The Mediating Role of Organizational Happiness in the Relationship Between Work Engagement and Life Satisfaction: A Study on Teachers

Year 2021, , 27 - 46, 03.12.2021

Semih Çayak

https://doi.org/10.33200/ijcer.852454

Cited By: 1

Abstract

The aim of this study is to examine the mediating role of organizational happiness in the relationship between teachers' work engagement and life satisfaction. The research was carried out on a total of 767 teachers, 557 women (73%) and 210 men (27%). The data of the study were collected using the "Work Engagement Scale", "Organizational Happiness Scale" and "Life Satisfaction Scale". Descriptive statistics, Pearson moments product correlation coefficient, path analysis and bootstrapping procedure were used to test the significance of the mediating effect in the analysis of the data. As a result of the study, it was found that there is a positive significant relationship between work engagement, organizational happiness and life satisfaction. Bootstrapping result showed that organizational happiness has a partially mediating role in the relationship between work engagement and life satisfaction. It is thought that the results obtained can be used to increase the life satisfaction of teachers. In addition, it can be said that the results obtained from the research will be a guide for future studies.

Keywords

Work engagement, Life satisfaction, Organizational happiness, Mediating effect

References

• Akman, Y., & Akman, G. İ. (2017). The effect of the perception of primary school teachers’ quality of work life on work engagement. Elementary Education Online, 16(4), 1491-1504.
• Alarcon, G.M. & Edwards, J.M. (2011). The relationship of engagement, job satisfaction and turnover intentions. Stress and Health, 27(3), 294-298.
• Alleman, A. S. (2017). Life satisfaction among women of color entrepreneurs. Unpublished doctorate dissertation. Morgan State University, United States of America.
• Alonso, C., Fernández-Salinero, S., & Topa, G. (2019). The impact of both individual and collaborative job crafting on Spanish teachers’ well-being. Education Sciences, 9(2), 74.
• Amabile, T., & Kramer, S. (2011). Do happier people work harder. New York Times, 4, 7.
• Ampofo, E. T., Coetzer, A., & Poisat, P. (2017). Relationships between job embeddedness and employees’ life satisfaction. Employee Relations, 39(7), 951–966.
• Armor D.A., & Taylor, S.E. (1998). Situated optimism: Specific outcome expectancies and self- regulation. In M.P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (pp. 309-379). New York: Academic Press.
• Arslan, Y. & Polat, S. (2017). Adaptation of the organizational happiness scale to Turkish. Educational Administration: Theory and Practice, 23(4), 603-622.
• Asgarnezhad Nourı, B., Mır Mousavı, M. & Ghaffarlou, A. (2019). Investıgatıng the effect of organızatıonal commıtment on the employees` performance wıth the medıatıng role of organızatıonal happıness (case study of employees workıng ın the Mınıstry of Educatıon of Ardabıl). Journal of Organizational Behavior Research, 4(52),1-14.
• Bachtiar, D., Sudibjo, N., & Bernarto, I. (2018). The effects of transformational leadership, perceived organizational support on job and life satisfaction of preschool teachers. International Information Institute (Tokyo). Information, 21(4), 1301-1320.
• Bagherı, M., Jajarmızadeh, M., & Banafı, M. (2017). The medıatıng role of organızatıonal happıness ın the relatıonshıp between organızatıonal spırıtualıty and organızatıonal commıtment (Case study: Shıraz Unıversıty). Culture In The Islamıc Unıversıty, 7(1). 3-18.
• Bakker, A. B., Albrecht, S. L., & Leiter, M. P. (2011). Key questions regarding work engagement. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20, 4–28.
• Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Lieke, L. (2012). Work engagement, performance, and active learning: The role of conscientiousness. Journal of vocational behavior, 80(2), 555-564.
• Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M. P., & Taris, T. W. (2008). Work engagement: An emerging concept in occupational health psychology. Work & Stress, 22, 187–200.
• Bakker, A.B. & Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands-resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22, 309–328.
• Bakker, A.B. & Demerouti, E. (2009). The crossover of work engagement between working couples: a closer look at the role of empathy. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 24(3), 220-236.
