Çevre, Stratejik Duruş, Firma Performansı Üçgeni: Lojistik Sektörüne Yönelik Bir Analiz

Abstract

Çalışmada, çevresel koşulların firma performansı üzerinde yarattığı etkiler araştırılmaktadır. Araştırma kapsamında lojistik firmalarının değişken çevresel koşullarda stratejik duruşu ve performansı arasındaki ilişkilere bakılmıştır. Bunu yaparken stratejik duruşun, aracı (mediator) etkisinin varlığı öngörülerek değişkenler arası etkileşimi ayrıca araştırılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda, bir araştırma modeli ve buna bağlı araştırma hipotezleri geliştirilmiştir. Oluşturulan araştırma modeli, Dess ve Beard (1984) tarafından geliştirilen çevre koşullarının üç boyutunu, Venkatraman (1989) tarafından geliştirilen stratejik duruşun altı boyutunu ve firma performansı değişkenlerinden oluşmaktadır. Araştırma modelindeki hipotezleri test etmek için araştırma kapsamında faaliyet gösteren 218 lojistik firmasında, yönetici pozisyonunda çalışan 264 kişiye, araştırmaya ait anket uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen verilerin analizi, SPSS ve AMOS paket programı kullanılarak Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi (YEM) yöntemi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapılan analiz sonuçlarına göre, stratejik duruş değişkeninin, çevresel koşullar ile firma performansı arasında tam aracılık etkisine sahip olduğu saptanmıştır. Sonuçta, lojistik firmalarının stratejik duruş özelliklerinin farkına varmalarına olanak sağlanarak, değişen çevre koşullarında performanslarını nasıl arttırabilecekleri yönünde yol gösterecek bilgiler ortaya konulmuştur.

Keywords

• Çevre Koşulları
• Stratejik Duruş
• Firma Performansı
• Lojistik Firmaları

Investigation of the Mediating Effect of Strategic Posture on the Relationship between Environmental Conditions and Firm Performance on the Logistics Sector

Abstract

The effects of environmental conditions on firm performance are investigated in this study. Within the scope of the research, the relationships between the strategic posture and the performance of logistics companies in varying environmental conditions were examined. During this study, the interaction between variables was also investigated by predicting the presence of the mediating effect of strategic posture. In this context, a research model and related research hypotheses were developed. The created research model was comprised of the three-dimension of environmental conditions developed by Dess and Beard (1984), six dimensions of strategic stance developed by Venkatraman (1989), and firm performance variables. A survey related to the research was conducted with 264 people working in managerial positions in 218 logistics companies operating within the scope of the research to test the hypotheses in the research model. The analysis of the obtained data was performed by the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method utilizing the SPSS and AMOS software program. According to the analysis results, it was determined that the strategic posture variable has a full mediating effect between environmental conditions and firm performance. As a result, by enabling logistics companies to realize their strategic posture features, information was provided to guide them on how to improve their performance in changing environmental conditions.

Keywords

• Environmental Conditions
• Strategic Posture
• Firm Performance
• Logistics Companies

References

1. Adner, R., Csaszar, F. A., & Zemsky, P. B. (2014). Positioning on a multiattribute landscape. Management Science, 60(11), 2794-2815.
2. Aldrich, H E. (1979). Organizations and Environments. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
3. Araujo, L., & Gava, R. (2012). Proactive companies: How to anticipate market changes. Palgrave Macmillan.
4. Arun, K. & Yıldırım Özmutlu, S. (2021). Narratives of environmental munificence of 3PL firms on the rela- tionship between dynamic capabilities, strategic management and organizational performance. Journal of Strategy and Management, 15(1), 96-118. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSMA-01-2021-0019
5. Ballou, Ronald H. (2004). Business Logistics/Supply Chain Management (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
6. Bocken, N. M., & Geradts, T. H. (2020). Barriers and drivers to sustainable business model innovation: Or- ganization design and dynamic capabilities. Long Range Planning, 53(4), 101950.
7. Bolland, E. J. (2020). Strategizing: New Thinking about Strategy, Planning, and Management. Emerald Group Publishing.
8. Bowersox, D. J., & Closs, D. J. (1996). Logistical management: The integrated supply chain process. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies.

