Organizational Neuroscience: A Bibliometric Analysis and Systematic Literature Review

Abstract

The main objective of this paper is to examine the current state of the literature on organizational neuroscience. This study provides the most comprehensive overview of the development of organizational neuroscience which includes the last 13 years. It also presents how bibliometric and systematic review methodologies can be used together to explore emergent research areas. Bibliometric and systematic review methods were used to review studies carried out in the area of organizational neuroscience from 2007 to 2020. The articles were accessed through the Web of Science (WOS) database which was analyzed by using VOSviewer and SciMAT. Initially, 44 articles were determined to explain the intellectual structure of organizational neuroscience. Then, we conducted a systematic review in Scopus, WOS, and Google Scholar databases to determine which neuroscientific methodologies were prevalent in the scope of organizational neuroscience. As a result, a total of 42 studies adopting the empirical approach were identified. Evidence shows that the majority of the studies were conducted in the US and UK. The most commonly used techniques were electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance (fMRI). “Leadership” and “decision-making” studies were the most researched topic connected with organizational neuroscience. Although there has been a steady increase in the number of publications on organizational neuroscience in the last 20 years, empirical studies have a narrow scope in the literature.

Keywords

• Organizational Neuroscience
• Neurometric Measurements
• Biometric Measurements
• Bibliometric Analysis
• Systematic Literature Review

References

1. kinola, M., & Mendes, W. B. (2014). It’s good to be the king: Neurobiological benefits of higher social standing. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5(1), 43-51. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550613485604 google scholar
2. Al-Shargie, F., Tang, T. B., & Kiguchi, M. (2017). Stress assessment based on decision fusion of EEG and fNIRS signals. IEEE Access, 5, 19889-19896. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2754325 google scholar
3. Ascher, D., Silva, W., Polowczyk, J., & Damiao da Silva, E. (2018). Neurostrategy: An advance through the paradigm epistemological in strategic management? Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 17(2), 1-19. Retrieved from: https://r.donnu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/668 google scholar
4. Ayata, D., Yaslan, Y. & Kamaşak, M. (2017). Emotion recognition via galvanic skin response: Compari-son of machine learning algorithms and feature extraction methods. Journal of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, 3147-3156. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/iujeee/issue/28345/288871 google scholar
5. Bagozzi, R. P., Verbeke, W. J., Dietvorst, R. C., Belschak, F. D., van den Berg, W. E., & Rietdijk, W. J. (2013). Theory of mind and empathic explanations of Machiavellianism: A neuroscience perspective. Journal of Management, 39(7), 1760-1798. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206312471393 google scholar
6. Balconi, M., Venturella, I., Fronda, G., & Vanutelli, M. E. (2019). Who’s boss? Physiological measures during performance assessment. Managerial and Decision Economics, 40(2), 213-219. https://doi. org/10.1002/mde.2997 google scholar
7. Balthazard, P. A., Waldman, D. A., Thatcher, R. W., & Hannah, S. T. (2012). Differentiating transformational and non-transformational leaders on the basis of neurological imaging. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(2), 244-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.08.002 google scholar
8. Becker, W. J., & Cropanzano, R. (2010). Organizational neuroscience: The promise and prospects of an emer-ging discipline. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(7), 1055-1059. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.668 google scholar

9. Becker, W. J., Cropanzano, R., & Sanfey, A. G. (2011). Organizational Neuroscience: Taking Orga-nizational Theory inside the Neural Black Box. Journal of Management, 37, 933-961. https://doi. org/10.1177/0149206311398955 google scholar
