The Evolution of Diversity Climate Research: A Review and Synthesis
Year 2020,
, 36 - 59, 18.08.2020
Hazal Koray Alay
,
Esin Can
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to integrate the results obtained from various studies on the diversity climate.The academic development of the concept of diversity climate in work life has been analyzed in a comprehensive way. Forty-one empirical studies published between 1975 and 2018 were retrieved from the ISI Web of Knowledge database and included in this theory-driven review. The main research questions of the current study are the following: “What do we know about the diversity climate in organizations? What theories is diversity climate based on? What is the focal point of the diversity climate? What are the dimensions and outcomes of diversity climate?”. The result suggests that the holistic picture about the diversity climate theories, variables, research method, unit of analysis and results of the articles reviewed.This research helps to identify diversity climate which is important for the graduate students, researchers and scholars who are interested or working in the field of diversity and diversity climate..
Supporting Institution
The authors declared that this study has received no financial support.
References
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- Goby, V. P., Nickerson, C., & David, E. (2015). Interpersonal communication and diversity climate: promoting workforce localization in the USA. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 23(2), 34–51.
- Gonzalez, J. A., Denisi, A. S. (2009). Cross-level effects of demography and diversity climate on organizational attachment and firm effectiveness. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(4), 11–37.
- Guchait, P., Madera, J., & Dawson, M. (2016). Learning in the service environment: the influence of diversity climate. Journal of Service Theory and Practice, 26(4), 32–56.
- Hardeman, R. R., Medina, E. M., & Kozhimannil, K. B. (2016). Structural racism and supporting black lives — the role of health professionals. The New England Journal of
Medicine, 375(15), 2113–2115.
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- Hennekam, Sophie A. M., & Ladge, J. J. (2017). When lesbians become mothers: Identity validation and the role of diversity climate. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 19(3),103–135.
Herdman, A. O., & Mcmillan-Capehart, A. (2010). Establishing a diversity program is not enough: Exploring the determinants oo diversity climate. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(4), 10–37.
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- Hofhuis, J., Van Der Rijt, Pernill G. A., & Vlug, M. (2016). Diversity climate enhances work outcomes through trust and openness in workgroup communication. SpringerPlus, 11(5), 3–14.
- Hofhuis, J., Van Der Zee, K. I., & Otten, S. (2012). Social identity patterns in culturally diverse organizations: the role of diversity climate. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(5), 54–73.
- Kaplan, D. M., Wiley, J. W., & Maertz, C. P. (2011). The role of calculative attachment in the relationship between diversity climate and retention. Human Resource Management, 50(3),78–90.
- Kossek, E., & Zonia, S. (1993). Assessing diversity climate - a field-study of reactions to employer efforts to promote diversity. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14(2), 123–146.
- Lauring, J., & Selmer, J. (2012). International language management and diversity climate in multicultural organizations. International Business Review, 21(3), 3–29.
- Lauring, J., & Selmer, J. (2011). Multicultural organizations: does a positive diversity climate promote performance? European Management Review, 12(8), 25–38.
- Lee, Les Tien-S. (2011). The effects of environmental dynamism and team strain on product innovation: the moderating role of perceived diversity climate. African Journal Of Business Management, 22(4), 456–487.
- Madera, J. M., Dawson, M., & Guchait, P. (2016). Psychological diversity climate: Justice, racioethnic minority status and job satisfaction. International Journal Of
Contemporary Hospitality Management, 28(4), 321–345.
- Madera, J. M., Dawson, M., & Neal, J. A. (2013). Hotel managers' perceived diversity climate and job satisfaction: the mediating effects of role ambiguity and conflict. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 35(6),12–34.
- Mason, D. C., & Aramovich, N. (2013). the psychological benefits of creating an affirming climate for workplace diversity. Group & Organization Management, 38(6), 659–689.