9. Bowersox, D.J., Closs, D.J, ve Cooper, B.M. (2002). Supply chain logistics management. Int.ed. The McGraw-Hill.
10. Bradley, S. W., Shepherd, D. A., & Wiklund, J. (2011). The Importance of Slack for New Organizations Fa- cing ‘Tough’ Environments: The Importance of Slack. Journal of Management Studies, 48(5), 1071–1097.
11. Bryson, J M. (2011). Strategic planning for public and nonprofit organizations: a guide to strengthening and sustaining organizational achievement. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
12. Bunger, A. C., Choi, M. S., MacDowell, H., & Gregoire, T. (2021). Competition Among Mental Health Or- ganizations: Environmental Drivers and Strategic Responses. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 48(3), 393-407.
13. Buzzell, R. D., Gale, B. T., & Sultan, R. G. (1975). Market share-a key to profitability. Harvard Business Review, 53(1), 97-106.
14. Cannella, A. A., Park, J. H., & Lee, H. U. (2008). Top management team functional background diversity and firm performance: Examining the roles of team member colocation and environmental uncertainty. Academy of Management Journal, 51(4), 768-784.
15. Castrogiovanni, G. J. (1991). Environmental munificence; a theoretical assessment. Academy of Manage- ment Review, 16(3), 542-565.
16. Castrogiovanni, G. J. (2002). Organization task environments: have they changed fundamentally over time? Journal of Management, 28(2), 129-150.
17. Chakravarthy, B. S. (1982). Adaptation: A promising metaphor for strategic management. Academy of Ma- nagement Review, 7(1), 35-44.
18. Child, J. (1972). Organizational structure, environment and performance: The role of strategic choice. Soci- ology, 6(1), 1-22.
19. Cooper, M. C., Lambert, D. M., & Pagh, J. D. (1997). Supply chain management: more than a new name for logistics. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 8(1), 1-14.
20. Covin, J. G., & Slevin, D. P. (1989). Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environ- ments. Strategic Management Journal, 10(1), 75-87.
21. Crant, J. M. (2000). Proactive behavior in organizations. Journal of Management, 26(3), 435-462.
22. Cyert, R. M., & March, J. G. (1963). A behavioral theory of the firm. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall D’Aveni, R A. (1994). Hypercompetition. New York, NY: Free Press.
23. DeSarbo, W. S., Anthony Di Benedetto, C., Song, M., & Sinha, I. (2005). Revisiting the Miles and Snow strategic framework: uncovering interrelationships between strategic types, capabilities, environmental uncertainty, and firm performance. Strategic Management Journal, 26(1), 47-74.
24. Dess, G. G., & Beard, D. W. (1984). Dimensions of organizational task environments. Administrative Science Quarterly, 29(1), 52-73.
25. Dess, G. G., & Robinson, R. B. (1984). Measuring organizational performance in the absence of objective measures: the case of the privately‐held firm and conglomerate business unit. Strategic Management Journal, 5(3), 265-273.
26. Dickson, P. R., & Giglierano, J. J. (1986). Missing the boat and sinking the boat: A conceptual model of entrepreneurial risk. Journal of Marketing, 50(3), 58-70.
27. Dollinger, M. J., & Golden, P. A. (1992). Interorganizational and collective strategies in small firms: Envi- ronmental effects and performance. Journal of Management, 18(4), 695-715.
28. Drucker, P. F. (1954). The Practice of Management. New York: Harper & Row. Publishers. Lnc.
29. Du, Y., & Kim, P. H. (2021). One size does not fit all: Strategy configurations, complex environments, and new venture performance in emerging economies. Journal of Business Research, 124, 272-285.
30. Duncan, R. B. (1972). Characteristics of organizational environments and perceived environmental uncerta- inty. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17(3), 313-327.
31. Eisenhardt, K. M., & Sull, D. N. (2001). Strategy as simple rules. Harvard Business Review, 79(1), 106-119.
32. Elbanna, S., & Child, J. (2007). Influences on strategic decision effectiveness: Development and test of an integrative model. Strategic Management Journal, 28(4), 431-453.
33. Elbanna, S., Di Benedetto, C. A., & Gherib, J. (2015). Do environment and intuition matter in the relationship between decision politics and success?. Journal of Management and Organization, 21(1), 60-81.