10. Bonnstetter, R. J., Hebets, D., & Wigton, N. L. (2015). Frontal gamma asymmetry in response to soft skills stimuli: A pilot study. NeuroRegulation, 2(2), 70-70. https://doi.org/10.15540/nr.2.2.70 google scholar
11. Bonnstetter, R. J., Gehrig, E., & Hebets, D. (2018). Response process validation protocol using neuropheno-menological gamma asymmetry. NeuroRegulation, 5(3), 93-93. https://doi.org/10.15540/nr.5.3.93 google scholar
12. Bornmann, L., & Haunschild, R. (2016). Citation score normalized by cited references (CSNCR): The introduction of a new citation impact indicator. Journal of Informetrics, 10(3), 875-887. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.joi.2016.07.002 google scholar
13. Boyatzis, R. E., Passarelli, A. M., Koenig, K., Lowe, M., Mathew, B., Stoller, J. K., & Phillips, M. (2012). Examination of the neural substrates activated in memories of experiences with resonant and dissonant leaders. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(2), 259-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.08.003 google scholar
14. Butler, M. J., & Senior, C. (2007). Toward an organizational cognitive neuroscience. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1118(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1412.009 google scholar
15. Camerer, C., Loewenstein, G., & Prelec, D. (2005). Neuroeconomics: How neuroscience can inform econo-mics. Journal of economic Literature, 43(1), 9-64. google scholar
16. Castillo-Vergara, M., Alvarez-Marin, A., & Placencio-Hidalgo, D. (2018). A bibliometric analysis of creati-vity in the field of business economics. Journal of Business Research, 85, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jbusres.2017.12.011 google scholar
17. Cheng, X., Li, X., & Hu, Y. (2015). Synchronous brain activity during cooperative exchange depends on gen-der of partner: A fNIRS-based hyperscanning study. Human Brain Mapping, 36(6), 2039-2048. https:// doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22754 google scholar
18. Cobo, M. J., Lopez-Herrera, A. G., Herrera-Viedma, E., & Herrera, F. (2011). Science mapping software tools: Review, analysis, and cooperative study among tools. Journal of the American Society for informa-tion Science and Technology, 62(7), 1382-1402. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.21525 google scholar
19. Crivelli, D., Fronda, G., Venturella, I., & Balconi, M. (2019). Stress and neurocognitive efficiency in ma-nagerial contexts. International Journal of Workplace Health Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/ IJWHM-07-2018-0095 google scholar
20. Cropanzano, R., & Becker, W. J. (2013). The promise and peril of organizational neuroscience: Today and tomorrow. Journal ofManagement Inquiry, 22(3), 306-310. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056492613478518 google scholar
21. Decety, J., Jackson, P. L., Sommerville, J. A., Chaminade, T., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2004). The neural ba-ses of cooperation and competition: an fMRI investigation. Neuroimage, 23(2), 744-751. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.05.025 google scholar
22. De Longis, E., Alessandri, G., & Ottaviani, C. (2020). Inertia of emotions and inertia of the heart: Physiologi-cal processes underlying inertia of negative emotions at work. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 155, 210-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.06.007 google scholar
23. De Waele, A., Claeys, A. S., & Cauberghe, V. (2019). The organizational voice: The importance of voice pitch and speech rate in organizational crisis communication. Communication Research, 46(7), 10261049. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650217692911 google scholar
24. Dijksterhuis, A., Smith, P. K., Van Baaren, R. B., & Wigboldus, D. H. (2005). The unconscious consumer: Effects of environment on consumer behavior. Journal Of Consumer Psychology, 15(3), 193-202. https:// doi.org/10.1207/s15327663jcp1503_3 google scholar
25. Dolaşkan, B., & Boz Taştan, İ. (2020). Yönetim alanyazınında nörobilim yaklaşımı: Örgütsel bilişsel nörobili makalelerinin nitel içerik analizi (Master’s thesis, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü). Retrieved from: https:// dspace.trakya.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/trakya/7714 google scholar
26. Duan, R. (2018). Cognitive Mechanism of Economic Management Risk Based on EEG Analysis. NeuroQu-antology, 16(6). https://doi.org/10.14704/nq.2018.16.6.1576 google scholar