• Bakker, A.B., Hakanen, J.J., Demerouti, E. & Xanthopoulou, D. (2007). Job resources boost work engagement, particularly when job demands are high. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99, 274-84.
• Balcı, A. (2009). Research methods, techniques and principles in social sciences. Ankara: Pegem Academy.
• Bandalos, D. L. (2008). Is parceling really necessary? A comparison of results from item parceling and categorical variable methodology. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 15(2), 211-240.
• Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173.
• Baruch, Y., Swartz, M., Sirkis, S., Mirecki, I., & Barak, Y. (2013). Staff happiness and work satisfaction in a tertiary psychiatric centre. Occupational Medicine, 63(6), 442-444.
• Bhattacharjee, D., & Bhattacharjee, M. (2010). Measuring happiness at work place. ASBM Journal of Management, 3(1/2), 112-125.
• Binder, M. & Coad, A. (2013). Life satisfaction and self-employment: a matching approach. Small Business Economics, 40, 1009-1033, doi:10.1007/s1187-011-9413-9
• Bird, J. M., & Markle, R. S. (2012). Subjective well-being in school environments: Promoting positive youth development through evidence-based assessment and intervention. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 82(1), 61-66. DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-0025.2011.01127.x
• Boakye, C., & Ampiah, J. G. (2017). Challenges and solutions: The experiences of newly qualified science teachers. Sage Open, 7(2), 2158244017706710.
• Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. The Guilford Press. New York.
• Bulut, A. (2015). Investigation of secondary school teachers' perceptions of organizational happiness: A norm study. Published doctoral dissertation, Gaziantep University Institute of Educational Sciences, Gaziantep.
• Bülbül, S., & Giray, S. (2011). Analysis of the relationship structure between sociodemographic characteristics and perception of happiness. Ege Academic Review, 11 (Special Issue), 113-123.
• Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2011). Data analysis handbook for social sciences - statistics, research design, Spss applications and Interpretation (15th Edition). Ankara: Pegem Academy
• Carver, C. S. (2003). Pleasure as a sign you can attend to something else: Placing positive feelings within a general model of affect. Cognition and Emotion, 17, 241-261.
• Coetzee, S.E., & Rothmann, S. (2005). Work engagement of employees at a higher education institution in South Africa. Southern African Business Review, 9, 23-34. Çetin, M. Ö. (2004). Organizational culture and organizational commitment. Ankara: Nobel Publishing.
• Çivitçi, A. (2009). Life satisfaction in primary school students: The role of some personal and family traits. Journal of Uludag University Faculty of Education, 22(1), 29-52.
• Çivitçi, A. (2012). Relationships between general life satisfaction and psychological needs among university students. Journal of Çukurova University Institute of Social Sciences, 2 (21), 321-336.
• Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G. & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2016). Multivariate statistics for social sciences SPSS and LISREL applications. Ankara: Pegem Academy Publishing.
• Dağlı, A. & Baysal, N. (2016). Adaptation of life satisfaction scale to Turkish: validity and reliability study. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 15 (59), 1250-1262.
• Demerouti, E., & Cropanzano, R. (2010). From thought to action: Employee work engagement and job performance. In A. B. Bakker, & M. P. Leiter (Eds.), Work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and research. New York: Psychology Press.
• Demerouti, E., Bakker, A.B., Nachreiner, F. & Schaufeli, W.B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology,86, 499-512.
• Demirel, H. (2014). An investigation of the relationship between job and life satisfaction among teachers. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116(21), 4925-4931.
• Demo, G., & Paschoal, T. (2013). Well-Being at work scale: Exploratory and confirmatory validation in the United States comprising affective and cognitive components. Proceeding XXXVII Encontro da ANPAD, 7-11 September 2013. Rio de Janeiro.
• Dias-Lacy, S. L., & Guirguis, R. V. (2017). Challenges for New Teachers and Ways of Coping with Them. Journal of Education and Learning, 6(3), 265-272.
• Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542–575. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542
• Diener, E. (2000), Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for anational index. American Psychologist, 55 (1), 34-43.
• Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J. & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49 (1), 71-75.
