkçe versiyonu kullanılmıştır. Ankete 699 öğrenciden 311 öğrenci katılmış ve bunlardan 306'sı analize dahil edilmiştir. Öğrencilerin ölçek puanlarının ortalamasına göre sadece cinsiyete göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık bulunmuştur. Ayrıca staj yapıp yapmamalarının da empati düzeylerinde anlamlı bir farklılık yaratmadığı görülmüştür. Eczacılık öğrencilerinin terapötik öneriler sunmadaki teknik becerileri, empati eksikliğinden dolayı hastalarla iletişim kuramamaları veya onlarla etkileşim kuramamaları nedeniyle olumsuz etkilenebilmektedir. Bunu önlemek için öğretilebilir bir beceri olan empatinin çeşitli uygulama ve tekniklerle eczacılık eğitimi müfredatına dahil edilmesi sağlanmalıdır.
Kaynakça
- 1. Moudatsou M, Stavropoulou A, Philalithis A, Koukouli S.
The Role of Empathy in Health and Social Care Professionals.
Healthcare. 2020;8(1):26. doi: 10.3390/healthcare8010026
- 2. Kliszcz J, Nowicka-Sauer K, Trzeciak B, Nowak P, Sadowska
A. Empathy in health care providers--validation study of the
Polish version of the Jefferson Scale of Empathy. Adv Med
Sci. 2006;51:219–25. doi: 10.1016/j.advms.2006.07.004.
- 3. Kunyk D, Olson JK. Clarification of conceptualizations of empathy.
J Adv Nurs. 2001;35(3):317–25. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-
2648.2001.01848.x.
- 4. Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S. The Empathy Quotient: An
Investigation of Adults with Asperger Syndrome or High
Functioning Autism, and Normal Sex Differences. J Autism
Dev Disord. 2004;34(2):163–75. doi: 10.1023/B:JA
DD.0000022607.19833.00.
- 5. Howick J, Rees S. Overthrowing barriers to empathy in
healthcare: empathy in the age of the Internet. J R Soc Med.
2017;110(9):352–7. doi: 10.1177/0141076817728587.
- 6. Hojat M. Empathy and Patient Outcomes. In: Empathy
in Health Professions Education and Patient Care. Cham:
Springer International Publishing; 2016. p. 189–201. doi:
10.1007/978-3-319-27625-0_11.
- 7. Jeffrey D, Downie R. Empathy – Can it be Taught? J R Coll
Physicians Edinb. 2016;46(2):107–12. doi: 10.4997/JRCPE.
2016.203.
- 8. Heyes C. Empathy is not in our genes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev.
2018;95:499–507. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.09.014.
- 9. Barker ME, Crowfoot G, King J. Empathy development and
volunteering for undergraduate healthcare students: A scoping
review. Nurse Educ Today. 2022;116:105441. doi: 10.1016/j.
nedt.2022.105441.
- 10. Williams B, Brown T, McKenna L, Palermo C, Morgan P,
Nestel D, et al. Student empathy levels across 12 medical and
health professions: an interventional study. J Compassionate
Health Care. 2015;2(1):4. doi: 10.1186/s40639-015-0010-3.
- 11. Van Winkle LJ, Fjortoft N, Hojat M. Impact of a Workshop
About Aging on the Empathy Scores of Pharmacy and Medical
Students. Am J Pharm Educ. 2012;76(1):9. doi: 10.5688/
ajpe7619.
- 12. Kelly DV, Young S, Phillips L, Clark D. Patient attitudes
regarding the role of the pharmacist and interest in expanded
pharmacist services. Can Pharm J Rev Pharm Can.
2014;147(4):239–47. doi: 10.1177/1715163514537243.
- 13. Lonie JM. From counting and pouring to caring: The empathic
developmental process of community pharmacists.
Res Soc Adm Pharm. 2006;2(4):439–57. doi: 10.1016/j.
sapharm.2005.11.004.
- 14. Bora E, Baysan L. Empati Ölçeği-Türkçe Formunun
Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Psikometrik Özellikleri. Klinik
Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni. 2009;19(1):39-47.
- 15. Hall JA, Schwartz R. Empathy present and future. The
Journal of Social Psychology. 2019;159(3):225-243. doi:
10.1080/00224545.2018.1522256.
