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Predictive Battery Load Forecasting in Electric Fleets Hybridized with Methanol-Derived Hydrogen Fuel Cells

Year 2026, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 1 - 25, 11.02.2026

Stephanie Yen Nee Kew

https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech..1814700
https://izlik.org/JA26AT84PC

Abstract

Rising demand for sustainable transport is driving the adoption of hybrid electric vehicles (EVs), with batteries complemented by MDHFCs to support high-load and extended-range performance. This study proposes a conceptual predictive control framework for battery load forecasting in MDHFC-hybridized EV fleets. The framework integrates model predictive control (MPC), fuzzy logic, and long short-term memory (LSTM) forecasting to coordinate energy sources in real time. A dynamic forecasting architecture processes time-series inputs, including auxiliary load, vehicle speed, state of charge (SoC), route gradient, and ambient environmental variables, improving responsiveness and ensuring reliable performance under real-world conditions. Energy contributions are adjusted via matrix-based logic using a dynamic α factor, and variable-rate telemetry enhances accuracy during transient load fluctuations. Simulation-based sensitivity analyzes and scenario testing evaluate system robustness across diverse driving patterns, energy demands, and hydrogen consumption rates. Future adaptations may incorporate drive-cycle feedback and reinforcement learning (RL) to refine matrix logic. Compared to static-rule methods, this approach is conceptually predicted to enhance hydrogen utilization by ~8% and reduce battery current fluctuation by ~13%, promoting intelligent, energy-efficient, and scalable energy coordination in hybrid EV fleets. The findings are intended to inform practical deployment strategies and guide future optimization of hybrid EV energy management architectures.

Keywords

Battery Demand Prediction Electric Automobiles Energy Management Methanol-Based Fuel Cell Predictive Control Modelling

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There are 115 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Hybrid and Electric Vehicles and Powertrains
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Stephanie Yen Nee Kew 0009-0001-2957-8848

Submission Date October 31, 2025
Acceptance Date January 9, 2026
Publication Date February 11, 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech..1814700
IZ https://izlik.org/JA26AT84PC
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 10 Issue: 1

Cite

Vancouver 1.Kew SYN. Predictive Battery Load Forecasting in Electric Fleets Hybridized with Methanol-Derived Hydrogen Fuel Cells. IJASTECH [Internet]. 2026 Feb. 1;10(1):1-25. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA26AT84PC

Aim & Scope

International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology is a multidisciplinary open access journal which publishes blind peer reviewed original research articles. The journal includes a wide range of fields related with automotive technologies and creates a platform for researchers to make their contribution to automotive science. International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology is a member of Society of Automotive Engineers Turkey. http://omd.org.tr/

The journal aims to publish comprehensive and reliable information on current developments, innovative technologies and discoveries in automotive science and technology. Articles will be freely available online to researchers worldwide without any subscription or restriction. Original research articles, review articles, letters to the editor, case reports and short communications prepared in English are accepted for publication without any publication or submission fees.

Topics of the Journal include powertrain systems, engine and vehicle dynamics, vibrations and control, NHV, structural analysis, energy sources, fossil and alternative fuel technologies, renewable energy in automotive, combustion in internal combustion engines (ICEs), mathematical modelling and validation, emissions, mechatronics, vehicle electronics, advanced control strategies, electro-mechanical engineering, vehicle aerodynamics, fuel cell, hybrid and electrical vehicles, design and manufacturing, automobile materials, lubrication, tribology, safety systems, logistics and transportation, traffic management, intelligent vehicle systems, communication systems and other fields related to automotive science and technology.


Publication Frequency

The journal publishes 4 issues per year without special subject volumes.


Reviewing Process


International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology uses Single-Blind Reviewing process. This means that the reviewer identities are concealed from the authors throughout the review process. Reviewers will not be influenced by the authors because reviewer anonymity allows for impartial decisions.



PREPERATION


Papers must be prepared in English. The accepted paper should be prepared in two columns. The main text of the manuscript must be written in Times New Roman, font 10, 12-point line spacing. The font size, line spacing, and margin of the template must not be altered. Authors can use template document to prepare the manuscript to submission. Authors can find and download this Microsoft Word document from the website of the journal, www.ijastech.org. Other submission versions will not be accepted, so, the manuscript could not go further to reviewing process.


