Experimental investigation on energy absorption capability of 3D-printed lattice structures: Effect of strut orientation

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 69 - 75

Muhammet Muaz Yalçın

https://doi.org/10.35860/iarej.1460679

Öz

This experimental study aimed to investigate the effect of strut orientation in various lattice structures that were created using 3D printers on the energy absorption capabilities of the structures. The experiment involved producing three different lattice structures, namely a cube lattice with vertical and horizontal struts, an octet structure with horizontal and 45˚ angled struts, and a body-centered-cubic (BCC) lattice structure with horizontal, vertical, and 45˚ angled struts using the FDM method. Nylon filament mixed with chopped carbon fiber was utilized as filament, and each lattice structure was designed to contain three units in the x and y directions and one and three units in the z-direction. The study conducted axial crushing tests on single-layer and three-layer lattices to determine the energy absorption capabilities of the various lattice structures. The octet lattice demonstrated the highest energy absorption in both single-layer and three-layer samples, making it the most efficient sample. In single-layer lattice samples, the cube and octet structures absorbed 77% and 94% more energy than the BCC structure, which absorbed only 12.8 J. However, the cube structure demonstrated the lowest energy absorption in three-layer samples. This was attributed to the buckling behavior seen in the strut of the lattice structure under axial load. The octet structure had the highest specific energy absorption value in both layers, making it the most energy-efficient sample.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Axial loading, Crashworthiness, Lattice structure, 3D printing

Etik Beyan

The author declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. The author also declared that this article is original, was prepared in accordance with international publication and research ethics, and ethical committee permission or any special permission is not required.

Teşekkür

The author would like to thank Prof. Dr. Mostafa ElSayed for his support for the 3D printing process of the samples.