34. Ellinger, A. E., Daugherty, P. J., & Keller, S. B. (2000). The relationship between marketing/logistics in- terdepartmental integration and performance in US manufacturing firms: an empirical study. Journal of Business Logistics, 21(1), 1-22.
35. Ellinger, A. E., Ellinger, A. D., & Keller, S. B. (2002). logistics managers’ learning environments and firm performance. Journal of Business Logistics, 23(1), 19-37.
36. Emery, F. E., & Trist, E. L. (1965). The causal texture of organizational environments. Human Relations, 18(1), 21-32.
37. Fink, A. (2016). How to conduct surveys: A step-by-step guide (6th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
38. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
39. Freudenreich, B., Lüdeke-Freund, F., & Schaltegger, S. (2020). A stakeholder theory perspective on business models: Value creation for sustainability. Journal of Business Ethics, 166(1), 3-18.
40. Galbraith, C., & Schendel, D. (1983). An empirical analysis of strategy types. Strategic Management Jour- nal, 4(2), 153-173.
41. Ganesan, S. (1994). Determinants of long-term orientation in buyer-seller relationships. Journal of Marke- ting, 58(2), 1-19.
42. García‐Sánchez, I. M., Gallego‐Álvarez, I., & Zafra‐Gómez, J. L. (2020). Do the ecoinnovation and ecode- sign strategies generate value added in munificent environments?. Business Strategy and the Environ- ment, 29(3), 1021-1033.
43. Ghemawat, P. (2016). Evolving ideas about business strategy. Business History Review, 90(4), 727-749.
44. Gliner, J. A., Morgan, G. A., & Leech, N. A. (2017). Research methods in applied settings: An integrated approach to design and analysis (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis.
45. Glueck, W. F. (1980). Business policy and strategic management (3rd edition). New York: McGraw-Hill.
46. Goll, I., & Rasheed, A. A. (2004). The moderating effect of environmental munificence and dynamism on the relationship between discretionary social responsibility and firm performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 49(1), 41-54.
47. Goll, I., & Rasheed, A. M. (1997). Rational decision‐making and firm performance: the moderating role of the environment. Strategic Management Journal, 18(7), 583-591.
48. González-Benito, J., & González-Benito, Ó. (2005). Environmental proactivity and business performance: an empirical analysis. Omega, 33(1), 1-15.
49. González‐Benito, J. (2005). A study of the effect of manufacturing proactivity on business performance.
50. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 25(3), 222-241.
51. Grant, J. H., & King, W. R. (1982). The logic of strategic planning. Boston: Little, Brown.
52. Grant, R. M. (2003). Strategic planning in a turbulent environment: Evidence from the oil majors. Strategic Management Journal, 24(6), 491-517.
53. Grant, R. M. (1991). The resource-based theory of competitive advantage: implications for strategy formula- tion. California Management Review, 33(3), 114-135.
54. Guo, H., Wang, C., Su, Z., & Wang, D. (2020). Technology Push or Market Pull? Strategic Orientation in Business Model Design and Digital Start‐up Performance. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 37(4), 352-372.
55. Haessler, P. (2020). Strategic Decisions between Short-Term Profit and Sustainability. Administrative Scien- ces, 10(3), 1-31.
56. Hair, J. F., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Black, W. C. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th Edition).
57. United Kingdom: Cengage Learning.
58. Hanelt, A., Bohnsack, R., Marz, D., & Antunes Marante, C. (2020). A systematic review of the literature on digital transformation: insights and implications for strategy and organizational change. Journal of Ma- nagement Studies, 58(5), 1159, 1197.
59. Hayes, R. H., & Wheelwright, S. C. (1984). Restoring our competitive edge: competing through manufactu- ring. USA, New York: John Wiley&Sons, 1984.
60. Hettich, E., & Kreutzer, M. (2021). Strategy formation across organizational boundaries: an interorganizati- onal process model. British Journal of Management, 32(1), 147-199.
61. Hofer, C. W. (1983). ROVA: A new measure for assessing organizational performance. In R. Lamb (Ed.), Advances in strategic management: Vol. 2, 43–55. New York: JAI Press, 1983.
62. Hofer, C. W., & Schendel, D. (1978). Strategy formulation: Analytical concepts. St. Paul, MN: West, 1978.