Main sections and subsections should be numbered consecutively. All of the references given at the end of the paper that listed consecutively should be cited in the main text with numerals in a square bracket [1, 2-5].


The paper is divided into three parts. The first part includes the title, author’s name, abstract, and keywords. The second part is the main body of the paper that includes the references and nomenclature. The third part is the author’s profile.


Sections must also be edited in double column. Tables and figures should be located at the top or bottom of the columns if possible. Tables should be prepared in font 9. If any table of figure is large than one column, figure or table can be located at the bottom or top of the page with one column. Figures must have at least 300 dpi resolution. Black and white or colored figures are acceptable. Each table and figure should be cited in the text.

Manuscript Template



Authors must declare that there is no conflict of interest in the study.


Authors should fill the "Acknowledgement" section to thank their funders.


Authors must present CRediT taxonomy (Contributor Roles Taxonomy [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/leap.1210]) when there are two or more authors.


The corresponding author is expected to present CRediT details that provide the opportunity to share an accurate and detailed description of the authors' contributions to the published article.

The role(s) of all authors must be listed, using 14 relevant categories in CRediT taxonomy.

Authors may have contributed in multiple roles.

This information must be provided after the authors' short bios.

The roles of authors may be classified as the followings, but not limited to:

Conceptualization          : Ideas; formulation or evolution of overarching research goals and aims.
Data curation                   : Management activities to annotate (produce metadata), scrub data and maintain research data (including                                                                                         software code, where it is necessary for interpreting the data itself) for initial use and later re-use.
Formal analysis            : Application of statistical, mathematical, computational, or other formal techniques to analyze or synthesize                                                                                                     study data.
Funding acquisition       : Acquisition of the financial support for the project leading to this publication.
Investigation                        : Conducting a research and investigation process, specifically performing the experiments, or data/evidence                                                                   collection.
Methodology                           : Development or design of methodology; creation of models.
Project administration : Management and coordination responsibility for the research activity planning and execution.
Resources                                 : Provision of study materials, reagents, materials, patients, laboratory samples, animals, instrumentation,                                                                     computing resources, or other analysis tools.
Software                                       : Programming, software development; designing computer programs; implementation of the computer code and                                                                                    supporting algorithms; testing of existing code components.
Supervision                         : Oversight and leadership responsibility for the research activity planning and execution, including mentorship                                                                  external to the core team.
Validation                                    : Verification, whether as a part of the activity or separate, of the overall replication/reproducibility of                                                                  results/experiments and other research outputs.
Visualization                         : Preparation, creation and/or presentation of the published work, specifically visualization/data presentation.
Writing - original draft : Preparation, creation and/or presentation of the published work, specifically writing the initial draft (including                                                                    substantive translation).
Writing - review & editing : Preparation, creation and/or presentation of the published work by those from the original research group,                                                                             specifically critical review, commentary or revision – including pre- or post-publication stages.


The corresponding author may use the following example to state author contributions as authorship credits:

Hamit Solmaz: Conceptualization, Supervision, H. Serdar Yücesu: Conceptualization, Writing-original draft, Validation, Alper Calam: Data curation, Formal analysis, Emre Yılmaz: Writing-original draft, writing-review&editing, software.

Source: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/leap.1210



References should be listed at the end of the paper in font 9. They should be numbered consecutively and referred in square brackets. While referring a journal paper, volume, number, page numbers and year must be given. From 2021, the reference list should be prepared using the Vancouver referencing style. Attention!: Article citations should demonstrate the integration of the published work in the scholarly community and surrounding research field. Articles reporting lists of references citing non scholarly documents, such as, webpages, blogs, commercial products, manuals of any device or software as well as references that cannot be accessed, are not acceptable.



[1] Setiyo M, Waluyo B. Mixer with Secondary Venturi: An Invention for the First-Generation LPG Kits. Int J Automot Sci Technol. 2019;3(1):21–26.



