Research Article

Sustainable Fuel Pathways: Performance, Combustion and Emission Analysis of Waste Plastic–Tamarind Seed Biofuel Blends in a CI Engine

Volume: 10 Number: 3 September 1, 2026

Sustainable Fuel Pathways: Performance, Combustion and Emission Analysis of Waste Plastic–Tamarind Seed Biofuel Blends in a CI Engine

Abstract

This study experimentally investigates the influence of clove oil as an antioxidant additive on the performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of a single-cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine fuelled with diesel–waste plastic oil–tamarind biodiesel blends. Clove oil was added to the base blend at concentrations of 1000, 2000, and 3000 parts per million (ppm) to examine its potential for improving combustion and reducing nitric oxide (NO) emissions. Engine experiments were conducted at a constant speed of 1500 revolutions per minute (rpm) under varying load conditions using an eddy-current dynamometer. Performance, combustion, and emission parameters were evaluated and compared with those of neat diesel and the base blend. The results indicate that clove oil effectively reduced NO emissions because of its antioxidant properties, which suppress free-radical reactions during combustion and thereby limit NO formation. However, increasing the clove oil concentration adversely affected other emission characteristics, resulting in higher carbon monoxide (CO), hydro carbon (HC), and smoke opacity emissions. The base diesel–waste plastic oil–tamarind biodiesel blend without clove oil exhibited superior brake thermal efficiency compared with the clove oil-containing blends. At 3000 ppm clove oil concentration, NO emissions decreased by 8.9%, whereas HC, CO, and smoke opacity increased by 2.0%, 50.0%, and 5.8%, respectively. Overall, clove oil shows promising potential as an antioxidant additive for reducing NO emissions.

Keywords

References

  1. Canan A. A comprehensive assessment of pinecone oil–based biodiesel blends in a diesel engine: modeling and optimization via response surface methodology. Int J Automot Sci Technol. 2026;10(1):76–90. https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech..1830697
  2. McCormick RL, Williams A, Ireland J, Brimhall M, Hayes RR. Effects of biodiesel blends on vehicle emissions: fiscal year 2006 annual operating plan milestone 10.4 . Golden (CO): National Renewable Energy Laboratory; 2006. Report No.: NREL/MP-540-40554. https://doi.org/10.2172/894987
  3. Prabu A. Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with antioxidants dispersed biodiesel and its blend with diesel. Environ Prog Sustain Energy. 2017;36(2):565–570. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.12435
  4. Prabu A, Anand RB. Influence of antioxidant addition in Jatropha biodiesel on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a DI diesel engine. J Inst Eng India Ser C. 2018;99(2):207–216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40032-017-0350-5
  5. Prabu A, Premkumar IJI, Pradeep A. An investigation on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of C.I. engine on the addition of antioxidants, oxygenates and nanoparticles as additives in Jatropha biodiesel. Int J Ambient Energy. 2020;41(2):121–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2018.1443281
  6. Kader MA, Islam MR, Parveen M, Haniu H, Takai K. Pyrolysis decomposition of tamarind seed for alternative fuel. Bioresour Technol. 2013;149:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.09.032
  7. Raja A, Murali A. Conversion of plastic wastes into fuels. J Mater Sci Eng B. 2011;1:86–89.
  8. Swamy DLSVN, Kowsik Y, Dhana Raju V, Appa Rao K, Venu H, Subramani L, et al. Effect of 1-butanol on the characteristics of diesel engine powered with novel tamarind biodiesel for the future sustainable energy source. Energy Sources Part A Recover Util Environ Eff. 2023;45(3):6547–6565. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2019.1675810

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Internal Combustion Engines, Automotive Combustion and Fuel Engineering, Automotive Engineering (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

September 1, 2026

Submission Date

April 6, 2026

Acceptance Date

August 10, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 10 Number: 3

APA
A, P. (2026). Sustainable Fuel Pathways: Performance, Combustion and Emission Analysis of Waste Plastic–Tamarind Seed Biofuel Blends in a CI Engine. International Journal of Automotive Science And Technology, 10(3), 586-596. https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech..1923941
AMA
1.A P. Sustainable Fuel Pathways: Performance, Combustion and Emission Analysis of Waste Plastic–Tamarind Seed Biofuel Blends in a CI Engine. IJASTECH. 2026;10(3):586-596. doi:10.30939/ijastech.1923941
Chicago
A, Prabu. 2026. “Sustainable Fuel Pathways: Performance, Combustion and Emission Analysis of Waste Plastic–Tamarind Seed Biofuel Blends in a CI Engine”. International Journal of Automotive Science And Technology 10 (3): 586-96. https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech. 1923941.
EndNote
A P (September 1, 2026) Sustainable Fuel Pathways: Performance, Combustion and Emission Analysis of Waste Plastic–Tamarind Seed Biofuel Blends in a CI Engine. International Journal of Automotive Science And Technology 10 3 586–596.
IEEE
[1]P. A, “Sustainable Fuel Pathways: Performance, Combustion and Emission Analysis of Waste Plastic–Tamarind Seed Biofuel Blends in a CI Engine”, IJASTECH, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 586–596, Sept. 2026, doi: 10.30939/ijastech..1923941.
ISNAD
A, Prabu. “Sustainable Fuel Pathways: Performance, Combustion and Emission Analysis of Waste Plastic–Tamarind Seed Biofuel Blends in a CI Engine”. International Journal of Automotive Science And Technology 10/3 (September 1, 2026): 586-596. https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech. 1923941.
JAMA
1.A P. Sustainable Fuel Pathways: Performance, Combustion and Emission Analysis of Waste Plastic–Tamarind Seed Biofuel Blends in a CI Engine. IJASTECH. 2026;10:586–596.
MLA
A, Prabu. “Sustainable Fuel Pathways: Performance, Combustion and Emission Analysis of Waste Plastic–Tamarind Seed Biofuel Blends in a CI Engine”. International Journal of Automotive Science And Technology, vol. 10, no. 3, Sept. 2026, pp. 586-9, doi:10.30939/ijastech. 1923941.
Vancouver
1.Prabu A. Sustainable Fuel Pathways: Performance, Combustion and Emission Analysis of Waste Plastic–Tamarind Seed Biofuel Blends in a CI Engine. IJASTECH. 2026 Sep. 1;10(3):586-9. doi:10.30939/ijastech. 1923941


International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology (IJASTECH) is published by Society of Automotive Engineers Turkey

by.png