• Dulk, L. D., Groeneveld, S., Ollier-Malaterre, A., & Valcour, M. (2013). National context in work-life research: A multi-level cross-national analysis of the adoption of workplace work-life arrangements in Europe. European Management Journal, 31, 478-494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2013.04.010
• Field, L. K., & Buitendach, J. H. (2011). Happiness, work engagement and organisational commitment of support staff at a tertiary education institution in South Africa. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 37(1), 01-10.
• Fisher, CD. (2010). Happiness at work. International Journal of Management Reviews, 12, 384-412. doi:10.1111/j.l468-2370.2009.00270.x
• Gamero-Burón, C., & Lassibille, G. (2018). Work engagement among school directors and ıts ımpact on teachers' behavior at work. The Journal of Developing Areas, 52(2), 27-39.
• Gavin, J.H., & Mason, R.O. (2004). The virtuous organisation: The value of happiness in the workplace. Organisational Dynomics, 33, 379-392. doi:10.1016/j.orgdyn.2004.09.005
• Granziera, H., & Perera, H. N. (2019). Relations among teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs, engagement, and work satisfaction: a social cognitive view. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 58, 75-84.
• Güler, M., & Çetin, F. (2020). Item parceling in organizational behavior research: Method and application. Journal of Ömer Halisdemir University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 13(1), 61-71.
• Güneşer, A., B. (2007). The effect of individual-organization fit on organizational commitment and engagement: The role of individual-supervisor fit. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Marmara University, Institute of Social Sciences, Istanbul.
• Hagmaier, T., Abele, A. E., & Goebel, K. (2018). How do career satisfaction and life satisfaction associate? Journal of Managerial Psychology, 33, 142–160. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-09-2017-0326.
• Hakanen, J. J., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2012). Do burnout and work engagement predict depressive symptoms and life satisfaction? A three-wave seven-year prospective study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 141(2-3), 415-424.
• Hamama, L., Ronen, T., Shachar, K., & Rosenbaum, M. (2013). Links between stress, positive and negative affect, and life satisfaction among teachers in special education schools. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(3), 731-751.
• Harris, H. (2018). Organizational Happiness. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Business and Management. Retrieved September 25, 2020 , from https://oxfordre.com/business/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190224851.001.0001/acrefore-9780190224851-e-148
• Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: Guilford Press.
• Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.
• Huang, H. (2016). Workplace happiness: organizational role and the reliability of self-reporting. Doktora tezi, University of Maryland, College Park, MD.
• Ignat, A. A., & Clipa, O. (2012). Teachers’ satisfaction with life, job satisfaction and their emotional intelligence. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 33, 498-502.
• Jones, N., Hill, C., & Henn, C. (2015). Personality and job satisfaction: Their role in work-related psychological well-being. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 25(4), 297-304. Juul, L.K. (2008). Organizational happiness. Copanhagen: Clearsight Publishing
• Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. The Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692–724. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/256287.
• Kahveci, G., & Köse, Ö. (2019). Examining the role of organizational cynicism on organizational happiness according to the perceptions of primary and secondary school teachers. Ekev Academy Journal, 23(79). 135-156.
• Kalaycı, Ş. (2014). Spss applied multivariate statistics. Ankara: Asil Publication Distribution.
• Kanbur, E. (2018). The effect of excessive workload on job and life satisfaction: the mediating role of work-related tension. Journal of Business and Human, 5(2), 125-143.
• Kavgacı, H., & Çalık, T. (2017). Relationship of teachers' job integration levels with organizational and individual variables: A multiple mediation model. Educational Administration: Theory and Practice, 23(2), 223-248.
• Keser, A. (2005). Academicians' employee satisfaction-life satisfaction research. Paradox. org Economy. Journal of Sociology and Economics, 2(1), 52-63.
• Khan, S. (2016). Influence of organizational culture on teacher's work engagement: An empirical study. IUP Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15(4).
• Kim, D. H., & Kim, J. H. (2013). Social relations and school life satisfaction in South Korea. Social Indicators Research, 112(1), 105-127.