[2] Can Ö, Öztürk E, Solmaz H, Aksoy F, Çinar C, Yücesu HS. Combined effects of soybean biodiesel fuel addition and EGR application on the combustion and exhaust emissions in a diesel engine. Appl Therm Eng. 2016;95:115–124.



[3] Sezer İ. A review study on the using of diethyl ether in diesel engines: Effects on CO emissions. Int J Automot Sci Technol. 2019;3(1):6–20.



[4] İlker Ö, Kul BS, Ciniviz M. A Comparative Study of Ethanol and Methanol Addition Effects on Engine Performance , Combustion and Emissions in the SI Engine. Int J Automot Sci Technol. 2020;4(2):59–69.


[5] Solouk A, Shakiba-Herfeh M, Kannan K, Solmaz H, Dice P, Bidarvatan M, et al. Fuel Economy Benefits of Integrating a Multi- Mode Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) Engine in a Series Extended Range Electric Powertrain. In: SAE Technical Papers. 2016.


[6] Gupta HN. Fundamentals of internal combustion engines. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.; 2012.







Manuscript Temptale

PUBLICATION ETHICS & MALPRACTICE STATEMENT

Publication ethics are kept in the course of publication processes International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology (e-ISSN 2587-0963) to assure the best practice guidelines and hence it is crucial for the journal’s editors, authors, and peer reviewers to abide by the ethical policies.

International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology conforms to the principles below that are described by COPE’s Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors (https://publicationethics.org/resources/code-conduct) and not only transparency principles, but also best practice in scholarly publishing pointed out by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).

Duties of Editor-in-Chief & Section Editors


Objectivity

Editor-in-chief & section editors of the journal are account for deciding which of the manuscripts submitted to the journal ought to be published. In this process, the authors of the manuscript are not distinguished based on his/her race, ethnicity, gender, religion and citizenship by the editors. Editors´ decision to accept, revise or reject a manuscript for publication should be based merely on the importance, originality and clarity of the manuscript, and also convenience of the study performed in manuscript to the coverage of the journal.

Confidentiality

Editor-in-chief and section editors staff must not reveal any information about a submitted manuscript to anyone but the corresponding author, reviewers/potential reviewers and the publishing personnel. Editors will assure that all material submitted by authors remains confidential during the review process.



Conflicts of interest & Disclosure

Unpublished materials disclosed in a submitted manuscript must not be utilized in any reviewers’ own studies without expressing written permission of the author. Exclusive information or opinions attained from peer review process must be maintained confidential and not used for personal benefit. Reviewers ought not to take into account manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest deriving from competitive, collaborative or other relationships/connections with any of the authors, companies or institutions linked to the articles.



Peer review process

The editor-in-chief/section editors must assure that a single-blind peer review process is effectively performed for each manuscript submitted to journal system.


Management of unethical behaviour(s)

The editors, together with the publisher(s), should take rationally responsive measures when ethical complaints have been presented regarding a submitted manuscript or published article.


Duties of Author(s)

Authorship of the paper

Authorship should be narrowed to those who have made a vital contribution to the reported study including conception, execution, design and interpretation. All authors made significant contributions to the submitted manuscript should be listed as co-authors.


Originality and plagiarism

The authors are responsible for the content, language and originality of the manuscript they submitted. The authors should assure that they have composed their original works entirely, and if the authors have used the study and/or words of other authors, that this has been conveniently cited or quoted. Plagiarism takes many forms varying from “passing off” someone´s paper as the authors’ own paper to copying or paraphrasing important parts of someone´s paper (without attribution), to claiming results from research performed by others. Plagiarism in all its forms comprises unethical publishing behaviour and is inadmissible. Before being sent a manuscript to reviewers, it is checked in terms of similarity by iThenticate to explore the plagiarism.



Acknowledgement of funding sources

All funding sources for the research reported in the manuscript should be acknowledged thoroughly at the end of the manuscript before references.


Disclosure and conflicts of interest

All authors should reveal in their manuscript any financial or other substantive conflict of interest which may be construed to affect the findings or interpretation of their manuscript. All financial support sources for the project should be disclosed as well. Disclosed examples of potential conflicts of interest include employment, consultancies, stock ownership, honoraria, paid expert testimony, patent applications/registrations, and grants or other funding. Potential conflicts of interest should be declared at the earliest stage possible.