63. Hubbard, G. (2009). Measuring organizational performance: Beyond the triple bottom line. Business Stra- tegy and the Environment, 18(3), 177–191.
64. Huber, G. P., & Daft, R. L. (1987). The information environments of organizations. In Handbook of Organi- zational Communication: An Interdisciplinary Perspective, F. Jablin et al., eds. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
65. Israel, G. D. (2013). Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida. Retrieved
66. from Agricultural. In Education and Communication Department, UF/IFAS Extension. https://edis.ifas. ufl.edu/pd006
67. Jamali, H. (2020). Banking Governance, Financial Performance and Corporate Social Responsibility. Jurnal Manajement, 24(3), 497-512.
68. Jaworski, B. J., & Kohli, A. K. (1996). Market orientation: review, refinement, and roadmap. Journal of Market-Focused Management, 1(2), 119-135.
69. Jiang, W., Wang, L., Chu, Z., & Zheng, C. (2020). How does CEO regulatory focus matter? The impacts of CEO promotion and prevention focus on firm strategic change. Group & Organization Management, 45(3), 386-416.
70. Jurkovich, R. (1974). A core typology of organizational environments. Administrative Science Quarterly, 19(3), 380-394.
71. Kaplan, R. S. (1984). Yesterday’s accounting undermines production. Harvard Business Review, 62(4), 95- 101.
72. Kaufmann, C., Kock, A., & Gemünden, H. G. (2020). Emerging strategy recognition in agile portfolios. International Journal of Project Management, 38(7), 429-440.
73. Keats, B. W., & Hitt, M. A. (1988). A causal model of linkages among environmental dimensions, macro organizational characteristics, and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 31(3), 570-598.
74. Kelly, D., & Storey, C. (2000). New service development: initiation strategies. International Journal of Ser- vice Industry Management, 11(1), 45-63.
75. Lee, H. L. (2002). Aligning Supply Chain Strategies with Product Uncertainties. California Management Review, 44(3), 105–119.
76. Legionosuko, T., Sundari, S., & Sutawijaya, A. H. (2019). The Effect of Training, Integrity and Competency Knowledge of Cooperation Team Official Human Resources in Directorate General of Defense Strategy the Ministry. International Review of Management and Marketing, 9(6), 128.
77. Liu, A., Liu, H., & Gu, J. (2021). Linking business model design and operational performance: The media- ting role of supply chain integration. Industrial Marketing Management, 96, 60-70.
78. Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. (1996). Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance. Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 135-172.
79. Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. (2001). Linking two dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation to firm per- formance: The moderating role of environment and industry life cycle. Journal of Business Venturing, 16(5), 429-451.
80. Lundgren, C., Bokrantz, J., & Skoogh, A. (2021). A strategy development process for Smart Maintenance implementation. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 32(9), 142-166.
81. March, J. G., & Shapira, Z. (1987). Managerial perspectives on risk and risk taking. Management Science, 33(11), 1404-1418.
82. Mason-Jones, R., Naylor, B., & Towill, D. R. (2000). Lean, agile or leagile? Matching your supply chain to the marketplace. International Journal of Production Research, 38(17), 4061–4070.
83. Mentzer, J. T., & Firman, J. (1994). Logistics control systems in the 21st century. Journal of Business Logis- tics, 15(1), 215-227.
84. Miles, M. P., Covin, J. G., & Heeley, M. B. (2000). The relationship between environmental dynamism and small firm structure, strategy, and performance. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 8(2), 63-78.
85. Miles, R. E., & Snow, C. C. (1978). Organizational Strategy, Structure, and Process. New York: McGraw- Hill.
86. Miles, R. E., Snow, C. C., & Preffer, J. (1974). Organization environment concepts and issues. Industrial Relations. A Journal of Economy and Society, 13(3), 244-264.
87. Miles, M. P., & Covin, J. G. (2000). Environmental Marketing: A Source of Reputational, Competitive, and Financial Advantage. Journal of Business Ethics, 23(3), 299–311.
88. Miller, D. (1988). Relating Porter’s business strategies to environment and structure: Analysis and perfor- mance implications. Academy of Management Journal, 31(2), 280-308.