- 16. Spatoula V, Panagopoulou E, Montgomery A. Does empathy
change during undergraduate medical education? A
meta-analysis. Medical Teacher. 2019;41(8): 895-904. doi:
10.1080/0142159X.2019.1620121.
- 17. Sa B, Ojeh N, Majumder MAA, Nunes P, Williams S, Rao
SR, et al. The Relationship Between Self-Esteem, Emotional
Intelligence, and Empathy Among Students From Six Health
Professional Programs. Teach Learn Med. 2019;31(5):536–43.
doi: 10.1080/10401334.2018.1504642.
- 18. Ulutaş Deniz E, Güven T, Eren R. Levels of Empathy among
Turkish Students in Pharmacy and Pharmacy Services Programs.
Black Sea J Health Sci. 2023;6(3):488–93.
- 19. Ward A, Hall J, Mutch J, Cheung L, Cor MK, Charrois TL.
What makes pharmacists successful? An investigation of
personal characteristics. JAPhA. 2019;59(1):23–29. doi:
10.1016/j.japh.2018.09.001.
- 20. Barwick A, Burrows J, Spark MJ. Professional identity and
empathy in undergraduate pharmacy students. Res Social
Adm Pharm. 2019;15(5):E23-E24.
- 21. Jeon S, Cho E. Assessment of Korean Pharmacy Students’
Empathy Using the Jefferson Scale of Empathy. Am J Pharm
Educ. 2015;79(5):67. doi: 10.5688/ajpe79567.
- 22. Ratka A. Empathy and the Development of Affective
Skills. Am J Pharm Educ. 2018;82(10):7192. doi: 10.5688/
ajpe82107192.
- 23. Williams B, Brown T, McKenna L, Boyle MJ, Palermo C,
Nestel D, Russo V. Empathy levels among health professional
students: a cross-sectional study at two universities in Australia.
Adv Med Educ Pract. 2014;5:107-113. doi: 10.2147/
AMEP.S59780.
- 24. Chen DCR, Pahilan ME, Orlander JD. Comparing a Self-
Administered Measure of Empathy with Observed Behavior
Among Medical Students. J Gen Intern Med. 2010;25(3):200–
2. doi: 10.1007/s11606-009-1193-x.
- 25. Khademalhosseini M, Khademalhosseini Z, Mahmoodian F.
Comparison of empathy score among medical students in both
basic and clinical levels. J Adv Med Educ Prof. 2014;2(2):88-
91. doi: 10.5688/jamp.2014.002.
- 26. Walker PC, Marshall VD, Sweet BV, Vordenberg SE. Longitudinal
Measurement of Empathy in Student Pharmacists. Am J
Pharm Educ. 2022;86(7):8752.
- 27. Quince TA, Parker RA, Wood DF, Benson JA. Stability of empathy
among undergraduate medical students: a longitudinal
study at one UK medical school. BMC Medical Education
2011;11:90. doi: 10.1186/1472-6920-11-90.
- 28. Ahmed SI, Lin LK, Ing JCS, Hasan SS, Anwar M, Babar MG.
An evaluation of self-perceived professionalism among health
professions’ students. Pharm Educ. 2019;19:396-405. doi:
10.1080/15602210701316783.
- 29. Lumish R, Simpkins S, Black J, Whittaker CF. Fostering empathy
and self-efficacy in pharmacy students through service
learning. Curr Pharm Teach Learn. 2022;14(4):536–46.
- 30. Li L, Wang J, Hu Xmin, Hu Xmin, Xu C. Empathy in Chinese
Pharmacy Undergraduates: Implication for Integrating
Humanities Into Professional Pharmacy Education. Indian
J Pharm Educ Res. 2015;49(1):31–9. doi: 10.4103/0019-
557X.178784.
- 31. DeGeeter M. Measure of empathy change in pharmacy students
through a behavior change assignment. Pharm Educ.
2016;16. doi: 10.1080/15602210701316783.
- 32. Tamayo CA, Rizkalla MN, Henderson KK. Cognitive, Behavioral
and Emotional Empathy in Pharmacy Students: Targeting
Programs for Curriculum Modification. Front Pharmacol.
2016;7:96. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00096.