Reporting standards

Authors of manuscript should present an accurate explanation of the study conducted and an objective discussion of its importance. Underlying data should be accurately given in the manuscript. A paper should include sufficient detail and references to allow other researchers to repeat the study. Tricky or knowingly imprecise statements form unethical behaviour and are unacceptable. Review and professional publication articles should also be precise, original and objective, and editorial opinion works should be described overtly as such.



Data access & retention

Authors might be asked to ensure the raw data in connection with a paper for editorial review process, and should in any event be prepared to keep in such data for a moderate time after publication.



Multiple, redundant or concurrent publication

Submitted manuscripts must not be under consideration of any other journal. Submitting the same manuscript to more than one journal concurrently comprises unethical publishing behaviour. The authors must also assure that the article has not been published elsewhere before.


Principal errors in published studies

When an author corresponds to a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published work, it is the author´s obligation to notify swiftly the journal editor or publisher and cooperate with the editor to withdraw or correct the paper.




Duties of Reviewers


Reviewers should review and send the review comments in due time period. If the manuscript is not in the reviewer’s field of interest, then the manuscript must be sent back to editor so that the other reviewers can be assigned without losing time.


Contribution

Reviewers are the main members contributing to the quality of the journal being a peer reviewed one. The reviewers who feel unqualified to review the received manuscript must swiftly notify the editor and reject to review that manuscript.



Confidentiality

Any manuscripts received for review must be treated as confidential documents. They must not be shown to or discussed with others except as authorized by the editor.


Objectivity standards

Reviews should be objectively performed. Personal criticism of the author is unsuitable. Referees should frankly express their aspects with supporting arguments.


Acknowledgement of sources

Reviewers should describe relating published study which has not been cited by the authors. Any statement that an observation, derivation, or argument had been previously reported should be accompanied by the relevant citation. A reviewer should also point out to the editor’s attention any vital resemblance or coincide between the manuscript under consideration and any other published paper of which they have personal information.


Disclosure & conflict of interest


Reviewers should not take into account the manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest derived from competitive, collaborative, or other relationships/connections with any of the authors, companies or institutions linked to the manuscripts.

The Journal aim to publish extensive and reliable information on current developments, innovative technologies and discoveries about automotive science and technology. Papers will be freely accessible online without any subscriptions and restrictions to researchers worldwide. Original research papers, review papers, letter to the editor, case reports, short communications are welcome for publishing without any publishing or submission payment.

Citation Indexes

Scientific Indexing Services
TR Dizin
Google Scholar
DOAJ
i2or
Scopus
CrossRef
ResearchBib
J-Gate

Editor in Chief

H. Serdar Yücesu
H. Serdar YÜCESU
Technical, Vocational and Workplace Education, Development of Vocational Education , Internal Combustion Engines, Automotive Combustion and Fuel Engineering, Automotive Engineering (Other)

Co-Editor in Chief

Hamit Solmaz
Hamit SOLMAZ
Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics, Energy, Mechanical Engineering, Automotive Engineering, Internal Combustion Engines, Automotive Combustion and Fuel Engineering

Section Editors

Murat Altın
Murat ALTIN
Finite Element Analysis , Automotive Safety Engineering, Automotive Engineering Materials, Vehicle Technique and Dynamics
Alper Calam
Alper CALAM
Mechanical Engineering, Internal Combustion Engines, Automotive Combustion and Fuel Engineering
Bülent Kılınç
Bülent KILINÇ
Resource Technologies, Plating Technology, Corrosion, Material Characterization
Mehmet Murat Topaç
Mehmet Murat TOPAÇ

M.M. Topaç is a senior researcher in automotive engineering at Dokuz Eylül University Department of Mechanical Engineering.

Main research topics:

• Vehicle engineering / Automotive systems,
• Vehicle design,
• Chassis systems engineering,
• Vehicle suspensions & steering,
• Ground vehicle dynamics,
• Failure analysis and prevention in vehicle design,
• Vehicle structures,
• Applied optimisation in vehicle engineering,
• Defence engineering,
• Electromobility.