89. Miller, D., & Friesen, P. H. (1983). Strategy‐making and environment: the third link. Strategic Management Journal, 4(3), 221-235.
90. Miller, D., & Friesen, P. H. (1984). A longitudinal study of the corporate life cycle. Management science, 30(10), 1161-1183.
91. Mintzberg, H., Ahlstrand, B., & Lampel, J. B. (2020). Strategy safari. Pearson UK.
92. Morgan, R. E., & Strong, C. A. (1998). Market orientation and dimensions of strategic orientation. European Journal of Marketing, 32(12), 1051-1073.
93. Murphy, G. B., Trailer, J. W., & Hill, R. C. (1996). Measuring performance in entrepreneurship research Journal of Business Research, 36(1), 15-23.
94. Nakano, M. (2015). Exploratory analysis on the relationship between strategy and structure/processes in supply chains: Using the strategy-structure-processes-performance paradigm. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 26(2), 381–400.
95. Narver, J. C., & Slater, S. F. (1990). The effect of a market orientation on business profitability. Journal of Marketing, 54(4), 20-35.
96. O’Leary-Kelly, S. W., & Flores, B. E. (2002). The integration of manufacturing and marketing/sales decisi- ons: impact on organizational performance. Journal of Operations Management, 20(3), 221-240.
97. Perez-Franco, R. J., & Phadnis, S. (2018). Eliciting and representing the supply chain strategy of a business unit. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 29(4), 1401–1423.
98. Perreault, W. D., & Russ, F. A. (1976). Physical Distribution Service in Industrial Purchase Decisions. Jour- nal of Marketing, 40(2), 3-10.
99. Piercy, N. F., & Morgan, N. A. (1994). The marketing planning process: behavioral problems compared to analytical techniques in explaining marketing plan credibility. Journal of Business Research, 29(3), 167- 178.
100. Robinson, K. C. (1995). Measures of entrepreneurial value creation: An investigation of the impact of stra- tegy and industry structure on the economic performance of independent new ventures. Doctoral Disser- tation, University Of Georgia.
101. Sabherwal, R., Sabherwal, S., Havakhor, T., & Steelman, Z. (2019). How does strategic alignment affect firm performance? The roles of information technology investment and environmental uncertainty. MIS Quarterly, 43(2), 453-474.
102. Schendel, D., & Hofer, C. W. (1979). Strategic management: A new view of business policy and planning. Boston: Little, Brown.
103. Scott, W. R. (1987). The adolescence of institutional theory. Administrative Science Quarterly, 32(4), 493- 511.
104. Seo, K., Woo, L., Mun, S. G., & Soh, J. (2021). The asset-light business model and firm performance in complex and dynamic environments: The dynamic capabilities view. Tourism Management, 85, 104311.
105. Sharfman, M. P., & Dean, J. W. (1991). Conceptualizing and measuring the organizational environment: A multidimensional approach. Journal of Management, 17(4), 681-700.
106. Shwairef, A., Amran, A., Iranmanesh, M., & Ahmad, N. H. (2021). The mediating effect of strategic posture on corporate governance and environmental reporting. Review of Managerial Science,15(2), 349-378.
107. Slater, S. F., & Narver, J. C. (1993). Product-market strategy and performance: an analysis of the Miles and Snow strategy types. European Journal of Marketing, 27(10), 33-51.
108. Snow, C. C., & Hambrick, D. C. (1980). Measuring organizational strategies: Some theoretical and metho- dological problems. Academy of Management Review, 5(4), 527-538.
109. Sodhi, M. S. (2015). Conceptualizing social responsibility in operations via stakeholder resource‐based view.
110. Production and Operations Management, 24(9), 1375-1389.
111. Srinivasan, M., Srivastava, P., & Iyer, K. N. (2020). Response strategy to environment context factors using a lean and agile approach: Implications for firm performance. European Management Journal, 38(6), 900-913.
112. Stank, T. P., Daugherty, P. J., & Ellinger, A. E. (1999). Marketing/logistics integration and firm performance.
113. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 10(1), 11-24.
114. Starbuck, W. H. (1976). Organizations and their environments. Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology, New York: Wiley.
115. Starbuck, W. H. (1983). Organizations as action generators. American Sociological Review, 48(1), 91-102.
116. Stock, J. R., & Lambert, D. M. (1992). Becoming a “World Class” company with logistics service quality.
117. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 3(1), 73-81.
118. Tan, J. (2002). Impact of ownership type on environment–strategy linkage and performance: Evidence from a transitional economy. Journal of Management Studies, 39(3), 333-354.
119. Tan, J., & Tan, D. (2005). Environment–strategy co‐evolution and co‐alignment: a staged model of Chinese SOEs under transition. Strategic Management Journal, 26(2), 141-157.
120. Tumidei, D., Alexiou, C., & Bourne, M. (2020). A choice and inevitability framework in strategic manage- ment: empirical evidence of its real-life existence. Review of Managerial Science, 1-38.
121. Tung, R. L. (1979). Dimensions of organizational environments: An exploratory study of their impact on organization structure. Academy of Management Journal, 22(4), 672-693.
122. Ullmann, A. A. (1985). Data in search of a theory: A critical examination of the relationships among social performance, social disclosure, and economic performance of US firms. Academy of Management Revi- ew, 10(3), 540-557.
123. Venkatraman, N. (1989). Strategic orientation of business enterprises: The construct, dimensionality, and measurement. Management Science, 35(8), 942-962.
124. Venkatraman, N., & Ramanujam, V. (1986). Measurement of business performance in strategy research: A comparison of approaches. Academy of Management Review, 11(4), 801-814.
125. Venkatraman, N., & Ramanujam, V. (1987). Measurement of business economic performance: an examina- tion of method convergence. Journal of Management, 13(1), 109-122.
126. Waddock, S. A., & Graves, S. B. (1997). The corporate social performance–financial performance link. Stra- tegic Management Journal, 18(4), 303-319.
127. Watkins, K. E., & Marsick, V. J. (1993). Sculpting the learning organization: Lessons in the art and science of systemic change. CA, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
128. Watkins, K. E., & Marsick, V. J. (1997). Dimensions of the learning organization questionnaire. Warwick, RI: Partners for the learning Organization.
129. Wolf, C., & Floyd, S. W. (2017). Strategic planning research: Toward a theory-driven agenda. Journal of Management, 43(6), 1754-1788.
130. Wolff, J. A., & Pett, T. L. (2006). Small‐firm performance: modeling the role of product and process impro- vements. Journal of Small Business Management, 44(2), 268-284.
131. Wong, C. Y., Boon-Itt, S., & Wong, C. W. (2011). The contingency effects of environmental uncertainty on the relationship between supply chain integration and operational performance. Journal of Operations management, 29(6), 604-615.
132. Wright, P. (2020). Strategic planning: A collaborative process. Nursing management, 51(4), 40-47.
133. Xie, H. Y., Xie, Q. J., & Zhao, H. (2018). Foreign firms’ strategic positioning and performance in a host market: A resource partitioning perspective. Multinational Business Review, 26(2), 173-192.
134. Yang, L., & Gan, C. (2020). Cooperative goals and dynamic capability: the mediating role of strategic flexi- bility and the moderating role of human resource flexibility. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 36(5), 782-795.
135. Yasai-Ardekani, M. (1989). Effects of environmental scarcity and munificence on the relationship of context to organizational structure. Academy of Management Journal, 32(1), 131-156.
136. Yu, C. L., Wang, F., & Brouthers, K. D. (2016). Competitor identification, perceived environmental un- certainty, and firm performance. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences/Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l’Administration, 33(1), 21-35.
137. Yuan, Y., Lu, L. Y., Tian, G., & Yu, Y. (2020). Business strategy and corporate social responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 162(2), 359-377.
138. Yuan, C., Xue, D., & He, X. (2021). A balancing strategy for ambidextrous learning, dynamic capabilities, and business model design, the opposite moderating effects of environmental dynamism. Technovation, 103, 102225.
139. Zimmermann, R., Ferreira, L. M. D. F., & Moreira, A. C. (2020). An empirical analysis of the relationship between supply chain strategies, product characteristics, environmental uncertainty and performance. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 25(3), 375–391.
140. Zuckerman A., M. (2016). Healthcare Strategic Planning (3rd edition). Chicago, IL: Health, Administration Press.