• Klassen, R. M., Aldhafri, S., Mansfield, C. F., Purwanto, E., Siu, A. F., Wong, M. W., & Woods-McConney, A. (2012). Teachers’ engagement at work: An international validation study. The Journal of Experimental Education, 80(4), 317-337.
• Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Publications.
• Kulophas, D., Ruengtrakul, A., & Wongwanich, S. (2015). The relationships among authentic leadership, teachers’ work engagement, academic optimism and school size as moderator: A conceptual model. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 191, 2554-2558.
• Lee, E. S., & Shin, Y. J. (2017). Social cognitive predictors of Korean secondary school teachers' job and life satisfaction. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 102, 139-150.
• Little, T. D., Cunningham, W. A., Shahar, G., & Widaman, K. F. (2002). To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question, weighing the merits. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 151-173.
• Manning-Walsh, J. (2005, June). Spiritual struggle: Effect on quality of life and life satisfaction in women with breast cancer. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 23(2). doi:10.1177%2F0898010104272019
• Marcoulides, G. & Schumacher, R. (2001). New Developments and technıques in structural equatıon modeling. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Assocıates, Publıshers.
• Mishra, V., Nielsen, I.,Smyth, R. & Newman, A. (2014). The job satisfaction-life satisfaction relationship revisited: using the lewbel estimation technique to estimate causal effects using cross sectional data. Department of Economics, Monash University.
• Moçoşoğlu, B., & Kaya, A. (2018). The relationship between organizational silence and organizational happiness levels of school administrators and teachers: The case of Şanlıurfa. Harran Education Journal, 3(1), 52-70.
• Money, K., Hillenbrand, C, & Da Cámara, N. (2008). Putting Positive Psychology to Work in Organisations. Journal of General Management, 34, 21-36.
• Myers, D. G., & Diener, E. (1995). Who is happy?. Psychological science, 6(1), 10-19.
• Nafei, W. A. (2018). The Role of Workplace Happiness in Achieving Organizational Brilliance a Study on Sadat City University. Case Studies Journal, 7(12). 26-41.
• Naftali, A. & Vella-Brodrick, D. A. (2008). Studying happiness: Wellbeing interventions and individual differences. Proceedings of the 10th Australian Conference on Quality of Life. Deakin University.
• Nasser-Abu Alhija, F., & Wisenbaker, J. (2006). A Monte Carlo study investigating the impact of item parceling strategies on parameter estimates and their standard errors in CFA. Structural Equation Modeling, 13(2), 204-228.
• Ní Mhaoláin, A. M., Gallagher, D., O Connell, H., Chin, A. V., Bruce, I., Hamilton, F., Teehee, E., Coen, R., Coakley, D., Cunningham, C., Walsh, J. B., & Lawlor, B. A. (2012). Subjective well-being amongst community-dwelling elders: what determines satisfaction with life? Findings from the Dublin Healthy Aging Study. International psychogeriatrics, 24(2), 316–323. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610211001360
• Oswald, A. J., Proto, E., & Sgroi, D. (2009). Happiness and productivity: IZA Discussion Papers, no. 4645. Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit (Institute for the Study of Labor).
• Othman, A. K., Mahmud, Z., Noranee, S., & Noordin, F. (2018, Mart). Measuring employee happiness: Analyzing the dimensionality of employee engagement. International Conference on Kansei Engineering & Emotion Research (pp. 863-869). Springer, Singapore.
• Özen, F. (2018). The impact of the perception of organizational virtue on the perception of organizational happiness in educational organizations. Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research, 13(4), 124-140.
• Özer M. & Karabulut, Ö.Ö. (2003) Life satisfaction in the elderly. Geriatrics, 6 (2), 72-74.
• Özkalp, E., & Meydan, B. (2015). Analysis of the reliability and validity of the Engagement Scale developed by Schaufeli and Bakker in Turkish. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources, 17(3), 1-19.
• Özocak, A., & Yılmaz, E. (2020). The effects of teachers' psychological empowerment on their organizational happiness. Journal of Contemporary Management Sciences, 7(1), 80-94.
• Pallant, J. (2005). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for Windows. Ligare, Sydney: Allen & Unwin.