Current research interests:

• Chassis systems design for special purpose vehicles: multi-axle land platforms, heavy-duty commercial vehicles, articulated vehicles / trailers, tracked vehicles,
• Alternative urban transportation: design of electric vehicles / urban electric microcars,
• Failure analysis and optimal design of vehicle components and structures,
• Dynamics of special purpose land vehicles,
• Modelling, design, optimisation and manufacturing of vehicle suspensions, axle systems and steering systems (including multi-axle steering systems for special purpose land vehicles and trailers),
• Design and optimisation of chassis and vehicle body structure,
• Powertrain modelling / Drivetrain dynamics.

Since 2006, he has been serving as a project consultant for automotive industry. He has been directing projects related to design and optimisation of suspensions, steering linkages, chassis, body and the other mechanical subsystems of wheeled vehicles. Moreover, he is investigating the effects of the design parameters of suspension and steering systems on handling behaviour and dynamics of wheeled and tracked land vehicles. He is also interested in topology optimisation-based lightweight design applications in vehicle engineering.

He is a member of SAE International.
Industrial Product Design, Optimization Techniques in Mechanical Engineering, Machine Design and Machine Equipment, Automotive Safety Engineering, Vehicle Technique and Dynamics
Pak Kin Wong
Pak Kin WONG

Ir Prof Pak Kin Wong received the Ph.D. degree in Mechanical Engineering from The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, in 1997. He is currently a Professor in the Department of Electromechanical Engineering and Dean of Graduate School, University of Macau. He is also the Fellow of the Hong Kong Institution of Engineers and Chartered Fellow of Chartered Association of Building Engineers, U.K. His research interests include automotive engineering, artificial intelligence for medical applications, fluid transmission and control and mechanical vibration. He has published over 354 scientific papers. 238 out of 354 are refereed journal papers. 
Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Energy, Internal Combustion Engines, Vehicle Technique and Dynamics
Meral Özarslan Yatak
Meral ÖZARSLAN YATAK
Information and Computing Sciences, Fuzzy Computation, Photovoltaic Power Systems, Control Theoryand Applications
Fatih Şahin
Fatih ŞAHİN
Information and Computing Sciences, Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Embedded Systems, Automotive Engineering, Hybrid and Electric Vehicles and Powertrains, Automotive Mechatronics and Autonomous Systems, Automotive Engineering (Other)
Yanan Camaraza-medina
Yanan CAMARAZA-MEDİNA

Dr. Yanan Camaraza-Medina is a Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Guanajuato, Mexico. He received his M.Sc. in thermal engineering from the Universidad de Matanzas “Camilo Cienfuegos” in 2011 and the M.Sc. in electrical engineering from the Universidad Central de Las Villas “Marta Abreu” in 2015. He received his Ph.D. (Doctor in Technical Sciences) from the Universidad Central de Las Villas “Marta Abreu” in 2019. His research interests include problems of the heat transfer and fluid mechanics, with a special focus on thermal radiation, convective heat transfer and numerical modeling of thermal processes. He is a member of Editorial Advisory Board of three Scopus Indexed Journals, Mathematical Modelling of Engineering Problems (IIETA), Journal Européen des Systèmes Automatisés (IIETA), Recent Patents on Engineering (Bentham Science). Dr. Camaraza-Medina is the author and coauthor of more than 60 papers and several books.
Experimental Methods in Fluid Flow, Heat and Mass Transfer, Heat Transfer in Automotive
Ramazan Şener
Ramazan ŞENER

Dr. Ramazan Şener is an expert in thermofluids, CFD and ICEs. He earned his PhD at Marmara University focusing on engine performance improvement and emissions reduction using advanced simulation tools and experimental methods. He also had the opportunity to conduct his research at the University of Catania, Italy. He is currently an Associate Professor at Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, where he teaches and conducts research in thermofluids, optimization, ICEs, and renewable energy systems.
Computational Methods in Fluid Flow, Heat and Mass Transfer (Incl. Computational Fluid Dynamics), Energy Generation, Conversion and Storage (Excl. Chemical and Electrical), Gas Dynamics, Optimization Techniques in Mechanical Engineering, Internal Combustion Engines, Automotive Combustion and Fuel Engineering
Gang Li
Gang Lİ