- Mckay, P. F., Avery, D. R., Liao, H., & Morris, M. A. (2011). does diversity climate lead to customer satisfaction? It depends on the service climate and business unit demography. Organization Science, 22(4), 45–61.
- Mckay, P. F., Avery, D. R., & Morris, M. A. (2008). Mean racial-ethnic differences in employee sales performance: the moderating role of diversity climate. Personnel Psychology, 61(4), 76–90.
- Mckay, P. F., Avery, D. R., & Morris, M. A. (2009). A tale of two climates: Diversity climate from subordinates' and managers' perspectives and their role in store unit sales performance. Personnel Psychology, 62(5), 65–89.
- Mckay, P. F., Avery, D. R., Tonidandel, S., Morris, M. A., Hernandez, M., & Hebl, M. R. (2007). Racial Differences in
- Moon, Kuk-K. (2018). How does a diversity climate shape the relationship between demographic diversity and organizational social capital in the US federal government? Public Management Review, 20(4), 48–67.
- Mor Barak, M. Cherin, D., & Berkman, S. (1998). Organizational and personal dimensions in diversity climate. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 34(1), 82–104.
- Paolillo, A., Pasini, M., Silva, S. A., & Magnano, P.(2017). Psychometric properties of the italian adaptation of the mor barak et al. diversity climate scale. Quality & Quantity, 51(2), 345–368.
- Pettigrew, T. (1998). Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review Psychology, 49, 65–85.
- Phinney, JS. (1992). The multigroup ethnic identity measure: A new scale for use with diverse groups. Journal Of Adolescent Research, 32, 145–172.
- Price, E. G., Powe, N. R., Kern, D. E., Golden, S. H., Wand, G. S., & Cooper, L. A. (2009). Improving the diversity climate in academic medicine: Faculty perceptions as a catalyst for institutional change. Journal of Academic Medicine, 84(4), 35–56.
- Price, E., Gozu, A., Kern, D., Powe, N., Wand, G., Golden, S., & Cooper, L.(2005). The role of cultural diversity climate in recruitment, promotion, and retention of facultyi academic medicine. Journal Of General Internal Medicine. 20(3), 121–145.
- Pugh, S. D., Dietz, J., Brief, A. P., & Wiley, J. W. (2008). Looking inside and out: the impact of employee and community demographic composition on organizational diversity climate. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(4), 25–42.
- Ragins, B. R., Gonzalez, J. A., Ehrhardt, K., & Singh, R. (2012). Crossing the threshold: the spillover of community racial diversity and diversity climate to the workplace.
Personnel Psychology, 65(4), 98–124.
- Randel, A. E., Dean, M. A., Ehrhart, K. H., Chung, Be., & Shore, L.(2016). Leader inclusiveness, psychological diversity climate, and helping behaviors. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31(4), 245–267.
- Roberson, Q., Ryan, A. M., & Ragins, B. R. (2017). The evolution and future of diversity at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(3), 483–499.
- Schachner, M. K., Noack, P., Van De Vijver, Fons J. R., & Eckstein, K. (2016). Cultural diversity climate and psychological adjustment at school-equality and inclusion versus cultural pluralism. Journal of Child Development, 87(4), 22–45.
- Sherif, M. (1962). Intergroup Relations and Leadership: Approaches and Research in Industrial, Ethnic, Cultural and Political Areas. Oxford, England: John Wiley.
- Sliter, M., Boyd, E., Sinclair, R., Cheung, J., & Mcfadden, A.(2014). Inching toward inclusiveness: Diversity climate, interpersonal conflict and well-being in women nurses. Sex Roles, 71(3),68–94.
- Sukoco, B. M., & Lee, Les Tien-S. (2017). The effects of psychological capital and team strain on the effectiveness of NPD teams: the moderating role of perceived diversity climate. International Journal of Innovation Management, 21(5), 45–67.
- Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations: 33-47.
Monterey, CA: Brooks-Cole.
