Yıl 2022,
Cilt: 51 Sayı: 2, 459 - 489, 30.12.2022
Samet Çelik
,
M. Volkan Türker
Kaynakça
- Ahmed, A. M., Andersson, L. and Hammarstedt, M. (2013) Are gay men and lesbians discriminated against in the hiring process?. Southern Economic Journal, 79(3): 565-585.
- Ariely, D., and Berns, GS. (2010). Neuromarketing: the hope and hype of neuroimaging in business. Nature Review Neuroscience, 11(4): 284–292.
- Atalay, A. S., Budur, H. O., and Rasolofoarison, D. (2012). Shining in the center: Central gaze cascade effect on product choice. Journal of Consumer Research, 39(4): 848-866.
- Babiloni, F. (2012). Consumer neuroscience: A new area of study for biomedical engineers. IEEE Pulse, 3(3): 21-23.
Baert, S., Cockx, B., Gheyle, N., and Vandamme, C. (2015). Is there less discrimination in occupations where recruitment is difficult?. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 68(3): 467–500.
- Berdahl, J., and Moore, C. (2006). Workplace harassment: Double jeopardy for minority women. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(2): 426–436.
- Berg, N., and Lien, D. (2002). Measuring the effect of sexual orientation on income: Evidence of discrimination?. Contemporary Economic Policy, 20(4): 394–414.
- Black, D. A., Hoda, R. M., Seth, G. S., and Lowell, J. T. (2003). The earnings effects of sexual orientation. Industrial and Labour Relations Review, 56(3): 449–469.
- Blondon, K., Wipfli, R., and Lovis, C. (2015). Use of eye-tracking technology in clinical reasoning: A systematic review. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 210: 90-94.
- Bursell, M. (2007). What’s in a Name? A field experiment test for the existence of ethnic discrimination in the hiring process. The Stockholm University Linnaeus Center for Integration Studies, Working Paper 7.
- Burton, C. M., Marshal, M. P., Chisolm, D. J., Sucato, G. S., Friedman, M. S. (2013). Sexual minority-related victimization as a mediator of mental health disparities in sexual minority youth: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Youth and Youth Adolescence, 42(3): 394-402.
- Clark, K. G., and Clark, M. K. (1939). The developmentof consciousness of self and the emergence of racial identification in Negro preschool children. Journal of Social Psychology, 10: 591-599.
- Correll, J., Park, B., Judd, C.M., Wittenbrink, B. (2002). The police officer’s dilemma: Using ethnicity to disambiguate potentially threatening individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(6): 1314–29.
- Derous, E., Ryan, A. M., and Serlie, A. W. (2014). Double jeopardy upon resumé screening: When achmed is less employable than Aïsha. Personnel Psychology, 68(3): 1-38.
- Deubel, H., and Schneider, W. X. (1996). Saccade target selection and object recognition: Evidence for a common attentional mechanism. Vision Research, 36(12): 1827-1837.
- Drydakis, N. (2009). Sexual orientation discrimination in the labor market. Labour Economics, 16(4): 364-372.
Duchowski, A. T. (2007). Eye Tracking Methodology: Theory and Practice, London: Springer Verlag.
- Duriez, B., and Van Hiel, A. (2002). The march of modern fascism. A comparison of social dominance orientation and authoritarianism. Personality and Individual Differences, 32(7): 1999-1213.
- Gaertner, S. L., and Dovidio, J. F. (2005). Understanding and addressing contemporary racism: From aversive racism to the common ingroup identity model. Journal of Social Issues, 61(3): 615– 639.
- Gidlöf, K., Wallin, A., Dewhurst, R., and Holmqvist, K. (2013). Using eye-tracking to trace a cognitive process: Gaze behavior during decision making in a natural environment. Journal of Eye Movement Research, 6(1): 3-14.
- Glick, P., and Fiske, S. T. (1996). The ambivalence toward men inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent beliefs about men. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 23(3): 519-536.
- Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., Rudman, L. A., Farnham, S. D., Nosek, B. A., and Mellott, D. S. (2002). A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, selfesteem, and self-concept. Psychological Review, 109(1): 3-25.
- Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., and Schwartz, J. L. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6): 1464–1480.
- Henderson, J. M. (2003). Human gaze control during real-world scene viewing. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(11): 498-504.
- Hinshaw, S. P. and Cicchetti, D. (2000). Stigma and mental disorder: Conceptions of illness, public attitudes, personal disclosure, and social policy. Development and Psychopathology, 12(4): 555–598.
- Hodson, G. (2008). Interracial prison contact: The pros for (socially dominant) cons. British Journal of Social Psychology, 47(2): 325-351.
- Hoffman, J. E., and Subramaniam, B. (1995). The role of visual attention in saccadic eye movements. Perception and Psychophysics, 57(6): 787-795.
- Hooton, E. A. (1937). What is an American? American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 22(1): 1-26.
- Just, M. A., and Carpenter, P. A. (1980). A theory of reading: From eye fixations to comprehension. Psychological Review, 87(4): 329-354.
- Kowler, E., Anderson, E., Dosher, B. A., and Blaser, E. (1995). The role of attention in the programming of saccades. Vision Research, 35(13): 1897-1916.
- Krajbich, I., Armel, C., and Rangel, A. (2010). Visual fixations and the computation and comparison of value in simple choice. Nature Neuroscience, 13: 1292–1298.
- Kteily, N. S., Sidanius, J., and Levin, S. (2011). Social dominance orientation: Cause or ‘mere effect’?: Evidence for SDO as a causal predictor of prejudice and discrimination against ethnic and racial outgroups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47(1): 208-214.
- Lee, A. (2005). Unconscious bias theory in employment discrimination litigation. Harvard Civil Right-Civil Liberties Law Review, 40: 481-503.
- Lee, S., Chiu, M. Y., Tsang, A., Chui, H., Kleinman, A. (2006). Stagmatizin experience and structural discrimination associated with the treatmen of schizophrenia in Hong Kong. Social Science & Medicine, 62(7): 1685- 1696.
- Licciardello, O., Castiglione, C., Rampullo, A., and Scolla, V. (2014). Social dominance orientation, cross-group friendship and prejudice towards homosexuals. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 114(21): 4988-4992.
- Maughan, L., Gutnikov, S., and Stevens, R. (2007). Like more, look more. Look more, like more: The evidence from eye-tracking. Journal of Brand Management, 14(4): 335-342.
- Milosavljevic, M., and Cerf, M. (2008). First attention then intention: Insights from computational neuroscience of vision. International Journal of Advertising, 27(3): 381-398.
- Quillian, L. (2006). New approaches to understanding racial prejudice and discrimination. Annual Review of Sociology, 32: 299-328.
- Quillian, L. (2008). Does unconscious racism exist? Social Psychology Quarterly, 71(1): 6-11.
- Rooth, D. (2010). Automatic associations and discrimination in hiring: Real world evidence. Labour Economics, 17(3): 523-534.
- Rudman, L. A., and Glick, P. (2001). Prescriptive gender stereotypes and backlash toward agentic women. Journal of Social Issues, 57(4): 743-762.
- Russo, J. E. (2011). Eye fixations as a process trace. In Schulte-Mecklenbeck M, Kühberger A, Ranyard R (eds) Society for Judgment and Decision Making Series. A Handbook of Process Tracing Methods for Decision Research: A Critical Review and User's Guide. New York, NY, US: Psychology Press, 43-64.
- Schuman, H., Steeh, C., Bobo, L., and Krysan, M. (eds) .(1997). Racial Attitudes in America: Trends and Interpretations. Cambridge, MA, US: Harvard University Press.
- Sidanius, J., Liu, J., Shaw, J. and Pratto, F. (1994). Social dominance orientation, hierarchy attenuators and hierarchy-enhancers: Social dominance theory and the criminal justice system. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24(4): 338-366.
