Prediction of electromagnetic power density emitted from GSM base stations by using multiple linear regression

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 108 - 116, 30.06.2023

Sema Atasever , Uğur Sorgucu

https://doi.org/10.18100/ijamec.1242024

Öz

Today, smart phones based on different mobile communication technologies such as GSM, GPRS/EDGE, 3G, 4G, 5G and 6G have become an indispensable element for various services such as communication, entertainment, and banking. In this context, determining the base station power level is important in terms of limit values and public health, especially in places with high power density. In this study, electromagnetic power density of 31 different base stations was measured at 900 MHz frequency at 20, 40 and 60 meters distances from base stations. Since it is practically not possible to measure each base station from every distance, 3 different distances were chosen randomly. Then, using the power density values measured from different distances, electromagnetic power density estimation was made with multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis method for distances at intermediate distances (25, 30, 35, 45, 50 and 55 meters). In this study, MLR analysis method was applied for power density estimation for the first time in the literature and adjusted R-square value above 0.99 was obtained for each intermediate distance.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Multiple Linear Regression Analysis, Electromagnetic Power Density, Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR), 900MHz, GSM Base Station

Kaynakça

• [1] G. Redlarski et al., “The influence of electromagnetic pollution on living organisms: historical trends and forecasting changes,” Biomed Res Int, vol. 2015, 2015.
• [2] J. S. Kazaure and U. O. Matthew, “Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) and Human Health: A Study on the Health Effect of EMR from GSM Base Stations in North-Western Nigeria,” American Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 14–24, 2021.
• [3] L. McLean, The Force: living safely in a world of electromagnetic pollution. Scribe Melbourne, 2011.
• [4] C. Kurnaz, B. Korunur Engiz, and M. C. Bozkurt, “Measurement and evaluation of electric field strength levels in primary and secondary schools in a pilot region,” Radiat Prot Dosimetry, vol. 179, no. 3, pp. 282–290, 2018.
• [5] “Number of mobile (cellular) subscriptions worldwide from 1993 to 2021.” https://www.statista.com/statistics/262950/global-mobile-subscriptions-since-1993/ (accessed Apr. 21, 2022).
• [6] T. Koppel, M. Ahonen, M. Carlberg, and L. Hardell, “Very high radiofrequency radiation at Skeppsbron in Stockholm, Sweden from mobile phone base station antennas positioned close to pedestrians’ heads,” Environ Res, p. 112627, 2022.
• [7] O. Velentza, “Pollution-Pathological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields in Man”.
• [8] “SCENIHR”. https://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/04_scenihr/docs/scenihr_o_007.pdf (accessed Apr. 28, 2022).
• [9] “Pubmed.” https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Electromagnetic+power+density%22+or+%22electromagnetic+pollution%22+or+%22electromagnetic+radiation%22&filter=years.2012-2022.
• [10] “WoS.” https://www.webofscience.com/wos/woscc/summary/f07033ff-113c-46f0-8b85-55945abb2490-369fd238/relevance/1 (accessed May 09, 2022).
• [11] “ICNIRP GUIDELINES.” https://www.icnirp.org/cms/upload/publications/ICNIRPemfgdl.pdf (accessed Apr. 19, 2022).
• [12] H. K. Admawi, “Assessment of Electromagnetic Pollution in Some Hospitals and Schools in Al-Najaf City,” Journal of Engineering, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 1–14, 2021.
• [13] “Federal Communications Commission Office of Engineering & Technology.” https://transition.fcc.gov/Bureaus/Engineering_Technology/Documents/bulletins/oet56/oet56e4.pdf (accessed Apr. 19, 2022).
• [14] D. Colombi et al., “Implications of ICNIRP 2020 exposure guidelines on the RF EMF compliance boundary of base stations,” Front Communicat Networks.(in press).[Google Scholar], 2022.
• [15] Ç. Kurnaz and T. Aygün, “Elektromanyetik Kirlilik Seviyesinin Belirlenmesi: Ankara Örneği,” Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 650–659, 2018.
• [16] "Non-ionizing radiation, part 2: radiofrequency electromagnetic fields". https://monographs.iarc.who.int/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/mono102.pdf (accessed Apr. 21, 2022).
• [17] J. Sowa Pawełand Rutkowska-Talipska, U. Sulkowska, K. Rutkowski, and R. Rutkowski, “Ionizing and non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation in modern medicine,” Polish Annals of Medicine, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 134–138, 2012.