Dr. Gang Li is an Assistant Professor at Michael W. Hall School of Mechanical Engineering at Mississippi State University. His research interests include the fields of renewable energy technologies, applied artificial intelligence, dynamics and vibration, control theory, condition monitoring algorithms, structural health monitoring, and life cycle assessment, and involve AI for engineering, numerical simulation, experimental validation, and industrial application. Dr. Li is a recipient of the NSF EPSCoR Research Fellow Award and DOE EnergyTech UP Faculty Explorer Award. Dr. Li's research has been funded by NSF, DOE, the Maryland Energy Innovation Institute's Energy Innovation Seed Grant, the Maryland Technology Development Corporation’s Maryland Innovation Initiative (MII) Grant, the Maryland Offshore Wind Energy Research (MOWER) Challenge Grant Program, General Electric (GE), and Baltimore Gas and Electric (BGE).  Dr. Li is a member of ASME, IEEE, and SAE International.

Wind Energy Systems, Mechatronic System Design, Dynamics, Vibration and Vibration Control, Hybrid and Electric Vehicles and Powertrains
İlyas Uygur
İlyas UYGUR
Biomaterial , Solid Mechanics, Material Design and Behaviors, Tribology, Physical Metallurgy, Composite and Hybrid Materials, Corrosion, Metals and Alloy Materials, Powder Metallurgy, Automotive Engineering Materials, Aerospace Materials
Serdar Halis
Serdar HALİS
Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics, Energy, Internal Combustion Engines, Automotive Combustion and Fuel Engineering
Default avatar
Onur ÇAVUŞOĞLU
Material Design and Behaviors, Manufacturing Processes and Technologies (Excl. Textiles)
Faruk Emre Aysal
Faruk Emre AYSAL
Optimization Techniques in Mechanical Engineering, Numerical Methods in Mechanical Engineering, Machine Theory and Dynamics, Vehicle Technique and Dynamics
Çağdaş Hisar
Çağdaş HİSAR
Power Electronics, Hybrid and Electric Vehicles and Powertrains

Editorial Board

Emre Yılmaz
Emre YILMAZ
Energy, Renewable Energy Resources , Internal Combustion Engines, Automotive Combustion and Fuel Engineering, Automotive Engineering (Other)
Duygu İpci
Duygu İPCİ
Aerodynamics (Excl. Hypersonic Aerodynamics), Computational Methods in Fluid Flow, Heat and Mass Transfer (Incl. Computational Fluid Dynamics), Automotive Engineering, Internal Combustion Engines, Heat Transfer in Automotive
Mert Gülüm
Mert GÜLÜM
Engineering, Numerical Methods in Mechanical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering (Other), Internal Combustion Engines, Automotive Combustion and Fuel Engineering
Default avatar
Vinod AYYAPPAN
Automotive Engineering Materials
Default avatar
Hasan Huseyin COBAN
Electrical Energy Storage, Power Plants, Photovoltaic Power Systems, Solar Energy Systems, Hydroelectric Energy Systems, Wind Energy Systems, Renewable Energy Resources , Energy Efficiency, Hybrid and Electric Vehicles and Powertrains
Anilkumar Shere
Anilkumar SHERE
Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics, Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Engineering, Computational Methods in Fluid Flow, Heat and Mass Transfer (Incl. Computational Fluid Dynamics), Energy, Mechatronics Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Energy Generation, Conversion and Storage (Excl. Chemical and Electrical), Internal Combustion Engines, Automotive Combustion and Fuel Engineering, Heat Transfer in Automotive, Vehicle Technique and Dynamics
Olusegun David Samuel
Olusegun David SAMUEL
Building Science, Technologies and Systems, Chemical and Thermal Processes in Energy and Combustion, Dynamics, Vibration and Vibration Control, Internal Combustion Engines
Seyfi Polat
Seyfi POLAT
Internal Combustion Engines


International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology (IJASTECH) is published by Society of Automotive Engineers Turkey

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