- Shimojo, S., Simion, C., Shimojo, E., and Scheier, C. (2003). Gaze bias both reflects and influences preference. Nature Neuroscience, 6(12): 1317–1322.
- Shin, P. S. (2010). Liability for unconscious discrimination? A thought experiment in the theory of employment discrimination law. Hasting Law Journal, 62: 10-21.
- Smith, E. R. (1993). Social identity and social emotions: Toward new conceptualizations of prejudice. In: Mackie DM, Hamilton DL (eds), Affect, Cognition, and Stereotyping: Interactive Processes in Group Perception. San Diego, CA, US: Academic Press, 297-315.
- Steele, C. M., and Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of african americans. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 69(5): 797-811.
- Stuart, H., and Arboleda- Flórez, J. (2001). Community attitudes toward people with schizophrenia. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 46(3): 245–252.
- Tatler, B. W. (2007). The central fixation bias in scene viewing: Selecting an optimal viewing position independently of motor biases and image feature distributions. Journal of Vision, 7(14): 1-17.
- Whitley, B. E. (1990). The relationship of heterosexuals’ attributions for the causes of homosexuality to attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 16(2): 369-377.
- Yalom, I. (2000). Grup Psikoterapisinin Teoriği ve Pratiği, İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınları.
- Zaltman, G. (2003). How Customers Think: Essential Insights into the Mind of the Market, 1st edn. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Can Eye Movements Be a Predictor of Implicit Attitudes? Discrimination Against Disadvantaged Individuals During the Recruitment Process
Yıl 2022,
Cilt: 51 Sayı: 2, 459 - 489, 30.12.2022
Samet Çelik
,
M. Volkan Türker
Öz
The present study examined the effect of eye movements during the recruitment process with eye-tracking technology as an indicator of negative implicit attitudes against disadvantaged groups. We composed eleven fictional resumes, and we asked the recruitment experts to hire the most suitable candidate for the position in the laboratory environment. The study used a mixed-methods approach. First of all, we evaluated the psychosocial characteristics of the participants. Then, we recorded the eye movements of the participants during the recruitment process. Lastly, we held interviews with the participants about their choices.
We concluded that the recruitment experts had spent more time examining the social identities of the candidates than the candidate’s work experiences and educational background. Furthermore, we also found that the disadvantageous social identities of these candidates were more influential in the recruitment process.
As a result, we can say that our implicit attitudes affect our behaviors and preferences, and eye movements can be a useful tool in predicting intentions and implicit attitudes.
Kaynakça
- Ahmed, A. M., Andersson, L. and Hammarstedt, M. (2013) Are gay men and lesbians discriminated against in the hiring process?. Southern Economic Journal, 79(3): 565-585.
- Ariely, D., and Berns, GS. (2010). Neuromarketing: the hope and hype of neuroimaging in business. Nature Review Neuroscience, 11(4): 284–292.
- Atalay, A. S., Budur, H. O., and Rasolofoarison, D. (2012). Shining in the center: Central gaze cascade effect on product choice. Journal of Consumer Research, 39(4): 848-866.
- Babiloni, F. (2012). Consumer neuroscience: A new area of study for biomedical engineers. IEEE Pulse, 3(3): 21-23.
Baert, S., Cockx, B., Gheyle, N., and Vandamme, C. (2015). Is there less discrimination in occupations where recruitment is difficult?. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 68(3): 467–500.
- Berdahl, J., and Moore, C. (2006). Workplace harassment: Double jeopardy for minority women. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(2): 426–436.
- Berg, N., and Lien, D. (2002). Measuring the effect of sexual orientation on income: Evidence of discrimination?. Contemporary Economic Policy, 20(4): 394–414.
- Black, D. A., Hoda, R. M., Seth, G. S., and Lowell, J. T. (2003). The earnings effects of sexual orientation. Industrial and Labour Relations Review, 56(3): 449–469.