- Tatlı A., & Özbilgin M. (2012). An emic approach to intersectional study of diversity at work: A bourdieuan framing. International Journal Of Management Review, 14(1), 180–200.
- Vargas, E., Westmoreland, A. S., Robotham, K., & Lee, F.(2018). Counting heads vs making heads count: Impact of numeric diversity and diversity climate on psychological outcomes for faculty of color. Equality Diversity and Inclusion, 37(1), 182–210.
Year 2020,
, 36 - 59, 18.08.2020
Hazal Koray Alay
,
Esin Can
References
- Adams, J. S. (1963). Toward an understanding of inequity. Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology, 67, 422–436.
- Aksan, N., Kısaç, B., Aydın, M., & Demirbuken, S. (2009). Symbolic interaction theory. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1(2), 902–904.
- Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. 537.
- Avery, D. R., Volpone, S. D., Stewart, R. W., Luksyte, A., Hernandez, M., Mckay, P. F., & He, M. R. (2013). Examining the draw of diversity: How diversity climate perceptions affect job-pursuit intentions. Human Resource Management, 52(4), 123–148.
- Boehm, S. A., Kunze, F., & Bruch, H. (2014). Spotlight on age-diversity climate: the impact of age-inclusive hr practices on firm-level outcomes. Personnel Psychology, 21(5), 120–142.
- Brimhall, K. C., Lizano, E. L., & Mor-Barak, M. E. (2014). The mediating role of inclusion: A longitudinal study of the effects of leader-member exchange and diversity climate on job satisfaction and intention to leave among child welfare workers children and youth. Services Review, 18(3), 40–58.
- Buttner, E. H., & Lowe, K. B. (2017). Addressing internal stakeholders' concerns: the interactive effect of perceived pay equity and diversity climate on turnover intentions. Journal Of Business Ethics, 45(5), 143–160.
- Buttner, E. H., Lowe, K. B., & Billings H. L. (2010). Diversity climate impact on employee of color outcomes: Does justice matter? Career Development International, 15(3), 123–149.
- Buttner, E. H., Lowe, K. B., & Billings, H. L. (2012). An empirical test of diversity climate dimensionality and relative effects on employee of color outcomes. Journal of Business Ethics, 12(2), 110–134.
- Chen, X. P., Liu, D., & Portnoy, R. (2012). A multilevel investigation of motivational cultural intelligence, organizational diversity climate, and cultural sales: Evidence from US real estate firms. Journal of Applied Psychology, 23(4), 97–123.
- Chung, Y., Liao, H., Jackson, S. E., Subramony, M., Colakoglu, S., & Jiang, Y. (2015). Cracking but not breaking: joint effects of faultline strength and diversity climate on loyal behavior. Academy Of Management Journal, 58(3), 12–36.
- Cole, B., Jones, R. J., & Russell, L. M. (2016). Racial dissimilarity and diversity climate effect organizational identification. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion, 35(4), 43–65.
- Cox, T. (1993). Culturaal diversity in organizations: Theory, research and practise. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
- Drach-Zahavy, A., & Trogan, R.(2013). Opposites attract or attack? the moderating role of diversity climate in the team diversity-interpersonal aggression relationship. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 18(4), 21–39.
- Dwertmann, D. J. G., Nishii, L. H., & Van Knippenberg, D. (2016). disentangling the fairness & discrimination and synergy perspectives on diversity climate: Moving the field forward. Journal of Management, 42(4), 234–259.
- Employee Retention: Are Diversity Climate Perceptions The Key? Personnel Psychology. 60(3),45-62.
- Gelfand, M. J., Nishii, L. H., Raver, J., & Schneider, B. (2005). Discrimination in Organizations: An Organizational Level Systems Perspective. In R. Dipboye & A. Colella (Eds.), Discrimination At Work: The Psychological and Organizational Bases (89 –116). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Goby, V. P., Nickerson, C., & David, E. (2015). Interpersonal communication and diversity climate: promoting workforce localization in the USA. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 23(2), 34–51.