Kaynakça

• 1. Abdelhamid, M., and Czekanski, A., Impact of the lattice angle on the effective properties of the octet-truss lattice structure. Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology, Transactions of the ASME, 2018. 140(4): p. 1747–1769.
• 2. Alshihabi, M., and Kayacan, M. Y., An optimization study focused on lattice structured custom arm casts for fractured bones inspiring additive manufacturing. International Advanced Researches and Engineering Journal, 2024. 8(1): p. 9–19.
• 3. Aslan, B., and Yıldız, A. R., Optimum design of automobile components using lattice structures for additive manufacturing. Materials Testing, 2020. 62(6): p. 633–639.
• 4. Banhart, J., Manufacture, characterisation and application of cellular metals and metal foams. Progress in Materials Science, 2001. 46(6): p. 559–632.
• 5. Bates, S. R. G., Farrow, I. R., and Trask, R. S., 3D printed elastic honeycombs with graded density for tailorable energy absorption. Proc. SPIE 9799, Active and Passive Smart Structures and Integrated Systems, 2016 (April).
• 6. Bellamkonda, P. N., Sudersanan, M., and Visvalingam, B., Mechanical properties of wire arc additive manufactured carbon steel cylindrical component made by cold metal transferred arc welding process. Materials Testing, 2022. 64(2): p. 260–271.
• 7. Bernard, A. R., Yalcin, M. M., and ElSayed, M. S. A., Shape transformers for crashworthiness of additively manufactured engineering resin lattice structures: Experimental and numerical investigations. Mechanics of Materials, 2024. 190: p. 104925.
• 8. Campanelli, S. L., Contuzzi, N., Ludovico, A. D., Caiazzo, F.Cardaropoli, F., and Sergi, V., Manufacturing and characterization of Ti6Al4V lattice components manufactured by selective laser melting. Materials, 2014. 7(6): p. 4803–4822.
• 9. Cao, X., Xiao, D., Li, Y., Wen, W., Zhao, T., Chen, Z., Jiang, Y., and Fang, D., Dynamic compressive behavior of a modified additively manufactured rhombic dodecahedron 316L stainless steel lattice structure. Thin-Walled Structures, 2020. 148: p. 106586.
• 10. Chen, Z., Wang, Z., Zhou, S., Shao, J., and Wu, X., Novel negative Poisson’s ratio lattice structures with enhanced stiffness and energy absorption capacity. Materials, 2018. 11(7): p. 1095.
• 11. Choy, S. Y., Sun, C. N., Leong, K. F., and Wei, J., Compressive properties of functionally graded lattice structures manufactured by selective laser melting. Materials and Design, 2017. 131: p. 112–120.
• 12. Dziewit, P., Platek, P., Janiszewski, J., Sarzynski, M., Grazka, M., and Paszkowski, R., Mechanical response of additively manufactured regular cellular structures in quasi-static loading conditions - Part I: Experimental investigations. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Mechanics and Materials in Design, 2017. p. 1061–1074.
• 13. Evans, A. G., Hutchinson, J. W., Fleck, N. A., Ashby, M. F., and Wadley, H. N. G., The topological design of multifunctional cellular metals. Progress in Materials Science, 2001. 46(3–4): p. 309–327.
• 14. Habib, F. N., Iovenitti, P., Masood, S. H., and Nikzad, M., In-plane energy absorption evaluation of 3D printed polymeric honeycombs. Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 2017. 12(2): p. 117–131.
• 15. Jin, N., Wang, F., Wang, Y., Zhang, B., Cheng, H., and Zhang, H., Failure and energy absorption characteristics of four lattice structures under dynamic loading. Materials and Design, 2019. 169: p. 107655.
• 16. Kaur, M., Yun, T. G., Han, S. M., Thomas, E. L., and Kim, W. S., 3D printed stretching-dominated micro-trusses. Materials and Design, 2017. 134: p. 272–280.
• 17. Leary, M., Mazur, M., Elambasseril, J., McMillan, M.Chirent, T., Sun, Y., Qian, M., Easton, M., and Brandt, M., Selective laser melting (SLM) of AlSi12Mg lattice structures. Materials and Design, 2016. 98: p. 344–357.
• 18. Lee, G. W., Kim, T. H., Yun, J. H., Kim, N. J., Ahn, K. H., and Kang, M. S., Strength of Onyx-based composite 3D printing materials according to fiber reinforcement. Frontiers in Materials, 2023. 10.
• 19. Liu, H. T., and An, M. R., In-plane crushing behaviors of a new-shaped auxetic honeycomb with thickness gradient based on additive manufacturing. Materials Letters, 2022. 318: p. 132208.
• 20. Mieszala, M., Hasegawa, M., Guillonneau, G., Bauer, J., Raghavan, R., Frantz, C., Kraft, O., Mischler, S., Michler, J., and Philippe, L., Micromechanics of amorphous metal/polymer hybrid structures with 3d cellular architectures: size effects, buckling behavior, and energy absorption capability. Small, 2017. 13(8): p. 1–13.
• 21. Mueller, J., Matlack, K. H., Shea, K., and Daraio, C., Energy absorption properties of periodic and stochastic 3d lattice materials. Advanced Theory and Simulations, 2019. 2(10): p. 1–11.
• 22. Nasrullah, A. I. H., Santosa, S. P., and Dirgantara, T., Design and optimization of crashworthy components based on lattice structure configuration. Structures, 2020. 26: p. 969–981.
• 23. Ozdemir, Z., Hernandez-Nava, E., Tyas, A., Warren, J. A., Fay, S. D., Goodall, R., Todd, I., and Askes, H., Energy absorption in lattice structures in dynamics: Experiments. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2016. 89: p. 49–61.
• 24. Ozdemir, Z., Tyas, A., Goodall, R., and Askes, H., Energy absorption in lattice structures in dynamics: Nonlinear FE simulations. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2017. 102: p. 1–15.
• 25. Parmaksız, F., Anaç, N., Koçar, O., and Erdogan, B., Investigation of mechanical properties and thermal conductivity coefficients of 3D printer materials. International Advanced Researches and Engineering Journal, 2023. 7(3): p. 146–156.
• 26. Du Plessis, A., Razavi, S. M. J., Benedetti, M., Murchio, S., Leary, M., Watson, M., Bhate, D., and Berto, F., Properties and applications of additively manufactured metallic cellular materials: A review. Progress in Materials Science, 2022. 125: p. 100918.
• 27. Qi, D., Yu, H., Liu, M., Huang, H., Xu, S., Xia, Y., Qian, G., and Wu, W., Mechanical behaviors of SLM additive manufactured octet-truss and truncated-octahedron lattice structures with uniform and taper beams. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 2019. 163: p. 105091.
• 28. Queheillalt, D. T., and Wadley, H. N. G., Titanium alloy lattice truss structures. Materials and Design, 2009. 30(6): p. 1966–1975.
• 29. Sun, F., Lai, C., and Fan, H., In-plane compression behavior and energy absorption of hierarchical triangular lattice structures. Materials and Design, 2016. 100: p. 280–290.
• 30. Tanabi, H., Investigation of the temperature effect on the mechanical properties of 3D printed composites. International Advanced Researches and Engineering Journal, 2021. 5(2): p. 188–193.
• 31. Tancogne-Dejean, T., Spierings, A. B., and Mohr, D., Additively-manufactured metallic micro-lattice materials for high specific energy absorption under static and dynamic loading. Acta Materialia, 2016. 116: p. 14–28.
• 32. Wang, J., Evans, A. G., Dharmasena, K., and Wadley, H. N. G., On the performance of truss panels with Kagomé cores. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 2003. 40(25): p. 6981–6988.
• 33. Wang, Z., Lei, Z., Li, Z., Yuan, K., and Wang, X., Mechanical reinforcement mechanism of a hierarchical Kagome honeycomb. Thin-Walled Structures, 2021. 167: p. 108235.
• 34. Yan, C., Hao, L., Hussein, A., and Raymont, D., Evaluations of cellular lattice structures manufactured using selective laser melting. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 2012. 62: p. 32–38.