• Park, H., Suh, B. S., Kim, W. S., Lee, H., Park, S., & Lee, K. (2015). Character profiles and life satisfaction. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 58, 172-177. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.12.013
• Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (2008). The satisfaction with life scale and the emerging construct of life satisfaction. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 3, 137–152.
• Piccolo, R. F., Judge, T. A., Takahashi, K., Watanabe, N., & Locke, E. A. (2005). Core self‐evaluations in Japan: relative effects on job satisfaction, life satisfaction, and happiness. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 26(8), 965-984.
• Rask K, Astedt-Kurki, P. & Laippala, P. (2002). Adolescent subjective well-being and realized values. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 38, 254-263.
• Rego, A., Ribeiro, N., e Cunha, M. P., & Jesuino, J. C. (2011). How happiness mediates the organizational virtuousness and affective commitment relationship. Journal of Business Research, 64(5), 524-532.
• Reza, A. H., & Leyli, B. E. (2016). Investigating the role of organizational happiness inteachers’ occupational burnout. Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 8(2), 1444-1465.
• Robbins S. P., (1996). Organizational behavior. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc.
• Robertson, I., & Cooper, C. (2011). Well-being: productivity and happiness at work. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Rothmann, S., & Jordaan, G.M.E. (2006). Job demands. Job Resources and work Engagement if Academic Staff in Southern African Higher Education institutions. South African Journol of Industrial Psychology, 32, 87-96.
• Runhaar, P., Sanders, K., & Konermann, J. (2013). Teachers' work engagement: Considering interaction with pupils and human resources practices as job resources. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43(10), 2017-2030.
• Ryan, R.M., & Deci, E.L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review Psychology, 52, 141-166.
• Ryan, R. M., Huta, V., & Deci, E. L. (2008). Living well: A self-determination theory perspective on eudaimonia. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9(1), 139-170.
• Saleem, A., Iqbal, J., Sandhu, M. A., & Amin, S. (2018). Impact of empowerment & emotional labor on teacher’s work engagement: A moderating role of job experience. Review of Economics and Development Studies, 4(2), 237-245. Satilmis, A., Oznacar, B., Uzunboylu, H., & Yılmaz, E. (2018). The life satisfaction of teachers at work place, research of structural equation modelling regarding general and organized cynicism. Quality & Quantity, 52(1), 1-10.
• Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2006). The measurement of work engagement with a short questionnaire. A cross-national study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66, 701–716. doi: 10.1177/0013164405282471.
• Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(1), 71–92.
• Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T. W., & Van Rhenen, W. (2008). Workaholism, burnout, and work engagement: Three of a kind or three different kinds of employee well‐being?. Journal of Applied Psychology, 57(2), 173-203.
• Schaufeli, W., & Salanova, M. (2007). Work engagement: An emerging psychological concept and its implications for organizations. In S. W. Gilliland, D. D. Steiner, & D. P.
• Skarlicki (Eds.), Research in social issues in management (Volume 5): Managing social and ethical issues in organizations (pp. 135-177). Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishers.
• Schmitter, A. C. (2003). Life satisfacton in centenarians residing in long term care. Retrieved June 14, 2020, from www.mmhc.com/articles/NHM9912/cutillo.html
• Sezer, S. & Can, E. (2020). School happiness: A grounded theory. Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research, 15(1), 44-62. doi: 10.29329/epasr.2020.236.3
• Simmons, B. L. (2014). Organizational characteristics of happy organizations. Wellbeing: A Complete Reference Guide, 1-18.
• Skaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik, S. (2013). Teachers’ perceptions of the school goal structure: Relations with teachers’ goal orientations, work engagement, and job satisfaction. International Journal of Educational Research, 62, 199-209.
• Soini, T., Pyhältö, K., & Pietarinen, J. (2010). Pedagogical well‐being: reflecting learning and well‐being in teachers’ work. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, 16(6), 735-751. doi: 10.1080/13540602.2010.517690
• Sonnentag, S. (2003). Recovery, work engagement, and proactive behavior: a new look at the interface between nonwork and work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(3), 518.
• Sümer, N. (2000). Structural equation models: Basic concepts and sample applications. Turkish Psychology Articles, 3 (6), 49-74.