27. Dulebohn, J. H., Conlon, D. E., Sarinopoulos, I., Davison, R. B., & McNamara, G. (2009). The biological bases of unfairness: Neuroimaging evidence for the distinctiveness of procedural and distributive justi-ce. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 110(2), 140-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. obhdp.2009.09.001 google scholar
28. Eck, N. J. V., & Waltman, L. (2014). Visualizing bibliometric networks. In Measuring scholarly impact (pp. 285-320). Springer, Cham. google scholar
29. Edison, Rizki Edmi and Juhro, Solikin M. and Aulia, A. Farid and Archianti Widiasih, Puti (2019). Transfor-mational leadership and neurofeedback: The medical perspective of neuroleadership. International Jour-nal of Organizational Leadership, 8(2019) 46-62, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3337666 google scholar
30. Eskenazi, P. I., Hartmann, F. G., & Rietdijk, W. J. (2016). Why controllers compromise on their fiduciary duties: EEG evidence on the role of the human mirror neuron system. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 50, 41-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2016.02.003 google scholar
31. Gavetti, G., Levinthal, D., & Ocasio, W. (2007). Perspective—Neo-Carnegie: The Carnegie school’s past, present, and reconstructing for the future. Organization Science, 18(3), 523-536. https://doi.org/10.1287/ orsc.1070.0277 google scholar
32. Gerpott, F. H., Lehmann-Willenbrock, N., Silvis, J. D., & Van Vugt, M. (2018). In the eye of the behol-der? An eye-tracking experiment on emergent leadership in team interactions. The Leadership Quarterly, 29(4), 523-532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.11.003 google scholar
33. Glimcher, P. W. (2008). Neuroeconomics. Scholarpedia, 3(10), 1759. google scholar
34. Glimcher, P. W., Camerer, C. F., Fehr, E., & Poldrack, R. A. (2009). Introduction: A brief history of neuro-economics. In Neuroeconomics (pp. 1-12). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374176-9.00001-4 google scholar
35. Hannah, S. T., Balthazard, P. A., Waldman, D. A., Jennings, P. L., & Thatcher, R. W. (2013). The psychologi-cal and neurological bases of leader self-complexity and effects on adaptive decision-making. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98(3), 393. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032257 google scholar
36. Healey, M. P., & Hodgkinson, G. P. (2014). Rethinking the philosophical and theoretical foundations of organizational neuroscience: A critical realist alternative. Human Relations, 67(7), 765-792. https://doi. org/10.1177/0018726714530014 google scholar
37. Hubert, M., & Kenning, P. (2008). A current overview of consumer neuroscience. Journal of Consumer Be-haviour: An International Research Review, 7(4-5), 272-292. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.251 google scholar
38. Huffcutt, A. I., Liu, W. C., & Russell-Chapin, L. A. (2018). Potential applications of functional magnetic resonance ımaging (fMRI) to organizational research: A primer and sample study. Personnel Assessment and Decisions, 4(2), 4. https://doi.org/10.25035/pad.2018.02.004 google scholar
39. İmamoğlu, S. Z., Latifoğlu, N., & İnce, H (2021). Örgütsel davranış literatüründe yeni bir perspektif: Nöro-bilim. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 22(2), 89-105. https://doi.org/10.31671/doujournal.972987 google scholar
40. Issac, A.C. and Issac, T.G. (2020), “Unravelling the Nexus between neuroscience and leadership research: A biblio-morphological analysis of the extant literature”, Management Decision, Vol. 58 No. 3, pp. 448-464. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-01-2019-0017 google scholar
41. Jack, A. I., Rochford, K. C., Friedman, J. P., Passarelli, A. M., & Boyatzis, R. E. (2019). Pitfalls in orga-nizational neuroscience: A critical review and suggestions for future research. Organizational Research Methods, 22(1), 421-458. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428117708857 google scholar
42. Krampe, C., Gier, N. R., & Kenning, P. (2018). The application of mobile fNIRS in marketing research— Detecting the “First-Choice-Brand” effect. Frontiers İn Human Neuroscience, 12, 433. https://doi. org/10.3389/fnhum.2018.00433 google scholar