• [18] R. D. Vieira et al., “GSM evolution importance in re-farming 900 MHz band,” in 2010 IEEE 72nd Vehicular Technology Conference-Fall, 2010, pp. 1–5.
• [19] M. Hamalainen, V. Hovinen, R. Tesi, J. H. J. Iinatti, and M. Latva-aho, “On the UWB system coexistence with GSM900, UMTS/WCDMA, and GPS,” IEEE Journal on Selected areas in Communications, vol. 20, no. 9, pp. 1712–1721, 2002.
• [20] D. J. Panagopoulos, E. D. Chavdoula, I. P. Nezis, and L. H. Margaritis, “Cell death induced by GSM 900-MHz and DCS 1800-MHz mobile telephony radiation,” Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, vol. 626, no. 1–2, pp. 69–78, 2007.
• [21] N. J. Cherry, “Evidence that electromagnetic fields from high voltage powerlines and in buildings, are hazardous to human health, especially to young children.,” 2001.
• [22] J. Czyz et al., “High frequency electromagnetic fields (GSM signals) affect gene expression levels in tumor suppressor p53-deficient embryonic stem cells,” Bioelectromagnetics: Journal of the Bioelectromagnetics Society, The Society for Physical Regulation in Biology and Medicine, The European Bioelectromagnetics Association, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 296–307, 2004.
• [23] A. F. McKinlay, “Radiotelephones and human health-a European research initiative,” Radiat Prot Dosimetry, vol. 72, no. 3–4, pp. 313–320, 1997.
• [24] K. Öngel, 2020. “Effects of electromagnetic field on human body.” 5th International Congress of Health Sciences and Family Medicine. İzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi.
• [25] S. Saeidnia and M. Abdollahi, “Cell Phones,” 2014.
• [26] N. Jooyan et al., “Direct and indirect effects of exposure to 900 MHz GSM radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on CHO cell line: Evidence of bystander effect by non-ionizing radiation,” Environ Res, vol. 174, pp. 176–187, 2019.
• [27] T. Koppel, M. Ahonen, M. Carlberg, and L. Hardell, “Very high radiofrequency radiation at Skeppsbron in Stockholm, Sweden from mobile phone base station antennas positioned close to pedestrians’ heads,” Environ Res, p. 112627, 2022.
• [28] I. Aminu, J. T. Zhimwang, D. Adewumi, R. S. Ibrahim, M. Z. Musa, and D. D. Matthew, “Measurement and Evaluation of Radiation Power Density Emitted from Mobile Cellular Base Stations in Abuja and its Environ, Nigeria”.
• [29] C. Hu, H. Zuo, and Y. Li, “Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation on Neurotransmitters in the Brain,” Front Public Health, p. 1139, 2021.
• [30] U. Sorgucu, İbrahim Develi, S.S. Durduran, The use of different interpolation methods in estimating electromagnetic power density, Sigma. 29 (2011) 148–155.
• [31] R. A. Armstrong and A. C. Hilton, Statistical analysis in microbiology: statnotes. Wiley Online Library, 2011.
• [32] P. Dattalo, Analysis of multiple dependent variables. Oxford University Press, 2013.
• [33] “RStudio | Open source & professional software for data science teams - RStudio.” https://dailies.rstudio.com/rstudio/ghost-orchid/desktop/macos/2021-09-2-382/.
• [34] Ç. Kurnaz and B. K. Engiz, “Monitoring and assessment of electromagnetic pollution in samsun (Turkey),” in 2016 39th International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing (TSP), 2016, pp. 219–222.
• [35] H. Pham, “A new criterion for model selection,” Mathematics, vol. 7, no. 12, p. 1215, 2019.
• [36] P. Cohen, S. G. West, and L. S. Aiken, Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Psychology press, 2014.
• [37] J. Yang, L. Wang, X. Li, J. Wu, Y. Chao, and C. Pan, “A prediction model for electromagnetic radiation of multi-system base station,” in Conference of the 2nd International Conference on Computer Science and Electronics Engineering (ICCSEE 2013), 2013, pp. 3098–3101.
• [38] O. D. Osahon, G. E. Okungbowa, and O. Ogboghodo, “Measurement and analysis of power density around selected global system for mobile communications (GSM) base station masts in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria,” in Advanced Materials Research, 2013, pp. 161–169.
• [39] S. Miclaus and P. Bechet, “Estimated and measured values of the radiofrequency radiation power density around cellular base stations,” Romanian Journal of Physics, vol. 52, no. 3/4, p. 429, 2007.
• [40] E. Hamiti, M. Ibrani, L. Ahma, V. Shala, and R. Halili, “Comparative analysis of electromagnetic field exposure levels and determination of the minimum safe distances from mobile-phone base stations in urban areas,” Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, vol. 50, pp. 117–128, 2016.
• [41] “Installation of Base Stations and Radiation Safety.” https://www.5g.gov.hk/en/what-is-5g/base-stations.html (accessed Apr. 21, 2022).