Analysis of Hand, Face, and Body Contact Dermatitis in Children with Chemical Patch Tests

Abstract

Objective: Allergic contact dermatitis is a late-type (type IV) hypersensitivity reaction that occurs after re-exposure to substances that have been previously encountered and sensitized. 3700 chemicals that can cause this condition have been reported. There are publications in the literature that the hand and face are the body parts that are more frequently involved in contact dermatitis in adults. However, this study was aimed because there is not enough data about which region is affected more frequently in children and the examination of allergens according to the affected areas. Materials and Methods: In our study, 102 patients who applied to our outpatient clinic between January 2019 and June 2021, diagnosed with contact dermatitis and applied chemical patch test, were included and analyzed retrospectively. Results: Of the 102 patients included in the study, 43 (42.2%) were female and 59 (57.8%) were male. The ages of the patients were between 4-18 years and the mean age was 9.45±3.92 years. When the body areas with contact dermatitis are examined; hand involvement was present in 33 (32.4%), 7 (6.9%) hand and arm involvement, and 2 (2%) hand and face involvement. Facial involvement was present in 19 (18.6%) and 5 (4.9%) had both trunk and face involvement. Trunk involvement was detected in 36 patients (35.3%). Conclusion: When the sensitized ones with Myroxylon Pereiare Resin and Formaldehyde were evaluated according to the lesion localization, the difference between them was found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). Myroxylon Pereiare Resin was positive in 8 of 36 patients with trunk only contact dermatitis. Sensitization was observed in 5 of the 19 patients with facial involvement with formaldehyde. No significant difference was found between lesion localizations and positivity rates in other chemical parameters.

Keywords

• Allergic contact dermatitis
• patch test
• Myroxylon Pereiare Resin
• Formaldehyde

References

1. Referans1. Karen K Ho , Karen L Campbell , Sidonie N Lavergne Vet Dermatol. Contact dermatitis: a comparative and translational review of the literatüre 2015 Oct;26(5):314-27, e66-7. doi: 10.1111/vde.12229. Epub 2015 Jul 16.PMID: 26184842.
2. Referans2. Kadyk DI, McCarter K, Achen F, Belsito DV. Quality of life in patients with allergic contact dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;49:1037-48.
3. Referans3. Kostner L, Anzengruber F, Guillod C, Recher M, Schmid-Grendelmeier P, Navarini A.A; Allergic contact dermatitis, Zurich Open Repository and Archive, doı: 10.1016/j.iac.2016.08.014.
4. Referans4. Şen B.B, Rifaioğlu E.N, Ekiz Ö, Şen T, Doğramacı A. Ç.: Kontakt dermatitli olgularda yama testi sonuçlarının değerlendirilmesi; 2015 ;5(2): 35-40.
5. Referans5. Prue C, Martinson, ME, Mc Anally PM, Stagner WC. Postmarketing Survey results of T.R.U.E. TEST, anew allergen patch test. Am J Contact Dermatitis 1998; 9:6-10
6. Referans6. Çalka Ö, Karadağ AS, Akdeniz N, Güneş Bilgili S. Türkiye’nin Doğusunda Kontakt Dermatitli Hastalarda Deri Yama Testi Sonuçları. Turkderm 2011; 45(1): 19-23.
7. Referans7. Uter W, Werfel T, White IR, Johansen JD. Contact Allergy: A review of Current Problems from a Clinical Perspective. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018 May 29;15(6):1108.doi:10.3390/ijerph15061108.
8. Referans8. Bonitsis NG, Tatsioni A, Bassioukas K, Ioannidis JP. Allergens responsible for allergic contact dermatitis among children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Contact Dermatitis. 2011 May; 64(5):245-57.doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2010.01860.x

9. Referans9. Wahlberg J E,Lindberg M: Patch testing, In: Frosch P J, Menne T, Lepoittevin J P (Eds): Contact Dermatitis, 4th edition, Springer-Verlag, Berlin 2006: 365-90.
10. Referans10. Boyvat A: Kontakt dermatit, Mısırlıgil Z (Ed): Allerjik Hastalıklar. Antıp A.Ş. Yayınları, Ankara 2004:359-82.
11. Referans11. Johansen JD, Aalto-Karte K, Agner T, Andersen K.E, Bircher A, Bruze M, Cannavo A, Gimerez-Arnau A, Gonçalo M, Goossens A, et al European Society of Contact Dermatitis guideline for diagnostic patch-testing-Recommendations on best practice. Contact Dermat. 2015;73: 195-221. Doi:10.1111/cod. 12432
12. Referans12. Lewis VJ, Statham BN, Chowdhury MM. Allergic contact dermatitis in 191 consecutively patch tested children. Contact Dermatitis. 2004 Sep; 51(3):155-6.doi:10.1111/j.0105-1873.2004.0426i.x.
13. Referans13. Seidenari S, Giusti F, Pepe P, Mantovani L. Contact sentisitization in 1094 children undergoing patch testing over a 7-year period. Pediatr Dermatol. 2005 Jan-Feb;22(1):1-5.doi:10.1111/j.1525-1470.2005.22100.x
14. Referans14. Ertam I, Turkmen M, Alper S. Patch test results of an academic department in Izmır, Turkey. Dermatitis. 2008; 19; 213-5.
15. Referans15. Wöhrl S, Hemmer W, Focke M, Götz M, Jarisch R. Patch testing in children, adults, and the elderly: influence of age and sex on sensitization patterns. Pediatr Dermatol. 2003 Mar-Apr;20(2):119-23.doi:10.1046/j.1525-1470.2003.20204.x
16. Referans16. Jacob SE, Brod B, Crawford GH. Clinically relevant patch test reactions in children—a United States based study. Pediatr Dermatol. 2008 Sep-Oct;25(5):520-7.doi:10.1111/j.1525-1470.20008.007668.x
17. Referans17. Hammonds LM, Hall VC, Yiannias JA. Allergic contact dermatitis in 136 children patch tested between 2000 and 2006. Int J Dermatol. 2009 Mar;48(3):271-4.doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.03890.x
18. Referans18. Belloni Fortina A, Cooper SM, Spiewak R, Fontana E, Schnuch A, Uter W.Pediatr Allergy Immunol. Patch test results in children and adolescents across Europe. Analysis of the ESSCA Network 2002-2010. 2015 Aug;26(5):446-55. doi: 10.1111/pai.12397. Epub 2015 Jun 5.PMID: 25939691.
19. Referans19. Oosterhaven JAF, Uter W, Aberer W, Armario-Hita JC, et all; ESSCA Working Group. European Surveillance system on Contact Allergies (ESSCA): Contact allergies in relation to body sites in patients with allergic contact dermatitis. .Contact Dermatitis. 2019 May;80(5):263-272. doi: 10.1111/cod.13192. Epub 2019 Jan 14.PMID: 30520058
20. Referans20. Fasth IM, Ulrich NH, Johansen JD. Ten‐year trends in contact allergy to formaldehyde and formaldehyde‐releasers. Contact Dermatitis. 2018;79:263‐269.
21. Referans21. Tunca M, Çalışkan E, Yürekli A,. Frequent contact allergens in Ankara/Turkey: A retrospektive study of patch test results. Turkderm-Turk Arch Dermatol Venereology 2019;53;49-52.