- Blondon, K., Wipfli, R., and Lovis, C. (2015). Use of eye-tracking technology in clinical reasoning: A systematic review. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 210: 90-94.
- Bursell, M. (2007). What’s in a Name? A field experiment test for the existence of ethnic discrimination in the hiring process. The Stockholm University Linnaeus Center for Integration Studies, Working Paper 7.
- Burton, C. M., Marshal, M. P., Chisolm, D. J., Sucato, G. S., Friedman, M. S. (2013). Sexual minority-related victimization as a mediator of mental health disparities in sexual minority youth: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Youth and Youth Adolescence, 42(3): 394-402.
- Clark, K. G., and Clark, M. K. (1939). The developmentof consciousness of self and the emergence of racial identification in Negro preschool children. Journal of Social Psychology, 10: 591-599.
- Correll, J., Park, B., Judd, C.M., Wittenbrink, B. (2002). The police officer’s dilemma: Using ethnicity to disambiguate potentially threatening individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(6): 1314–29.
- Derous, E., Ryan, A. M., and Serlie, A. W. (2014). Double jeopardy upon resumé screening: When achmed is less employable than Aïsha. Personnel Psychology, 68(3): 1-38.
- Deubel, H., and Schneider, W. X. (1996). Saccade target selection and object recognition: Evidence for a common attentional mechanism. Vision Research, 36(12): 1827-1837.
- Drydakis, N. (2009). Sexual orientation discrimination in the labor market. Labour Economics, 16(4): 364-372.
Duchowski, A. T. (2007). Eye Tracking Methodology: Theory and Practice, London: Springer Verlag.
- Duriez, B., and Van Hiel, A. (2002). The march of modern fascism. A comparison of social dominance orientation and authoritarianism. Personality and Individual Differences, 32(7): 1999-1213.
- Gaertner, S. L., and Dovidio, J. F. (2005). Understanding and addressing contemporary racism: From aversive racism to the common ingroup identity model. Journal of Social Issues, 61(3): 615– 639.
- Gidlöf, K., Wallin, A., Dewhurst, R., and Holmqvist, K. (2013). Using eye-tracking to trace a cognitive process: Gaze behavior during decision making in a natural environment. Journal of Eye Movement Research, 6(1): 3-14.
- Glick, P., and Fiske, S. T. (1996). The ambivalence toward men inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent beliefs about men. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 23(3): 519-536.
- Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., Rudman, L. A., Farnham, S. D., Nosek, B. A., and Mellott, D. S. (2002). A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, selfesteem, and self-concept. Psychological Review, 109(1): 3-25.
- Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., and Schwartz, J. L. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6): 1464–1480.
- Henderson, J. M. (2003). Human gaze control during real-world scene viewing. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(11): 498-504.
- Hinshaw, S. P. and Cicchetti, D. (2000). Stigma and mental disorder: Conceptions of illness, public attitudes, personal disclosure, and social policy. Development and Psychopathology, 12(4): 555–598.
- Hodson, G. (2008). Interracial prison contact: The pros for (socially dominant) cons. British Journal of Social Psychology, 47(2): 325-351.
- Hoffman, J. E., and Subramaniam, B. (1995). The role of visual attention in saccadic eye movements. Perception and Psychophysics, 57(6): 787-795.
- Hooton, E. A. (1937). What is an American? American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 22(1): 1-26.
- Just, M. A., and Carpenter, P. A. (1980). A theory of reading: From eye fixations to comprehension. Psychological Review, 87(4): 329-354.
- Kowler, E., Anderson, E., Dosher, B. A., and Blaser, E. (1995). The role of attention in the programming of saccades. Vision Research, 35(13): 1897-1916.
- Krajbich, I., Armel, C., and Rangel, A. (2010). Visual fixations and the computation and comparison of value in simple choice. Nature Neuroscience, 13: 1292–1298.