- Gonzalez, J. A., Denisi, A. S. (2009). Cross-level effects of demography and diversity climate on organizational attachment and firm effectiveness. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(4), 11–37.
- Guchait, P., Madera, J., & Dawson, M. (2016). Learning in the service environment: the influence of diversity climate. Journal of Service Theory and Practice, 26(4), 32–56.
- Hardeman, R. R., Medina, E. M., & Kozhimannil, K. B. (2016). Structural racism and supporting black lives — the role of health professionals. The New England Journal of
Medicine, 375(15), 2113–2115.
- Hardeman, R. R., Przedworski, J. M., Burke, S., Burgess, D. J., Perry, S., Phelan, S., Dovidio, J. F., & Van Ryn, M. (2016). Association between perceived medical school diversity climate and change in depressive symptoms among medical students: A report from the medical student change study. Journal of The National Medical Association, 23(5),108–129.
- Harzing, A.W.K., & Feely, A.J. (2008). The language barrier and its implications for HQ subsidiary relationships. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 15(1), 49–60.
- Hennekam, Sophie A. M., & Ladge, J. J. (2017). When lesbians become mothers: Identity validation and the role of diversity climate. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 19(3),103–135.
Herdman, A. O., & Mcmillan-Capehart, A. (2010). Establishing a diversity program is not enough: Exploring the determinants oo diversity climate. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(4), 10–37.
- Hobman, E. V., Bordia, P., & Gallois, C. (2004). Perceived Dissimilarity and Work Group Involvement: The Moderating Effects of Group Openness to Diversity. Group & Organization Management, 29(5), 560–587.
- Hofhuis, J., Van Der Rijt, Pernill G. A., & Vlug, M. (2016). Diversity climate enhances work outcomes through trust and openness in workgroup communication. SpringerPlus, 11(5), 3–14.
- Hofhuis, J., Van Der Zee, K. I., & Otten, S. (2012). Social identity patterns in culturally diverse organizations: the role of diversity climate. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(5), 54–73.
- Kaplan, D. M., Wiley, J. W., & Maertz, C. P. (2011). The role of calculative attachment in the relationship between diversity climate and retention. Human Resource Management, 50(3),78–90.
- Kossek, E., & Zonia, S. (1993). Assessing diversity climate - a field-study of reactions to employer efforts to promote diversity. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14(2), 123–146.
- Lauring, J., & Selmer, J. (2012). International language management and diversity climate in multicultural organizations. International Business Review, 21(3), 3–29.
- Lauring, J., & Selmer, J. (2011). Multicultural organizations: does a positive diversity climate promote performance? European Management Review, 12(8), 25–38.
- Lee, Les Tien-S. (2011). The effects of environmental dynamism and team strain on product innovation: the moderating role of perceived diversity climate. African Journal Of Business Management, 22(4), 456–487.
- Madera, J. M., Dawson, M., & Guchait, P. (2016). Psychological diversity climate: Justice, racioethnic minority status and job satisfaction. International Journal Of
Contemporary Hospitality Management, 28(4), 321–345.
- Madera, J. M., Dawson, M., & Neal, J. A. (2013). Hotel managers' perceived diversity climate and job satisfaction: the mediating effects of role ambiguity and conflict. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 35(6),12–34.
- Mason, D. C., & Aramovich, N. (2013). the psychological benefits of creating an affirming climate for workplace diversity. Group & Organization Management, 38(6), 659–689.
- Mckay, P. F., Avery, D. R., Liao, H., & Morris, M. A. (2011). does diversity climate lead to customer satisfaction? It depends on the service climate and business unit demography. Organization Science, 22(4), 45–61.
- Mckay, P. F., Avery, D. R., & Morris, M. A. (2008). Mean racial-ethnic differences in employee sales performance: the moderating role of diversity climate. Personnel Psychology, 61(4), 76–90.