43. Klofstad, Casey A.; Anderson, Rindy C. (2018). Voice pitch predicts electability, but does not signal leaders-hip ability. Evolution and Human Behavior, vol. 39, no 3, p. 349-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhum-behav.2018.02.007 google scholar
44. Kokubun, K., Ogata, Y., Koike, Y., & Yamakawa, Y. (2020). Brain condition may mediate the association between training and work engagement. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-63711-3 google scholar
45. Laureiro-Martmez, D., Brusoni, S., Canessa, N., & Zollo, M. (2015). Understanding the exploration-explo-itation dilemma: An fMRI study of attention control and decision-making performance. Strategic Mana-gement Journal, 36(3), 319-338. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2221 google scholar
46. Lee, N., & Chamberlain, L. (2007). Neuroimaging and psychophysiological measurement in organizational research: an agenda for research in organizational cognitive neuroscience. Annals of the New York Aca-demy of Sciences, 1118(1), 18-42. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1412.003 google scholar
47. Lee, N., Broderick, A. J., & Chamberlain, L. (2007). What is ‘neuromarketing’? A discussion and agenda for future research. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 63(2), 199-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ijpsycho.2006.03.007 google scholar
48. Lelieveld, G. J., Harris, L. T., & Van Dillen, L. F. (2020). Jumping on the’badwagon’? How group members-hip influences responses to the social exclusion of others. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsaa070 google scholar
49. Lemmers-Jansen, I. L., Krabbendam, L., Amodio, D. M., Van Doesum, N. J., Veltman, D. J., & Van Lange, P. A. (2018). Giving others the option of choice: An fMRI study on low-cost cooperation. Neuropsycho-logia, 109, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.12.009 google scholar
50. Lindebaum, D., & Zundel, M. (2013). Not quite a revolution: Scrutinizing organizational neuroscience in leadership studies. Human Relations, 66(6), 857-877. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726713482151 google scholar
51. Liu, H., & Xu, D. (2018). Effect of risk preference on entrepreneurial cooperative behavior in ındustrial clusters: based on neuromanagement and event-related potentials experiment. NeuroQuantology, 16(6). https://doi.org/10.14704/nq.2018.16.6.1570 google scholar
52. Liu, X., Kim, C. S., & Hong, K. S. (2018). An fNIRS-based investigation of visual merchandising displays for fashion stores. PLoS One, 13(12), e0208843. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208843 google scholar
53. Locke, R. R. (1989). Management and higher education since 1940: The influence of America and Japan on West Germany, Great Britain, and France (p. 161). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. google scholar
54. Lukanov, K., Maior, H. A., & Wilson, M. L. (2016). Using fNIRS in usability testing: understanding the effect of web form layout on mental workload. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 4011-4016). https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858236 google scholar
55. Maran, T., Furtner, M., Liegl, S., Kraus, S., & Sachse, P. (2019). In the eye of a leader: Eye-directed ga-zing shapes perceptions of leaders’ charisma. The Leadership Quarterly, 30(6), 101337. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2019.101337 google scholar
56. Mason, M. F., Dyer, R., & Norton, M. I. (2009). Neural mechanisms of social influence. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 110(2), 152-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2009.04.001 google scholar
57. McLagan, P. A. (2013). A call to watch our paradigms! Journal of Management Inquiry, 22(3), 314-316. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056492613478520 google scholar
58. MeiBner, M., & Oll, J. (2019). The promise of eye-tracking methodology in organizational research: A taxonomy, review, and future avenues. Organizational Research Methods, 22(2), 590-617. https://doi. org/10.1177/1094428117744882 google scholar
59. Molenberghs, P., Prochilo, G., Steffens, N. K., Zacher, H., & Haslam, S. A. (2017). The neuroscience of inspirational leadership: The importance of collective-oriented language and shared group membership. Journal Of Management, 43(7), 2168-2194. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206314565242 google scholar