- Kteily, N. S., Sidanius, J., and Levin, S. (2011). Social dominance orientation: Cause or ‘mere effect’?: Evidence for SDO as a causal predictor of prejudice and discrimination against ethnic and racial outgroups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47(1): 208-214.
- Lee, A. (2005). Unconscious bias theory in employment discrimination litigation. Harvard Civil Right-Civil Liberties Law Review, 40: 481-503.
- Lee, S., Chiu, M. Y., Tsang, A., Chui, H., Kleinman, A. (2006). Stagmatizin experience and structural discrimination associated with the treatmen of schizophrenia in Hong Kong. Social Science & Medicine, 62(7): 1685- 1696.
- Licciardello, O., Castiglione, C., Rampullo, A., and Scolla, V. (2014). Social dominance orientation, cross-group friendship and prejudice towards homosexuals. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 114(21): 4988-4992.
- Maughan, L., Gutnikov, S., and Stevens, R. (2007). Like more, look more. Look more, like more: The evidence from eye-tracking. Journal of Brand Management, 14(4): 335-342.
- Milosavljevic, M., and Cerf, M. (2008). First attention then intention: Insights from computational neuroscience of vision. International Journal of Advertising, 27(3): 381-398.
- Quillian, L. (2006). New approaches to understanding racial prejudice and discrimination. Annual Review of Sociology, 32: 299-328.
- Quillian, L. (2008). Does unconscious racism exist? Social Psychology Quarterly, 71(1): 6-11.
- Rooth, D. (2010). Automatic associations and discrimination in hiring: Real world evidence. Labour Economics, 17(3): 523-534.
- Rudman, L. A., and Glick, P. (2001). Prescriptive gender stereotypes and backlash toward agentic women. Journal of Social Issues, 57(4): 743-762.
- Russo, J. E. (2011). Eye fixations as a process trace. In Schulte-Mecklenbeck M, Kühberger A, Ranyard R (eds) Society for Judgment and Decision Making Series. A Handbook of Process Tracing Methods for Decision Research: A Critical Review and User's Guide. New York, NY, US: Psychology Press, 43-64.
- Schuman, H., Steeh, C., Bobo, L., and Krysan, M. (eds) .(1997). Racial Attitudes in America: Trends and Interpretations. Cambridge, MA, US: Harvard University Press.
- Sidanius, J., Liu, J., Shaw, J. and Pratto, F. (1994). Social dominance orientation, hierarchy attenuators and hierarchy-enhancers: Social dominance theory and the criminal justice system. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24(4): 338-366.
- Shimojo, S., Simion, C., Shimojo, E., and Scheier, C. (2003). Gaze bias both reflects and influences preference. Nature Neuroscience, 6(12): 1317–1322.
- Shin, P. S. (2010). Liability for unconscious discrimination? A thought experiment in the theory of employment discrimination law. Hasting Law Journal, 62: 10-21.
- Smith, E. R. (1993). Social identity and social emotions: Toward new conceptualizations of prejudice. In: Mackie DM, Hamilton DL (eds), Affect, Cognition, and Stereotyping: Interactive Processes in Group Perception. San Diego, CA, US: Academic Press, 297-315.
- Steele, C. M., and Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of african americans. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 69(5): 797-811.
- Stuart, H., and Arboleda- Flórez, J. (2001). Community attitudes toward people with schizophrenia. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 46(3): 245–252.
- Tatler, B. W. (2007). The central fixation bias in scene viewing: Selecting an optimal viewing position independently of motor biases and image feature distributions. Journal of Vision, 7(14): 1-17.
- Whitley, B. E. (1990). The relationship of heterosexuals’ attributions for the causes of homosexuality to attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 16(2): 369-377.
- Yalom, I. (2000). Grup Psikoterapisinin Teoriği ve Pratiği, İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınları.
- Zaltman, G. (2003). How Customers Think: Essential Insights into the Mind of the Market, 1st edn. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.