- Mckay, P. F., Avery, D. R., & Morris, M. A. (2009). A tale of two climates: Diversity climate from subordinates' and managers' perspectives and their role in store unit sales performance. Personnel Psychology, 62(5), 65–89.
- Mckay, P. F., Avery, D. R., Tonidandel, S., Morris, M. A., Hernandez, M., & Hebl, M. R. (2007). Racial Differences in
- Moon, Kuk-K. (2018). How does a diversity climate shape the relationship between demographic diversity and organizational social capital in the US federal government? Public Management Review, 20(4), 48–67.
- Mor Barak, M. Cherin, D., & Berkman, S. (1998). Organizational and personal dimensions in diversity climate. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 34(1), 82–104.
- Paolillo, A., Pasini, M., Silva, S. A., & Magnano, P.(2017). Psychometric properties of the italian adaptation of the mor barak et al. diversity climate scale. Quality & Quantity, 51(2), 345–368.
- Pettigrew, T. (1998). Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review Psychology, 49, 65–85.
- Phinney, JS. (1992). The multigroup ethnic identity measure: A new scale for use with diverse groups. Journal Of Adolescent Research, 32, 145–172.
- Price, E. G., Powe, N. R., Kern, D. E., Golden, S. H., Wand, G. S., & Cooper, L. A. (2009). Improving the diversity climate in academic medicine: Faculty perceptions as a catalyst for institutional change. Journal of Academic Medicine, 84(4), 35–56.
- Price, E., Gozu, A., Kern, D., Powe, N., Wand, G., Golden, S., & Cooper, L.(2005). The role of cultural diversity climate in recruitment, promotion, and retention of facultyi academic medicine. Journal Of General Internal Medicine. 20(3), 121–145.
- Pugh, S. D., Dietz, J., Brief, A. P., & Wiley, J. W. (2008). Looking inside and out: the impact of employee and community demographic composition on organizational diversity climate. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(4), 25–42.
- Ragins, B. R., Gonzalez, J. A., Ehrhardt, K., & Singh, R. (2012). Crossing the threshold: the spillover of community racial diversity and diversity climate to the workplace.
Personnel Psychology, 65(4), 98–124.
- Randel, A. E., Dean, M. A., Ehrhart, K. H., Chung, Be., & Shore, L.(2016). Leader inclusiveness, psychological diversity climate, and helping behaviors. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31(4), 245–267.
- Roberson, Q., Ryan, A. M., & Ragins, B. R. (2017). The evolution and future of diversity at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(3), 483–499.
- Schachner, M. K., Noack, P., Van De Vijver, Fons J. R., & Eckstein, K. (2016). Cultural diversity climate and psychological adjustment at school-equality and inclusion versus cultural pluralism. Journal of Child Development, 87(4), 22–45.
- Sherif, M. (1962). Intergroup Relations and Leadership: Approaches and Research in Industrial, Ethnic, Cultural and Political Areas. Oxford, England: John Wiley.
- Sliter, M., Boyd, E., Sinclair, R., Cheung, J., & Mcfadden, A.(2014). Inching toward inclusiveness: Diversity climate, interpersonal conflict and well-being in women nurses. Sex Roles, 71(3),68–94.
- Sukoco, B. M., & Lee, Les Tien-S. (2017). The effects of psychological capital and team strain on the effectiveness of NPD teams: the moderating role of perceived diversity climate. International Journal of Innovation Management, 21(5), 45–67.
- Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations: 33-47.
Monterey, CA: Brooks-Cole.
- Tatlı A., & Özbilgin M. (2012). An emic approach to intersectional study of diversity at work: A bourdieuan framing. International Journal Of Management Review, 14(1), 180–200.
- Vargas, E., Westmoreland, A. S., Robotham, K., & Lee, F.(2018). Counting heads vs making heads count: Impact of numeric diversity and diversity climate on psychological outcomes for faculty of color. Equality Diversity and Inclusion, 37(1), 182–210.