60. Murray, M. M., & Antonakis, J. (2019). An introductory guide to organizational neuroscience. Organizatio-nal Research Methods, 22(1), 6-16. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428118802621 google scholar
61. Nofal, A., Nicolaou, N., & Symeonidou, N. (2017). Biology and entrepreneurship. In G. Ahmetoglu, T. Chamorro-Premuzic, B. Klinger, & T. Karcisky (Eds.), The Wiley Handbook Of Entrepreneurship (pp. 259-272). Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10377-8_13 google scholar
62. Peterson, R. L. (2005). The neuroscience of investing: fMRI of the reward system. Brain Research Bulletin, 67(5), 391-397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.06.015 google scholar
63. Pinti, P., Tachtsidis, I., Hamilton, A., Hirsch, J., Aichelburg, C., Gilbert, S., & Burgess, P. W. (2020). The pre-sent and future use of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) for cognitive neuroscience. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1464(1), 5-29. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13948 google scholar
64. Porto, J. A., Bick, J., Perdue, K. L., Richards, J. E., Nunes, M. L., & Nelson, C. A. (2020). The influence of maternal anxiety and depression symptoms on fNIRS brain responses to emotional faces in 5-and 7-month-old infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 59, 101447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2020.101447 google scholar
65. Prochilo, G. A., Louis, W. R., Bode, S., Zacher, H., & Molenberghs, P. (2019). An Extended Commen-tary on Post-Publication Peer Review in Organizational Neuroscience. Meta-Psychology, 3. https://doi. org/10.15626/MP.2018.935 google scholar
66. Robertson, D. C., Voegtlin, C., & Maak, T. (2017). Business ethics: The promise of neuroscience. Journal of Business Ethics, 144(4), 679-697. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3312-6 google scholar
67. Rybnicek, R., Bergner, S., & Gutschelhofer, A. (2019). How individual needs influence motivation effects: a neuroscientific study on McClelland’s need theory. Review of Managerial Science, 13(2), 443-482. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-017-0252-1 google scholar
68. Senior, C., Lee, N., & Butler, M. (2011). Perspective—organizational cognitive neuroscience. Organization Science, 22(3), 804-815. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1100.0532 google scholar
69. Sezgin, O. B., & Uçar, Z. (2015). Reflection of neuroscience on organizational behaviour: Orgazational neu-roscience. Ege Akademik Bakis, 15(3), 353. google scholar
70. Shahriari, M., Feiz, D., Zarei, A., & Kashi, E. (2020). The meta-analysis of neuro-marketing studies: past, present and future. Neuroethics, 13(3), 261-273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-019-09400-z google scholar
71. Shane, S., Drover, W., Clingingsmith, D., & Cerf, M. (2020). Founder passion, neural engagement and in-formal investor interest in startup pitches: An fMRI study. Journal of Business Venturing, 35(4), 105949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2019.105949 google scholar
72. Sharifi, A., Simangan, D., & Kaneko, S. (2021). Three decades of research on climate change and peace: A bibliometrics analysis. Sustainability Science, 16(4), 1079-1095. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-020-00853-3 google scholar
73. Shu, L., Yu, Y., Chen, W., Hua, H., Li, Q., Jin, J., & Xu, X. (2020). Wearable emotion recognition using heart rate data from a smart bracelet. Sensors, 20(3), 718. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20030718 google scholar
74. Smidts, A. (2002). Kijken in het brein: over de mogelijkheden van neuromarketing [Looking into the brain: on the potential of neuromarketing], ERIM Inaugural Address Series. Retrieved from: http://hdl.handle. net/1765/308 google scholar
75. Skiendziel, T., Rösch, A. G., & Schultheiss, O. C. (2019). Assessing the convergent validity between the automated emotion recognition software Noldus FaceReader 7 and Facial Action Coding System Scoring. PloS One, 14(10), e0223905. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223905 google scholar
76. Srivastava, M., Sharma, G.D. and Srivastava, A.K. (2019), “Human brain and financial behavior: a neurofi-nance perspective”, International Journal of Ethics and Systems, Vol. 35 No. 4, pp. 485-503. https://doi. org/10.1108/IJOES-02-2019-0036 google scholar