• Şanlı, Ö., Altun, M., & Tan, Ç. (2018). Examining teachers' perceptions of empowerment in terms of various variables. Journal of Contemporary Management Sciences, 5(2), 177-191.
• Şeker, M. (2015). Quality of life index: A case study of Istanbul. Journal of Econometrics and Statistics, (23), 1-15.
• Şimşek, Y., & Gürler, M. (2019). A study on employee voice and its effect on work engagement: Explicating from the Turkish teachers' perspectives. International Education Studies, 12(7), 80-92.
• Şirin, H. D., & Şirin, E. F. (2015). The relationship between life satisfaction levels and work alienation in physical education teachers. Asian Journal of Instruction, 3(2), 1.
• Tabachnick, B.G. & Fidell, L.S., (2001). Using multivariate statistics. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
• Tahiroğlu, M., & Meydan, A. (2019). The comparison of value trends with life satisfaction level of teacher candidates. International Journal of Eurasia Social Sciences, 10(36), pp. (471-483).
• Travers, C. J., & Cooper, C. L. (1996). Teachers under stress. Stress in the teaching profession. London: Routledge.
• Tösten, R., Arslantaş, H. İ., & Şahin, G. (2019). The effect of teachers' positive psychological capital on their attachment to work. Kastamonu Journal of Education, 27(3), 1073-1079.
• Tuzgöl Dost, M. (2007). Investigation of University Students' Life Satisfaction According to Some Variables. Pamukkale University Journal of Education, 2 (22), 132-143.
• Uyaroğlu, E. S. (2019). The effect of organizational commitment on organizational happiness: Education sector example. Unpublished master's thesis. Istanbul Gelişim University Institute of Social Sciences.
• Uzun, T. & Kesicioglu, O.S. (2019). Examining the relationships between preschool teachers' organizational happiness and job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Journal of Mediterranean Education Research, 13(29), 39-52. doi: 10.29329/mjer.2019.210.3
• Vancouver, I.B., Thompson, C.M., Tischner, E.C. & Putka, D. J., (2002). Two Studies Examining the Negative Effect of Self-Efficacy on Performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 506-516.
• Warr, P. (2007). Work, happiness and unhappiness. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
• Wesarat, P. O., Sharif, M. Y., Majid, A., & Halim, A. (2014). A conceptual framework of happiness at the workplace. Asian Social Science, 11(2), 78-88.
• Whalen, E.J. (2016). Understanding the relationship between attachment, empathy and life satisfaction. Unpublished doctorate dissertation, College of Saint Elizabeth, Morristown New Jersey.
• Wright, T. A. (2006). The emergence of job satisfaction in organizational behavior: A historical overview of the dawn of job attitude research. Journal of Management History, 12(3), 262-277.
• Wright, T. A., & Bonett, D. G. (2007). Job satisfaction and psychological well-being as nonadditive predictors of workplace turnover. Journal of Management, 33(2), 141-160.
• Wright, T. A., Cropanzano, R., & Bonett, D. G. (2007). The moderating role of employee positive well being on the relation between job satisfaction and job performance. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12(2), 93-104.
• Wrzesniewski, A., McCauley, C., Rozin, P., & Schwartz, B. (1997). Jobs, careers, and callings: People's reactions to their work. Journal of Research in Personality, 31(1), 21–33. doi:10.1006/jrpe.1997.2162
• Wrzesniewski, A., Rozin, P., & Bennett, G. (2002). Working, playing, and eating: Making the most of most moments. In C. L. M. Keyes & J. Haidt (Eds.), Flourishing: The positive person and the good life. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• Yildirim,G., & Sönmez, S. (2017). The Relation between resilience and life satisfaction in pre-service preschool teachers in Turkey. I-Manager’s Journal on Educational Psychology, 11(1), 5-13. https://doi.org/10.26634/jpsy.11.1.13647
• Zahed-Babelan, A., Koulaei, G., Moeinikia, M., & Sharif, A. R. (2019). Instructional leadership effects on teachers’ work engagement: roles of school culture, empowerment, and job characteristics. CEPS Journal, 9(3), 137-156.