77. Sun, Z., He, Z., Zhang, G., Li, X., & Yu, W. (2020). Incidental learning of group trust: Predictive gaze cue matters. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-64719-5 google scholar
78. Tranfield, D., Denyer, D., & Smart, P. (2003). Towards a methodology for developing evidence-informed management knowledge by means of systematic review. British Journal Of Management, 14(3), 207-222. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.00375 google scholar
79. Trichas, S., & Schyns, B. (2012). The face of leadership: Perceiving leaders from facial expression. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(3), 545-566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.12.007 google scholar
80. Trichas, S., Schyns, B., Lord, R., & Hall, R. (2017). “Facing” leaders: Facial expression and leadership per-ception. The Leadership Quarterly, 28(2), 317-333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.10.013 google scholar
81. Van Leeuwen, T. (2006). The application of bibliometric analyses in the evaluation of social science research. Who benefits from it, and why it is still feasible. Scientometrics, 66(1), 133-154. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11192-006-0010-7 google scholar
82. Varnum, M. E. (2016). The emerging (social) neuroscience of SES. Social and Personality Psychology Com-pass, 10(8), 423-430. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12258 google scholar
83. Venturella, I., Gatti, L., Vanutelli, M. E., and Balconi, M. (2017). When brains dialogue by synchronized or unsynchronized languages. Hyperscanning applications to neuromanagement. Neuropsychol. Trends. 21, 35-52. https://doi.org/10.7358/neur-2017-021-vent google scholar
84. Villalba-Diez, J., Zheng, X., Schmidt, D., & Molina, M. (2019). Characterization of industry 4.0 lean mana-gement problem-solving behavioral patterns using EEG sensors and deep learning. Sensors, 19(13), 2841. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19132841 google scholar
85. Waldman, D. A., Balthazard, P. A., & Peterson, S. J. (2011). Leadership and neuroscience: Can we revoluti-onize the way that inspirational leaders are identified and developed? Academy of Management Perspec-tives, 25(1), 60-74. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.25.1.60 google scholar
86. Waldman, D. A., Wang, D., & Fenters, V. (2019). The added value of neuroscience methods in organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 22(1), 223-249. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428116642013 google scholar
87. Waldman, D. A., Wang, D., Hannah, S. T., & Balthazard, P. A. (2017). A neurological and ideological perspective of ethical leadership. Academy of Management Journal, 60(4), 1285-1306. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2014.0644 google scholar
88. Wang, Y. (2019). Pulling at your heartstrings: Examining four leadership approaches from the ne-uroscience perspective. Educational Administration Quarterly, 55(2), 328-359. https://doi. org/10.1177/0013161X18799471 google scholar
89. Wang, D., Waldman, D. A., Balthazard, P. A., Stikic, M., Pless, N. M., Maak, T., ... & Richardson, T. (2020). Applying Neuroscience to Emergent Processes in Teams. Organizational Research Methods. https://doi. org/10.1177/1094428120915516 google scholar
90. Wang, L., Zheng, J., Meng, L., Lu, Q., & Ma, Q. (2016). Ingroup favoritism or the black sheep effect: Per-ceived intentions modulate subjective responses to aggressive interactions. Neuroscience Research, 108, 46-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2016.01.011 google scholar
91. Wanniarachchi, H. I. (2020). Whole-head functional brain imaging of economic risk decision making and transcranial photobiomodulation with fNIRS and EEG (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from: https:// www.proquest.com/docview/2472138858?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true google scholar
92. Yang, H., & Li, H. (2018). Trust cognition of entrepreneurs’ behavioral consistency modulates investment decisions of venture capitalists in cooperation. Entrepreneurship Research Journal, 8(3). https://doi. org/10.1515/erj-2017-0084 google scholar
93. Zhang, X. (2018). Motivation of Enterprise Motivation Management Mechanism Based on Neuromanage-ment. NeuroQuantology, 16(5). https://doi.org/10.14704/nq.2018.16.5.1245 google scholar